uh so let's just recall uh where we left off and that was chapter seven which was about the presidency of thomas jefferson and we talked about all the reasons why jefferson was important as a president um but the uh the chapter really ended with the war of 1812. right and what that meant uh in terms of the actual uh you know fighting that took place in that war you know we can more or less say that it was a draw and and the reason for that was because there was no significant territorial gains or losses right great britain retained possession of canada the united states retained possession of all of its territories that it that it sort of outlined so militarily there's not too much significance to it but uh as i asked you know the two important consequences from that war the first one was what we might call just kind of like uh we go uh a new generation of leadership right emerged uh we could say that this was the war heroes that were made but you know we're we're encroaching upon a time that war didn't end until 1815 that was the end of the wars for three years but we're approaching a date now where a lot of the people from the revolutionary era alexander hamilton benjamin franklin george washington i mean these guys were crucial to the creation of the united states and its early development um you know they're they're dying their their time is numbered uh and so the question is well after the generation that was actually there signing the declaration of independence right protesting the british after that generation has gone and died who's going to be kind of this generation of new leadership and during the war of 1812 a lot of leaders emerged in congress it was henry clay and john c calhoun who were the war hawks who really pushed for oops calhoun who really pushed for war against great britain on the battlefield it was andrew jackson who with his victory over great or yeah the british forces at new orleans turned into a an american hero overnight right this guy became the most popular person in the u.s so the war of 1812 is important for that reason reason number two was that it was an end to the federalist party right the two-party system republicans and federalists or democratic republicans and federalists really controlled uh the political arena but in the war of 1812 the federalists spoke out against that war they were labeled as traitors and would never win the presidency ever again so that party simply ceased to exist and we're picking up in this chapter chapter 8 in 1815 which is sometimes referred to as you see it down here the era of good feelings and what the era of good feelings meant was that well on the one hand even though the war of 1812 was more or less a draw americans claimed victory right so the era of good feelings was victory against britain again right this was reason to celebrate uh you know british forces were pushed out of new orleans british forces were pushed out of baltimore maryland you know both sides claimed victory you know if you ask who won the war of 1812 uh depends on where you're at if you're here in the u.s the united states won if you live in canada well the british one right so that was a reason to celebrate but reason number two maybe more importantly political division is over and that was reason to celebrate this image here is kind of a demonstration of you know you can see the good feelings being had by these two individuals who are uh seemingly celebrating in the united states you know remember just how bitter and and and divisive politics were in the early republic period um you know i'd mentioned a couple of examples the fact that john adams did not and i think this is this is true i didn't actually look it up last time i heard it but i i don't remember where i heard it uh but john adams was the only president to not attend the inauguration of who followed him except for what happened recently with former president trump and president biden but also that you had the secretary of treasury being shot and killed by the former vice president uh you know two political rivals now that the federalists were gone everybody's a republican and political divisions are gone right they're over and so that was reason to celebrate as well however as we'll learn the era of good feelings is that the divisions are are what we what we might say not on the surface you know on the surface level everything looks good but when you dig underneath we'll talk about a lot more divisions in american society anyways this era of good feelings after the war of 1812 prompted the united states to invest very heavily in economic growth one thing that the war of 1812 kind of made the u.s realize in some ways was that the u.s needed an independent economy you know it was good to trade with great britain but if the united states goes to war with great britain every 25 years which at this point considering the revolution and the war of 1812 and all the other problems that the country had well it's not going to be good for business and so the u.s politically at least on a political level really wanted to create an independent economy a flourishing american economy that did not have to rely on foreign goods or foreign markets and this was supported pretty much unanimously right you can imagine a congress in which every single log you guys probably can't imagine this but use your imagination uh a law in which congress passes pretty much every single law that that goes through right there's no political divisions or there's no political um arguments to be had and so the effort to try and create an independent economy it manifested itself in a couple ways uh the creation of the second bank of the united states this was part two of hamilton's bank remember hamilton had set up a national bank in order for the united states to you know to be more economically active the government could spend more money could borrow money uh that first national bank actually expired during thomas jefferson's rule or her reign as president of course jefferson wanting to undo everything the federalists did so that makes sense uh a protective tariff was passed a tariff is a tax on imports right that's a tariff i think we've discussed what a tariff is but again a tax on imports the idea is that if foreign goods are taxed at a higher price more people will buy american think about something like iron you know if british iron is taxed at a very high price that forces people to buy american being better ultimately for american businesses right that's the idea to try to foster again an independent economy the nation wants homemade goods and of course what was crucial to buying and selling was transportation and transportation was probably the most lacking in the united states you know if you think about the us economy and even the colonial economy up until this point uh you know we talked about in the last chapters things like the triangle trade you know all of the economic happenings in the u.s were done overseas right it was tobacco from the south being exported it was uh in some cases the northern economies building ships for great britain i mean everything was export everything was export import export import you know think about all the taxes that were passed during the colonial era tea and and all those other things that was all connected to international trade in other words americans had never traded with other americans before they had traded with british they traded with french but never with each other and that's because there was no way to get around in the country right and so congress undertook various methods to try to improve this the national road was the first and only federally funded network and of course this was designed to foster trade you can see in this image here it connected baltimore maryland which was an important route right for sea travel and again this was just like a road uh you know to take a horse-drawn carriage across or walk personally and it connected baltimore through some pretty important cities i mean cities that aren't very important today but certainly columbus indianapolis and the goal was to reach over on this side the mississippi river which again was another area that you could have a lot of intense kind of commerce going down so you know goods could be sent down the mississippi across the road out into the atlantic ocean or vice versa and that was pretty significant um it was the only federal road project because congress got kind of hung up on passing further ones instead most internal improvements that occurred in the united states in this period were state funded again in understanding the federal structure of the government again let's recall there's a federal government that is the government of all the united states and then there are individual state governments so when it came to transportation the federal government built one road that connected all this here most of the roads were done on the state level within each state and that ultimately made more sense at the time anyways because states still exercised a pretty significant amount of power so transportation improvements are slowly but surely kind of making their way uh one section of the textbook i'm not going to go into too much detail here but i do want everyone to be able to draw the connection between what is going on here with improvements in transportation i mean even think back to um last chapter when we talked about steamboats and eventually trains right so couple government spending to increase traffic transportation couple that with improvements in technology later on we'll talk about canals and it just leads to easier access to the west right so as transportation improves it makes it easier for the country to continue expanding westward and this was especially in the case after the war of 1812 because the war of 1812 was also the defeat of many western tribes right think about tecumseh and his uprising and uh even though the united states militarily was more or less a draw with the british the war of 1812 gave the us the opportunity to go to war with a lot of these western tribes to free up that land and that territory throw down the improvements in transportation make it easier to get there therefore facilitating an explosion in westward migration right we'll talk about that a little bit more so what exactly did this era of good feelings mean politically it meant the ending of the first party system again the first party system federalist and republicans right the federalists were now gone and pretty much everybody belonged to the republican party not only that but successive presidents after jefferson also came from the state of virginia so much so that people described the presidencies of jefferson madison and monroe which by the way were all republican right they were also all from virginia as the virginia dynasty it was almost as if because there was very little political competition that it was just going down sort of a dynastic line even though these people were not related to each other they kind of all you know they they were all part of the same circle right that was until john quincy adams ran for president he was the son of john adams and unlike the virginia dynasty was from the north right he was from massachusetts massachusetts and he ran for president in 18 i want to say 1820 let me scroll down here 18 28 or 18 20 18 24. right so you can think of this the virginia dynasty here from jefferson who won the presidency in 1800 all the way until 1824 that was all republican rule all presidents from virginia james monroe probably best represents this era of good feelings uh his election there was only one of the electoral votes that voted against james monroe he was nearly unanimously elected as president and i could say with utter confidence um although there were a couple elections in some recent history where it was close but i can i can pretty much say with utter confidence there will never be a unanimous president again in u.s history maybe i'm wrong but i don't think that there will be monroe almost pulled off washington is the only president to ever be unanimously elected so that kind of gives you an idea of just how politically the country was was united we'll talk a little bit about john adams here or john quincy adams son of john adams the second president of the u.s i believe during this era of good feelings he was a member of this republican party but he kind of stood out a little bit as not being from virginia he was i forget his uh immediate position under james monroe maybe something like secretary of state or an ambassador but one of the things that adams got done uh prior to his ascendancy to the presidency and this is what in part made him popular was the adams onus treaty you can also connect in some ways the atom onus treaty to this idea about westward expansion and what that treaty did was it added florida to the u.s all right this happened 1819 i want to say and of course this was from spain and again any sort of territorial acquisition was also reason to celebrate right so the fact that florida was added uh john quincy adams was responsible again i think maybe secretary of state whatever position it was um however though this sort of frenzy for internal transportation right the idea of trying to uh you know really invest very heavily and very aggressively into the u.s economy ultimately did lead to maybe some poor investment some over investments and in 1819 an economic panic struck so we might say over investments you know over investment is kind of a silly word we might think of it as over speculation right to speculate means that you believe that the price of something will go up and so uh you know all of this investment into these transportation networks got a little bit out of hand and led to economic ruin now this is important because the panic of 1819 and a lot of other panics who it tends to impact the most is maybe what we might call the common class and we're going to use this term to differentiate itself versus the elite classes right and what we're looking at between this division between common versus elite oops e-l-i-t-e is wealth right so this is a class differential what differentiates the commoners versus the elites well it's wealth and this is going to be one of those divisions that exists underneath the surface in the united states right we'll go ahead and kind of highlight it here it'll come into play uh if we think about the era of good feelings yes it's true it was an era of good feelings for uh everyone on a political level but you know when we're talking about the alexander hamiltons the thomas jeffersons the john adams you know even aaron burr like you know those rivalries i mean they're all part of the elite class right and those fights really don't have too much to do with the commoners however you know so so when the federals don't exist anymore well that's like okay all the elites are now united but what this panic does is it really creates a certain sense of crisis among the common class who is hit the most right economically ruined and we'll see how resentment from kind of this common class this working class whatever you want to call it eventually manifests itself right so pay attention to that the second division and i think where did i uh here we go i wrote it right here we'll just go ahead and highlight this point to remind us is that divisions are not on the surface but they exist right and of course one of those divisions is going to be our commoners and our elites based on the wealth another very important division and this one probably you may have guessed it is sectionalism sectionalism just refers to sections of the country and in this case you may be able to guess this the two sections of the country that are divided are north and south all right north and south again we are going to go ahead and also identify this as one of the divisions in the country that is you know not on the surface it's a little bit deeper you know this term era of good feelings has kind of come under a little bit of scrutiny because in fact if we look a little bit deeper we can see that it's certainly not an error of good feelings between all americans and by far the most important thing from this chapter is going to be the debate over missouri right this is the most important part of this chapter it's going to be on the test it'll be on the test likely several times but also if you understand missouri you'll be in great shape to understand really the unfolding and outbreak of the civil war right so let's talk about what the missouri compromise is so missouri if you're not familiar missouri is a state and in 1820 missouri is ready for statehood remember that the articles government set forward a plan for which territories become states once a territory reaches a certain population of eligible voters it can apply to become a state missouri has reached that threshold in 1820 or 1819 but 1820 is easier to remember reaches that threshold and now is ready to become a state and the big question for congress is will missouri be a free state or a slave state and if we look at the map here we can identify where missouri is the reason why it's a debate is because in this particular region right so this is missouri right here this region is part of the louisiana purchase and if we think about the way that territory was added prior to that right these states up here all right illinois indiana ohio michigan and eventually wisconsin these states were determined to be free by the northwest ordinance right a place like louisiana which was added rather quickly there was pretty much little to no debate in this particular region again in these states here mississippi alabama georgia tennessee north carolina south carolina pretty solidly in the south so slavery was going to be determined to be legal there but in the case of missouri as you can notice missouri has a large border with illinois which is free but also has a border with tennessee and so this question about missouri being free or slave uh sparked off you know an enormous debate within the country northerners wanted it to be free southerners wanted it to be slave one obstacle for northerners to overcome was that when missouri was ready for statehood there were slaves in missouri that slave owners had already brought enslaved people in that territory and so for northerners looking to make missouri free the question was well what to do with these slaves uh introduce congressman talmidge who was a northerner he proposed the tallmadge amendment which said that missouri would start as a slave state start as a slave state but gradually be free right so that is the talmage amendment talmadge proposed as a northerner missouri would start off as a slave state that would solve the problem of slaves already being in missouri but would gradually be free in other words missouri would follow a similar path than most northern states did after the american revolution and that was once the children of slaves reached a certain age they would be freed talmadge's proposal was rejected it was rejected by southerners didn't like it and so the intense debate would continue now ultimately henry clay struck a compromise which is what the missouri compromise would be so we want to think about henry clay in this era as sort of a compromise guy i mean he seems to always be at the center of when the country is tearing itself apart he's able to come in and create some sort of you know agreement and what they came up with is the missouri compromise of 1820 and here's what the missouri compromise did so from this you could probably already tell missouri right condition one missouri would be a slave state all right so northerners essentially in in you know in arguing over this the north lost right however one of the concerns over missouri was just not slavery in fact i would say slavery wasn't even the primary concern the primary concern was political power at least for those members of congress because what northerners feared was that if missouri was to become a slave state that means the south would get two more senators right that would represent southern interests they would get that many members of the house of representatives which would again kind of steer the vote closer to southern positions on particular issues not just issues regarding slavery it would give missouri the power to send electors to the electoral college to vote for the president and because of the three-fifths compromise depending on how many slaves were in missouri missouri would have all that much political power so even at this time in the 1820s most northerners didn't oppose or at least most northern politicians didn't oppose missouri uh being a slave state because they disagreed with slavery as an institution or because they wanted to abolish slavery as an institution now they might have wanted to do that but the main reason why they objected to it was because they feared that the political power of southerners was growing too large and in fact they had good reason to fear the three-fist compromise gave the south disproportional political power up until the election of john adams um sorry john quincy adams four out of the first five presidents were from the south uh the republicans had ruled for 25 years uh you know appointing who knows how many judges in the judicial branch right so there's good reason to fear and so what northerners got out of it what the compromise part of it was the creation of another state maine which was free this way once missouri became a state they would send two senators but maine also became a state and they could send two senators to balance it out so adding maine as a free state and if you're not familiar maine is up here in the north right this became a state right here adding maine as a free state balanced out the political power the last part of the missouri compromise was what's called the compromise line and that was to settle once and for all the issue of slavery in the west or sorry i take that back that was to settle the issue of slavery in the louisiana territories so congress drew a line this is the line right here and what congress said was that anything below this line would be open to slavery right so what makes up the modern day states of arkansas and oklahoma would be slave but everything above this line would be free soil and once these territories added enough people to apply for statehood slavery would then be illegal in that territory and so at least in that respect the compromise line tended to favor the north a little bit more in agreeing that missouri would be the furthest north that slavery would push and it actually lines up pretty nicely here with the mason-dixon line in maryland which is also the most northern point where slavery exists so missouri compromise missouri slave main free draw a line so this problem never happens again so definitely know that because the problem of missouri is essentially the problem of the civil war it just happens four years later and we'll talk about how that unfolds but for the time being any questions about the missouri compromise yes yeah good question so it's not really connected to the missouri compromise maybe in sort of a indirect way uh what the panic of 1819 is mostly connected to is the investment so first of all it is it's an economic downturn right so uh the economy suffered unemployment was on the rise banks failed businesses failed and really one of the causes of that is up here when we talked about kind of all this economic growth and it was just kind of like the country and businesses and banks you know they essentially ate their ice cream too fast right they were so excited to invest in transportation businesses so excited to invest in businesses out west and a lot of those investments got away from them you know building roads that never really turned a profit or investing in businesses that never really uh got up off the ground so it could be connected in a sense that what allowed for more people to move to missouri was a lot of the financial requirements or the finances that led to the panic but it's it's would only be connected kind of in an indirect way right so you could think of it this way like you know initially in the era of good feelings there was all this optimism right this optimism about american businesses are going to thrive you know we just beat great britain again we're building all these roads we're passing tariffs to protect our business you know let's spend spend spend on american businesses in fact let's put so much money into them that it's going to be impossible for them to actually yield any sort of return and then uh you know at a certain point the realization hits that you know all these companies are being valued at a lot more than what they're worth and it just kind of all comes crashing down right to reality you're welcome any other questions about either the missouri compromise or anything else that we've uh touched upon so far okay and the point about the panic too is that who it ends up hurting the most is not the business owners it's not the bankers it's not the politicians the panic ends up hurting the most are those commoners they're wage workers they're people who are now unemployed because unemployment is at 30 percent you know when a business fails yeah it might um you know the the business owner might lose a bunch of money the investors might lose a bunch of money but they'll be fine right it's not like they're gonna go starving in the streets who will go starving in the streets though is the person that worked for that business right that lived essentially paycheck to paycheck to paycheck and so this really inflamed uh this this rivalry or competition here so keep keep missouri in mind right because what happens in missouri is very important in terms of what happens to the nation uh moving forward okay so we had said that on the surface it was an era of good feelings but you know if we scratch the surface or yeah scratch the surface a little bit if we look at the wealth gap elites versus commoners if we look at the sections north versus south things are not all that all that well the last maybe division that we'll talk about that things were again kind of getting away from the country is going to be the division between the federal and state governments right we'll go ahead and throw this in orange as well and that is to say there were some conflicts between the federal and state governments now recall that even though the federalist party is gone john marshall is still the chief justice of the supreme court and he is a very strong federalist and all during the 1800s the 1810s the 1820s i mean when we said last time that members of the supreme court are there until they retire or they die they really are right you know the you know there have been some supreme court justices and you know and and john marshall the chief justice who served for generations right i think just recently with the passing of well actually i don't know i'd have to check but you know it could be generational right a supreme court justice serving for pretty much someone's entire entire life uh and over and over and over again uh john marshall established the primacy of the federal government over the states that's in any sort of ruling and there was one supreme court case that had to do with banks you know they created a second national bank state banks in maryland protested specifically didn't like the fact that the national bank had a sort of privileged status and in those rulings john marshall favored the federal bank or the federal court system time and time again another very important court case and which we'll talk about more not next week but the week after was the court case of uh warcester versus georgia and this had to do with the right for georgia to remove the cherokee cherokee tribe the cherokee indians off their land right so this court case was challenging or did challenge the right for georgia to remove the cherokee right writing's a little bit sloppy off of their land uh so in this case again you have kind of three different kind of power sources at work you have the federal government led by john marshall there's the state government by georgia and there's the cherokee and the thing about the cherokee is that their land is inside the state of georgia but they have a peace treaty maybe not a peace treaty but they have a treaty with the national government you know recall we talked about the principle of nations within a nation well the cherokee nation is a nation within the state of georgia within the the you know the united states right and in this court case john marshall once again rules in favor of the federal government vis-a-vis in favor of the cherokee and against the state of georgia this is not the last time that we'll talk about this court case in particular we'll revisit it again but for the time being do know that of course the marshall court is willing and ready to support the federal government over any challenges by the states right so just think about those as some again kind of the divisions in the era of good feelings commons versus elites north versus south federal and state government uh one other sort of key term-ish sort of thing that you should know from this chapter is the monroe doctrine this has to do with foreign policy we don't really talk about foreign policy too much in the early years of the united states because the u.s had a lot of internal problems to take care of and the united states really didn't project kind of the same influence and power that it would in later years but the monroe doctrine was somewhat the beginnings of kind of a more active american um engagement overseas or technically in this case it's not overseas but engagement in other nations uh what had happened between the 1800s and 1820s in latin america was various revolutions you know in the same way that great or sorry in the same way that the english colonists revolted against great britain you had countries like uh mexico uh colombia yeah colombia argentina brazil between the 1800s and 1820s all these countries went through revolution and all of them claimed independence right i mean you could practically say that every five years or so there was a new country popping up in latin america uh successfully fighting against the spanish crown in this instance and declaring its independence then monroe doctor named after president james monroe the fifth president of the united states was kind of like a symbolic solidarity between the united states and latin america uh it was celebrating the fact that both the u.s and latin america had gone through these revolutions which got rid of a monarchy right and put together a form of democratic government which was the case in latin america most those pretty much all those governments were at least temporarily democratic and this was also in the same time kind of a way for the u.s to flex its muscle essentially what the monroe doctrine stated was that europeans uh should stay out you know whatever stay out means of the americas all right so the monroe doctrine is a doctrine that states that european powers should stay out of the americas illustrated by this political cartoon here probably better gives you an idea of what the monroe doctrine is supposed to do in other words north and south america uncle sam is saying stay away right and what the u.s really feared was a little bit less that spain might come back that was a possibility spain might try to reconquer their territory but other more powerful nations like france and britain was really what the u.s feared and the last thing the u.s wanted was britain and france to continue to encroach in the western hemisphere it's um you know it's a good key term to know again that monroe doctrine that's going to be something that appears like on a matching question for your exam like you got to know the definition of it and if you know it you can get it you know answer it pretty easily uh historically speaking though it really didn't do much at the time i mean the the the brutal truth is is that the united states was too weak to enforce the mineral doctrine it was kind of all bark and uh and no bites but it existed right it existed any uh any questions so far okay so uh why don't we go ahead and wrap things up here with the last section and this will kind of be a good segue into what we end up covering in the next chapter but that is the revival of opposition and what we mean by that is political opposition now we had said how the two-party system already went down to one there was no political divisions there but that changed in the election of 1824. the election of 1824 was essentially a four-way race uh presidential election amongst those who were running included andrew jackson who again was the war hero and most importantly about andrew jackson was that he represented the quote-unquote common class right he was running as the kind of ordinary citizen president he wanted to get rid of policies that tended to favor the elites like banks businesses politicians andrew jackson was different in that he was born was not born in the 13 colonies he was born in tennessee he grew up on the frontier there's questions as to how exactly literate he was i mean he was not very literate in fact one of the people or two of the individuals that he was running out running against one was john quincy adams and the other one was henry clay right there was one other candidate running but he's not important um and so one of the things that contrasted andrew jackson especially with john quincy adams was that you know adams was an intellectual i mean you really couldn't get more elite than john john quincy adams who was literally the son of a former president educated in europe right and one of the campaign slogans in the election of 1824 was vote for jackson who could uh who can fight not for john quincy adams who could write in other words the fact that jackson was barely literate was like a good thing right it meant that he he sort of represented more of what the voting uh class did now there were also changes taking place to voting laws which we'll talk about again differently but john quincy adams and henry clay what they supported was something called the american system and again this is going to be a key term that you want to be familiar with the american system simply just refers to any internal improvements right so a lot of things that we outlined earlier that the country was building right the second bank of the united states protective tariffs building transportation all of this would fall under the category of the american system like if we just wanted to describe all of that we just say the american system and politicians like john quincy adams and henry clay said i support the american system i want you know i want more transportation improvements i want more in terms of uh you know extending the national bank i want more in terms of you know john quincy adams in particular wanted to build a bunch of lighthouses on the coast of the us again to make overseas commerce easier andrew jackson came out against the american system right and this is where some of the pieces start to kind of fall together recall that in the panic of 1819 you know a lot of people became unemployed and disaffected and from an outsider's view if you look at the american system it is an alliance between politics right so the politicians pass the laws right banks which benefit from the laws that politicians create and then business right so we have what sometimes i like to call kind of this unholy alliance it's the alliance between politics banks and business and of course what they all have in common is that they are elite and while the common class got the short end of the stick right they lost their job they lost their homes they lost everything uh politics banks and business as symbolized through the american system is everything that the common class resents and so jackson runs on this platform of like literally burning the whole thing down right against the american system against politicians against the bankers against businesses it's a disputed election jackson wins the popular vote right so more people vote for jackson and gets the most electorally right so the most electoral votes but not and this is in the constitution a majority so to be the president you need to get a majority of the electoral votes jackson didn't do that so as a result well then who decides who the president is well then it goes down to the house of representatives and it was in the house that john quincy adams and henry clay who were both running against each other made a deal and this deal was known as the corrupt bargain because as much as clay and adams were rivals the last thing that they wanted to see was andrew jackson who they considered to be a savage barbarian that was the last person they wanted to see as president and so the corrupt bargain was clay gave his votes to adams right and just like that with henry clay henry clay also got a very prestigious position in john quincy adams cabinet now of course adams and clay denied that there was any sort of deal but supporters of andrew jackson said look this just the fact that jackson could get the most votes and the most electoral votes and still be cheated out of his position this only further uh solidified uh the belief here that everything was corrupt right the political system was corrupt the business system was corrupt the banking system was corrupt that even democracy itself was corrupt and so the fact that jackson was cheated out of his uh presidency which he was and this is a political cartoon of i believe that's henry clay on top of andrew jackson sewing his mouth shut in other words jackson will not be heard uh that really led to the effort to re-elect jackson in 1828 in which jackson won right so four years later the supporters of jackson uh angry at this bargain that gave adams the presidency led to jackson's election you can see in this political or sorry in this map here all the blue states voted for jackson this is 1828 so you can see that the support for jackson at the time was uh very strong during that campaign things were very ugly right the 1828 election was ugly again the accusations against jackson was that he was a murderer they brought up his uh record as a general and the way that he had you know slaughtered people they called him you know an illiterate barbarian uh supporters of andrew jackson said that john quincy adams was you know out of touch he was elite he was a know-it-all he didn't represent the american people and one of the people who was targeted during that 1828 campaign was jackson's wife rachel so rachel was the wife of jackson who during the campaign died right and and that becomes significant because jackson blames the death of his wife on his political opponents right his political rivals in the country jackson andrew jackson married his wife rachel when she was still in a marriage with her previous husband you know that was you know just that itself right the fact that uh she had not secured a divorce from her previous husband and married andrew jackson you know that was illegal at the time but it was even just especially taboo to marry twice in one's life and so the press really treated rachel pretty badly you know calling her you know you know you could probably imagine the the terms and stuff that they called her and um you know the story goes and whether or not this is actually true is that while she was browsing a um you know like a store in tennessee she picked up a newspaper read a story about herself that was so egregious so hurtful so harmful that she died on the spot and for that reason andrew jackson blames his political opponents right those that went after him during this election for the death of his wife and during andrew jackson's inauguration he dresses up in all black to mourn uh the death of his wife it happened between the election and the inauguration and so he's gonna go after his um you know he's gonna go after his political opponents pretty pretty intensely um and you know chapter uh what are we on chapter eight chapter nine we'll talk all about jackson's presidency right so we still have a lot to say uh about that but he wins this election of 1828 after having previously been uh been cheated uh there's one more thing that i want to touch upon here only because it is mentioned in this chapter we'll talk about it more next chapter but is the tariff of abominations recall john quincy adams was a supporter of the american system let's use yellow john quincy adams when he did become president in 1824 was a supporter of the american system which amongst other things included things like tariffs right protected tariffs so adam's past or the adams administration continued to pass tariffs that did not sit well with all parts of the country in general tariffs and not just the tariff of abomination so this was what southerners called tariffs i'll talk more about it uh but the point is right and we'll go ahead and illustrate this here uh let's say we have two different factories all right we gotta have a smokestack again this one's going to be england this one will be the u.s they both produce iron when opened up for foreign competition the united states produces iron that costs two dollars england produces iron that costs three dollars or sorry one dollar right so in this circumstance people are going to buy it from england because it's cheaper right and without any tariffs that's pretty much what was happening well what does that mean for u.s businesses it's not good right so this is where you slap on your tariff and then you say if england has to pay two dollars more in a tariff well then that's going to make their steel more expensive sorry their iron more expensive and more people are going to buy american and that's good and that's how tariffs work right and so they should be supported at least in theory by most american businesses because in this circumstance right one plus the two and then u.s because americans don't have to pay the tariff you know it makes it cheaper the problem though is that it has a different impact on the rest of the country so if we look at the north they have right factories the south doesn't right the south is mostly agrarian right they have uh mostly farmland and so with the tariff what it means for the south before the tariff the south can buy english iron for one dollar after the tariff the south has to buy it for two dollars now it's better for the industries right the american factories are better off but there's no factories in the south and so for that reason generally speaking southerners did not favor tariffs because it just meant that they had to buy more expensive goods while northern uh factories benefited so this term tariff of abominations is again what southerners referred to as what they call the tariffs of the time