Rousseau's Social Contract Theory

Overview

• Political philosophy questioning origins of society and legitimacy of governmental control.
• Suggests obligation to treat others as one wishes to be treated.

Key Concepts

Rousseau’s Opening

• "Men are born free, yet everywhere are in chains."
  • Highlights suppression of physical freedom by civil society.

The Sovereign

• Collective group entering civil society by consent.
• Metaphorically, an individual with a unified will.
  • Represents the general will of all people.

General Will

• Defined as the collective need for the common good of all.
• Essential in creating laws of the state.
• Laws must embody the general will while maintaining equality and individual freedom.

The Role of Government

• Necessary to execute and enforce laws.
• Different forms: Monarchy, Aristocracy, Democracy.
  • Monarchy: Strongest, suited for crisis and hot climates.
  • Aristocracy: Most stable, often preferable.
  • Democracy: Suitable in some conditions.
• Friction possible between government and sovereign.

Maintaining the General Will

• Regular assemblies to determine the general will.
• Citizens must vote based on the general will, not personal interest.
• Importance of unanimity and common interest in votes.

Sovereignty and Representation

• Sovereignty lost if people stop participating or elect representatives.
• Assemblies ensure the expression of the general will.

Conflict Resolution

• Advocates for a tribunate to mediate conflicts between sovereign and government, or individuals.

Rousseau’s Radical Position

• Governments exist by consent of the governed.
• Aimed for maximum expression of the general will in government.
• Cites Roman Republic as an example for large citizen assemblies.

Conclusion

• Rousseau's social contract was a radical idea during its time.
• Focus on democratic expression of the general will in governance.