foreign [Music] so we said Linguistics is all about how do you develop syntax how do you sort of make sense of the form and the sound and then all that kind of things the earliest approach to this known to the recorded history if I may say is the work done by panini a great grammarian of this country who lived in the 6th Century BCE so what we are talking about is a person who lived 2800 years back so we will first try to understand what is this whole Panini and what is he he done because that's a good way to get into the Indian contribution into linguistics so pandini created what he is called ashtadhya means chapter ashta means eight so ashtadi is a workout consisting of eight chapters that's why it's and Panini himself says and it is a culmination of a long grammatical tradition so it is not that Panini you know I have initios started creating something he had thought about it he sort of brought it to a very logical structure kind of a things and what he did was he wrote 3983 rules known as sutras to mostly accommodate the patterns and variations in the Sanskrit language please understand it is not that Panini wrote 3983 rules and told to the people please understand the rules and talk accordingly he did not do it he did reverse engineer he found there was a language going on people have been using different words and forms and so on he fitted them using 3983 rules that's why I use the word mostly accommodate the patterns and variations he arranged all these 3983 rules in eight chapters therefore the name ashtadi came and each chapter is further subdivated into four quarters so in 1804 is 32 so that's how there are 32 sections so to speak basically Panini's work through this is actually a process of refinement and syntactical structuring that is why the language is called samskritam samskritam means refined that's the meaning of the word samskritam so the language which is very refined is called samskritam and looks like it is the best available descriptive model of a language it's a very nice descriptive model of a language in the 4th Century BCE which means about 200 years 250 years later to panini composed the commentary it's called varthika varthika means commentary on The Panini and work that's considered very good because he you know fixed a few loose ends clarified a few things based on what Panini has done and so he really brought it to a very usable kind of a framework for us by giving additional notes and so on another great work on ashtadi is the mahabhashiya a commentary on the authored by patanjali in the second century BC another 200 years later one of the very nice commentaries that's why it's called bashia means commentary Mahabharata is great commentary so it is the katyayanas varthika and patanjali is Mahabharata along with ashtadi together gives us a very good basis on which one can understand what what is the science behind Sanskrit language now there are certain distinguishing aspects about Panini's grammar which we must know number one the entire vocabulary of the Sanskrit language could be created using the 3983 rules now when it is not entire I would say maybe 99.9 percent because there are maybe a few exceptions and few exceptions needed a special handling therefore he also sort of did that the rules are aphorisms are known as sutras which are easy to commit to memory very crisp you know few letters put together and if you know how to make sense of it then you easily one can process it so they are all uh you know crisp sort of sutras familiarity with these rules and how it needs to be applied amounts to gaining an unambiguous Mastery of sensitive mortgage so how do I know scientific language best way is to understand that there are 3983 rules and the rules mean this once you do it you are a walking Sanskrit language you don't need a dictionary you don't need a thesaurus nothing is required That's The Power of this language actually now the educational system IA until the introduction of macalian system of Education in the 19th century CE ensured this Mastery for the students but after that it was a complete discontinuity so it's all gone language processing and word generation are strictly rule based and derivative in nature so it is like an equation that you derive it looks like mathematics higher words in Sanskrit language can be derived so proper application of the rules so what it means is if you take the rules and apply the rules as per what is intended it must result in a valid word which is a form of a language so it is so amniable to a computer driven kind of a methodology very rarely we need to make additional assumptions there is no need to make any additional assumptions these are very distinguishing aspects of paninis and the derivation of words using the rules could be done through a using a step-by-step process that's how it works and the entire scheme of word generation follows a highly modular approach you know you take two basic components and then if you start combining them you actually end up forming a word the first basic component is actually a verbal root or a nominal stem to which one or more suffixes are added and the rules are invoked and you know some processing is done finally it ends with a valid word this is so unique so nice algorithmic kind of a thing so therefore the vocabulary is not fixed now we can understand vocabulary cannot be fixed because as long as the rules are not violated there are to be a valid word so the vocabulary is not fixed or static for the language the rules can be used for generating new words as long as the rules are not violated and what we also find in Panini's entire work is he has deployed interesting data structures computational elements that makes it very unique among the linguistic studies so these are some of the distinguishing ideas about Panini you may recall in one of the earlier chapters we talked about vedanta so the Panini's work is actually you know putting together all those grammatical ideas so Panini's work is the vakarna we didn't talk in great detail in that chapter now in this chapter we are going to look at how this Panini went about doing this how he process language all that we will see in the you know coming sections please [Music]