The Legacy of Ancient Rome

Introduction

• The Romans contributed significantly to modern languages and culture.
• Roman numerals and the legacy of Roman history span over 12 centuries.
• Rome is often considered the first example of globalization with its concept of Pax Romana (Roman Peace).

Early History of Rome

• Origin: Started as a tiny Latin tribal settlement by the River Tiber.
• Neighbors: Etruscans to the north and Greek colonies to the south influenced the early development.
• Open City: Rome offered citizenship to migrants, becoming a large metropolitan center.
• Legendary Founders: Romulus and Remus, believed descendants of Trojan refugees, with Rome named after Romulus.

The Roman Monarchy and Transition to Republic

• Seven Kings: Each king contributed to Rome’s development with systems like calendars and aqueducts.
• Transition: Last king, Tarquin the Proud, was expelled after a scandal, leading to the establishment of a Republic in 509 BC.

The Roman Republic

• Government Structure: Two consuls elected annually, controlled by a Senate of 300 patricians.
• Social Struggles: Plebeians (commoners) fought for political rights, achieving equality by 287 BC.
• Military Reforms: Introduced manipular legion formations after a near defeat in 390 BC.

Expansion and the Punic Wars

• Conquests: Rome expanded through Italy and into Sicily.
• Punic Wars: Fought against Carthage, Rome’s major rival in the Mediterranean, ultimately destroying Carthage.
• Cultural Influence: Greek culture heavily influenced Rome post conquests.

Social and Political Changes

• Globalization Effects: Influx of cheap grain and slaves led to economic disparity and social unrest.
• Gracchi Brothers: Proposed reforms to support impoverished citizens, met with violent opposition.
• Civil Wars: Internal conflicts led to military generals gaining power.

Rise of Julius Caesar

• Military Achievements: Conquered Gaul and had a controversial invasion of Britain.
• Dictatorship: Refused Senate’s authority, marching on Rome, and declared himself dictator.
• Assassination: Killed due to fears of monarchy restoration, leading to further power struggles.

Augustus and the Roman Empire

• Rise of Augustus: Octavian (Augustus) consolidated power, ending the Republic.
• Pax Romana: 200 years of relative peace and prosperity.
• Cultural Achievements: Flourishing of arts and architecture under Imperial patronage.

Decline and Transformation

• Succession Issues: Power often controlled by military and Praetorian Guard.
• Social Mobility: Expanded citizenship, significant social changes.
• Economic and Political Strains: Increasingly autocratic leadership with Diocletian's reforms.

Christianity and the Division of the Empire

• Constantine’s Reforms: Christianity legalized and later became state religion.
• Constantinople: New capital in the East, symbolizing the shift in power.
• Fall of Western Empire: Due to internal decay and external pressures from migrating peoples.

Legacy and Conclusion

• Enduring Influence: Roman culture, law, and infrastructure continue to impact modern civilization.
• Symbolic Figure: The life of a baker, Eurysaces, reflects the social mobility and commercial success possible in Rome.

Additional Resources

• Videos on ancient Greece and Russian art history are available for further learning.