hi everyone welcome to your lecture on chapter 4 society and social interactions my first question for you is how would a sociologist define a society so according to our text it says a group of people who live in a definable community and share the same culture so with that being said some key words in there are that live in a definable community meaning that there is a territory there is a boundary in which these people occupy but on top of that they share a similar culture we learned about culture in the last chapter but it's something that is shared amongst the people that live within this society so let's talk about how functionalists view a society so remember functionalism is linked with durkheim and durkheim believed we as a society work together to produce society that everyone plays a part in the creation of a society and a society has a collective consciousness or a collective conscious a collective conscious is a communal belief morals and attitude of society going back to our lecture on culture society creates values and beliefs which forms our norms in which we follow and the collective consciousness is what we as people use it guides us into forming a smoothly functioning society we're going to discuss is social integration so social integration is how strongly a person is connected to society this is important for social life we want you to integrate properly into the society integration means that you are a productive member of society and you are active in various things so in college a student integrates into various groups of the school whether it's athletics fraternities sororities clubs on campus jobs etc universities offer numerous ways to integrate students into the broader culture of the university i'm going to review these terms of mechanical and organic solidarity so remember mechanical solidarity think more rule this is people who do and work similarly because it's very traditional think of the amish they keep separate and they have a very old society it's a what we would consider a mechanical society is because they're highly dependent upon each other but also there's a high degree of sameness they all practice the same beliefs they all do the same thing pretty much everyone is the same that is a mechanical society now in an organic society there is organic solidarity which means that the division of labor is very specialized and everyone is doing different activities it's very different than a mechanical society so within an organic society it goes back to the notion of i don't know you you don't know me but we all work together to keep society functional we can all have different beliefs and views but we all know how to work together and that is distinct within a organic society which is linked to organic solidarity the next term we're going to discuss is anime when an individual does not fit into society these individuals experience what durkheim labeled as anime so anime is when changes happen to a society that displaces the individual from their normal life so it's when a drastic change happens in society enemy follows give you a simple way to think about anime think about a traditional marriage between an elderly man and an elderly woman so the elderly woman more than likely would cook clean and do all the stuff around the house now for the elderly man in the family now let's say that you know they're getting up in age and the woman dies and now the man is left to live alone he might experience which what is known as anime it's when a drastic change happens that displaces the individual because for all these years that man has relied on his wife to cook clean and do all these things around the house that he might not know what to do so he's experiencing anime now a more complex example i want you to think about the industrial midwest so the industrial midwest that economy is heavily reliant on manufacturing jobs so that's when ford and all these big manufacturing jobs were in their heyday now and many of those jobs are no longer there and oftentimes we see in the news how many of these car manufacturers will move their plants outside of the midwest and by them moving these jobs outside the midwest maybe you know outside of the united states borders the people in that region are left experiencing anime because the normal way of life is no more it's a drastic change that displaces the individuals from their normal life so next we're going to talk about conflict theory and remember conflict theory is linked with karl marx now i want you to pause and take a look at this picture go ahead and pause it let's analyze this together i want you to go ahead and look at the red portion of the house that's the base according to marx he believed that the economy determined what society would be like so the economy is in the base and he believed that the base determined the superstructure the superstructure is our institutions like religion family education and government so according to marx the superstructure was controlled by the base so another way to view this is marx believe that all our major institutions family politics religion were controlled by the economy so just to review marx he believed that society is a result of class struggle so the key for marx and conflict theory is who owns the means of production the owners of the means of production were able to control and exploit the labor which allows them to control society so for marx through capitalism is how the bourgeoisie is able to control society because a few individuals and companies own the economy and were able to control it so remember marx is writing during the industrial revolution and he's seen a totally new type of economy arise which the world has never seen before now due to this drastic shift in the economy marx discovered that the workers became alienated from their labor alienation is an individual's isolation from his society his work and his sense of self so there are four types of alienation the first is alienation from the products of one's labor so instead of being a specialist like a chairmaker the worker can now sit in a factory and not know exactly what he or she is building they might simply just be doing a repetitive task and not know exactly what the point of that is the second is alienation from the process of labor so the worker does not do the job as they feel that they should the worker now is given a handbook that tells them this is what you will do so in a sense the bourgeoisie decides how the proletariat will carry out the task the third process of alienation is alienation from others work becomes a competition everyone is vying to compete against each other and move up the ranks because now it's a competitive environment to get the scraps that the bourgeoisie gives the proletariat and lastly there's alienation from oneself the worker is not able to take pride in their work mark's fines because the worker might not understand what they're actually doing therefore the worker loses a sense of pride next turn we're going to go over is false consciousness and a false conscience is a person's beliefs ideologies and our deals are in conflict with their own interests due to the fact that the bourgeoisie has control over the fabric of society the bourgeoisie can shape the beliefs values and norms of our society so i want you to think about the notion of hard work so as americans we're taught to take pride and value hard work but a conflict theorist would look at this and say that this value of hard work is actually controlled by the bourgeoisie because we as a proletariat are killing ourselves for this notion of hard work but it doesn't necessarily benefit us us being hard workers actually benefits the bourgeoisie so this the bourgeoisie sets up a reward system for how a good job should be done but it's not in our best interest it's in their own best interests so marx actually advocates for a class consciousness a class consciousness is awareness of one's rank in society basically marx is trying to create a proletariat that is in a sense woke and aware of their standing in society next we're going to talk about symbolic interactionism which is linked in with max weber in this chapter so weber taught us the term rationalization it's a belief that modern society should be built around logic and efficiency rather than morality or tradition so weber found that capitalism is to make the most amount of money in the most efficient way possible normally not taking into account the life of the human worker so in a sense capitalism controls workers and weber believed that individuals are trapped inside the iron cage and the iron cage is a situation in which we as individuals are trapped by social institutions meaning that we really don't have control over our lives our institutions shape and create and make our lives for us in a sense and talk about burger and luffman berger and luckman believe that humans must externalize their life so through social interactions an individual can create social life and bergeron luckman found that all human activity is subject to habitualization the human actor turns activity into a pattern so when you think about your morning routine as a child you're taught brush your teeth wash your face comb your hair eat a nutritious breakfast these are a routine that we all follow it's a habit so through the notion of habitualization we just naturally start to do it activities are taught to have meaning but the meaning of the activity becomes taken for granted because the information just becomes naturalized and we don't even question why we do what we do that's habitualization if we think about the simple notion of gift giving you are taught that when you show up to a birthday party you have to bring a gift if you don't bring a gift it's like tacky so the gift symbolizes a thank you for letting me be a part of your day or a congratulation for your accomplishment but we don't even think about the gift that way it's more so we do it because it's something that we have to do therefore through this habit that was formed around gift giving we actually don't even think about the meaning we just do it because it's what you're supposed to do now habitualization carries with us an important psychological gain that our choices are narrowed so this is actually a positive that society becomes a habit because with habitualization we are free from the annoying task of having to make a thousand decisions on how to get a task complete we just do what we've always done that's habitualization and lastly habitualization leads to institutionalization and through institutionalization this is how standards are created and your book states that through institutionalization this is the act of implementing a norm into society the next term we'll discuss is the thomas theorem if man defines a situation as real they are real in their consequences so when we think about the thomas theorem this is the notion that the social construction of reality becomes real meaning that if you tell someone something and you hammer it in on them and they ultimately believe it that's the thomas theorem the next thing we're going to go over is murder self prophecy an idea becomes real if it's acted upon so when we think about this think about the 2020 presidential election president trump constantly kept on saying the election was stolen the election was stolen even though this had went through the courts and it was adjudicated and there was no proof that the election was actually stolen from president trump look at what happened on january 6th people ultimately believed that the election was stolen even though it was a complete lie that's murder and self-fulfilling pr prophecy an idea becomes true if it's acted upon so we're going to talk about goffman's presentation of self goffman believed that an individual performs in daily social interactions we are the actors and society is the audience and role performance is how a person experiences his or horror role society has an expectation of how an individual is to perform a role lastly front stage is where the actor performs and follows the rules of the role because the individual is being watched backstage the actor can behave differently backstage because they can relax