hello again everyone the second video we'll examine the ideas and systems and structures of what were referred to as the polis and kratos within ancient greece rather than just jump to a direct definition and have a 15 second video we'll take a look at how these ideas and systems and structures were formed so let's start from the beginning and this will be how greece was populated most archaeologists and anthropologists believe that greece was populated by migrations from asia minor and north africa right north africa and then asia minor what we now more or less refer to as the middle east so to the left we have a statue from egypt and to the right there is a greek statue you can notice some similarities if you follow my mouse here you'll notice the posture both figures are standing erect soldiers fairly back hands and arms are at the sides and then you'll notice that the left foot forward in both figures this is a posture of power now a couple of differences is that obviously the greek figure is nude and there's also more of detail spent on physique or it's a little lacking over here in egypt also you notice that obviously there's no female figure next to this particular individual so through these two statues by comparing and contrasting their features we can understand how what effects these migrations had on greek culture and again just the very very rough beginnings of what we refer to as the polis and kratos so these folks when they migrate they're gonna for our purposes we're just gonna study this region here and this is greece so you notice that just from uh this map there's a lot going on within greece it's a peninsula that's got many different islands there's plenty of coasts and greece is also going to have a varied landscape so some places where these folks settle there's going to be mountains some are going to have access to water some of them are going to be able to grow stuff and some will even have access to mineral deposits for precious metals so where these folks land and they're pretty much limited to whatever resources they have access to that is going to play a large part in how a polis is formed and which kratos that they have so for varied landscapes there's going to be varied police and this here is plural of polis so a polis is simply a city-state this is not to be confused with a nation-state for instance the united states is a nation-state france is a nation-state china is a nation-state now a polis is a city-state so this would mean that the polis you identify with the city first and foremost you would identify with that particular city before you would identify with whatever region you lived in and sure as heck before you would identify with whatever nation or country you live in so for instance i'm recording this video in lincoln nebraska and i am a resident of lincoln nebraska based on the polis idea of thought and if we were in ancient greece i would identify my allegiance first and foremost to the city of lincoln nebraska and that's pretty much it that's that's my number one secondary would maybe be the region of nebraska and last would be north america or within the nation state specifically of the united states that wouldn't even really matter it would just be a lot of folks that more or less i would speak the same language have a few cultural similarities but by and large i would be devoted to lincoln so polis means city-state and this transcended common language in regional as i had mentioned before and this is going to be some of the roots of patriotism that we would see during this time period so specifically let's take a look at athens athens was a city that was part of ancient greece but remember athens as a polis in athens is a city-state so if we think of the term state a city-state would have its own government it would have its own military structure it would have its own economy it would have its own culture to a certain extent even though there's plenty of other city-states that exist in greece we're specifically concerned with athens which is right here there's about a thousand greek city-states but let's take a look at athens so athens is in the region of attica which again doesn't really mean anything in terms of allegiance or it's just kind of just to help us place it on a map and also athens too is very close to water so this town of piraeus this is actually going to be a port city that'll eventually be connected to athens let's take a look at one more city-state we're going to take a look at the city-state of sparta so sparta is in the region of the peloponnese and the peloponnese existed within greece right but who cares the big thing is to focus on the city state of sparta so here we can even compare its geographic differences and similarities to athens athens has close access to water sparta does not so this will tell you something that it's probably going to have different resources it'll have a different military structure it'll be reliant upon different technologies and this will eventually when these city-states mature it'll have an effect on their cultural philosophies and the different outlooks so who makes up a polis there's really three different types of groups of people who make up a polis first are the dmos and this translates to people but it doesn't mean all people there's the thing there's the rub dmoz specifically means citizens of that particular city state and during ancient greece it was quite common for like an overwhelming majority of these city-states to have had not only slaves but a large slave population of which their economy sometimes military a lot of different things would be based upon and there were also medics and these are greeks who were born in a different polis a different city-state but migrated to a different one so let's go back here let's just say that we all lived in the city-state of sparta and someone from athens or corinth or tripolis doesn't matter anyone from those three or any of the other thousand city-states if they moved to sparta they would be a medic and it doesn't matter if they speak the same language it doesn't matter that everyone's quote unquote greek they would stick out like a sore thumb because there'd be so many cultural differences between the city-states so who makes up a polis dmos slaves and medics what makes up a polis so obviously each of these city-states will have its own economy and as we mentioned from the access to different resources by these migrations wherever people settled that's what they're going to be reliant upon so if you're near water you're going to have access to fish and maybe some trade by sea if your polis is based in land you may have access to timber you may have access to agricultural food like grapes and olives and all that good stuff grains and different polis will have different military setups and the soldiers with that are going to serve within the city state are going to be sourced from the city-state from the polis more than likely to be citizens sometimes there were slaves who would make up the military and sometimes there are a few exceptions where medics would be allowed to serve in the military and what's really important is that different police would have a different kratos which translates to rule not rule as in you know this rule that rule but rule as in govern to govern so for militaries oftentimes they were broken down by wealth the wealthiest citizens would be able to afford weapons armor and a horse so calvary are very powerful but they're also few and far between the infantry were more common as they were made up of citizens and sometimes slaves and then if the city-state were to have a navy there would be rowers who would serve infantry when you see images like this this is a very blurry and poor image of spartan infantry troops these are hoplites and sparta in particular were the badasses of all the infantry they would train pretty much since an early age i think it's 10 of their citizens their male citizens women were allowed to train militarily for certain scenarios and circumstances they would engage in psychological warfare too as they would march to the battlefield you would hear this drumming toward the opposing forces would hear the drumming before they would see these scary red cloaks that would identify the spartan hoplites navy's this ship was uh think of it more like a maybe a battleship or a cruiser or a destroyer of modern this is what was called the trireme and you can see that there's rowers here again a very blurry image i apologize sails rowers and then this thing would be used as a battering ram to ram into a different ship on its side and then hopefully sync it that was the goal so again athens when we think about its military it's got access to water it's going to have a large navy sparta being landlocked it's going to have a large land army and to go back to this idea of kratos there are different types of kratos and all the different city-states we're going to have a different system of government so to name a few there's autocracy which means rule of one there's aristocracy which means rule by privilege oligarchy that means rule by a few monarchy uh that means some type of divine rule maybe a king or queen something like that but the big one that we're concerned about is democracy even the word it reads like a mathematical equation and that'll help you with some of the others too but dmos is people kratos is rule and democracy is ruled by the people so that's what democracy means ruled by the people and democracy was the kratos of athens which is very important sparta on the other hand they had two kings a dual monarchy they even had what was called an assembly of which we will be discussed next week but it wasn't where everyday citizens could vote it was where some of their citizens would simply show up to where they would meet and they would vote by acclimation which means they would all yell and whichever vote was the loudest that's what would pass but didn't really matter anyway because the two kings could do whatever they wished all right so stay tuned in the third video we will discuss some of the tensions that existed within the mediterranean region during the time of ancient athens thank you