Crash Course Government and Politics: Federalism

Introduction to Federalism

• Federalism: Division of power between the national government of the US and individual state governments.
• The US is considered a federation of states.

Types of Federalism

1. Dual Federalism (1788 - 1937)

   • Power divided strictly between state and national governments.
   • National government handles: internal improvements, tariffs, public lands, currency.
   • State governments oversee: property laws, commercial laws, family law, education, etc.
   • Known as "layer cake federalism" due to clear separation of powers.

2. Cooperative Federalism (Post-1930s)

   • National government encourages states to pursue nationally-defined goals.
   • Dominated by the use of grants-in-aid (financial incentives).
   • Types of grants:
     • Categorical Grants: Specific purpose (e.g., transportation, education).
     • Block Grants: Lump sum for broader purposes.
     • Formula Grants: Amount based on a mathematical formula.
     • Project Grants: Competitive proposal submissions.
   • Referred to as "marble cake federalism" due to intermingling of state and federal roles.

3. Regulated Federalism

   • National government sets regulations states must follow (e.g., EPA regulations).
   • Includes unfunded mandates where states receive no financial aid to comply.
   • Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) attempted to address these mandates.

4. New Federalism

   • Initiative to return power to the states, popularized by Nixon and Reagan.
   • Implemented through block grants, devolution, and court decisions based on the 10th Amendment.

Commerce Clause

• Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the US Constitution.
• Provides Congress the power to regulate commerce among states.
• Basis for interpretation in dual and cooperative federalism.

Current Federalism Climate

• Modern America operates under cooperative federalism with strong regulation.
• Presidents Reagan, Bush Sr., and Clinton favored New Federalism.
• George W. Bush leaned towards regulated federalism (e.g., No Child Left Behind).
• Many Americans advocate for a smaller national government.

Conclusion

• Dual federalism returning is unlikely due to institutions retaining power once acquired.

Additional Information

• Crash Course Government and Politics is associated with PBS Digital Studios.
• Supported by Voqal, which promotes social equity through tech and media.