now if you remember last week we talked about speak of Nations the great wave of European revolutions in Western Europe and Central Europe and we discussed about one of the consequences of those revolutions in France okay now the person who came in power in France had a plan and he had a very big time and standing in the way of the man was the Commish Bureau so he went about to break the Congress Europe and a person came to the conclusion that the key to breaking the Congress of Europe was to break the link between Russia on the one hand and Austria and the United Kingdom on the other hand to essentially break the link between the key powers that underpinned the Congress review now we talked in previous weeks about the factors that supported the Contras of herbs and anybody better but those factors where they tell me you know what were the three factors that foster and supported the Congress of Europe and anybody might be the three factors that we're supportive of the working of the Bombers of Europe avoiding war okay but why I was able to avoid war that was one of the elements would be my general coordination ratio again that's one of the elements of the coordination regime that's the tools they use the word woman why were they willing to use those tools there were a number of European conditions that made it easier to use engines because you've got the tools for a consultation multilateralism avoidance ability alliances but I'm asking what are the conditions that made it more likely that the Great Powers would stick to these things don't be stated to for the motivations for using those yeah they definitely use the DNS system to intervene in minor powers and as we saw that has been no major power war despite that wave of revolutions making 2013 1814 Bob I'm asking what where the domestic international conditions that made one like what was making power to stick with the Vienna system one of them was the box of power remember that there were no big changes in the distribution of military capabilities if you remember the graph I had showed there was a stability okay I was monitoring but there were two other important but were ideological reasons there was the ideology religion ISM the government changes involving happened legitimate authorities and then was the fact that everybody was more or less a full authority there was similarity for the guerrillas but by the 1840s this has changed England with the first great reform has expanded the franchise from 2 percent to 50 percent of their population and in France there was an actual Republic but that Republic that was overthrown by through the Napali of the okay the overthrew the Republic and established an empire and Napoleon had a motivation to have a aggressive foreign policy because you gotta satisfy a lot of domestic constituencies so his opening arrives whereas but in Eastern Europe in the eastern question now last numbers of the eastern question was in the 1840 by remind me what had happened and why additional question had arised there was a series of world which we which states in which leaders the one who was go back to your ultimate history well although I was at the 1830s and it's part of the digital question but we're talking about what happened more close in time to the period were looking at the instant rivet ease go back through your Ottoman history yes excellent it was the Ottoman egyptian worthy worth which way with the second and the best Metallica believe that can't even Egypt okay and that happened is the question and what had happened if you remember is the Russians I had taken advantage of the situation and who the three team of wool Kia is khalessi had gotten a dominant position in the Ottoman Empire but Austria and the United Kingdom where are happy with that that they forced the Straits of mention of 1841 to essentially create a situation where Russia power did not predominate now Nicola Nicola affairs difference the first the Russian Tsar wasn't happy with this if you remember he was the person who created which phrase that is reported for understanding Ottoman history in the 19th century diplomacy in general the Sidman knew he was the first to use that term okay he said what we have here is a sick man and we should do everything we can to keep that man alive but if that man dies we should have a plan on how to inherit his potato me and he said that to be foolish and the apartment you remember I told you the English and the Austrians didn't say no to this despite the fact that they have no intention of renegotiating the same convention now as a result he believes that England and Austria are we need to accept an increase of Russian influence which Nikolay fell was diminished in x41 now the poor dog catches drift goodness and he decides to cause a crisis in the ottoman empire and this is what he tries to do in Jerusalem one of the oldest fights is between Catholic priests or the prison Beatriz over who controls v2 of Christ the Church of the security of practice that we're talking about dragged down fistfights okay monks and priests grabbed each other's our beards and punching each other okay and notable government has historically try to play local mediator that's why if you actually go to Jerusalem and visit the tomb you see them as essentially five different churches in it so the other men Empire will create rules like the Armenians can use it X amount of hours the Orthodox can use it Y amount of hours the Catholics things they have the P they have the money it's it's actually a very interesting case that we need managing a complex situation in the Pacific monitor and I'm serious the priest beat the crap out of each other it's not like this was just angry words so the last agreement put the Orthodox Christians behind on the top so the Catholic Church was like and if you remember one of the big institutions of Napoleon the third part Catholics and suchlike invaded as president of the French Republic will Roman through it so the Father sees a chance I can get brownie points with the Catholics by standing up for them in Jerusalem I can restore some of the French influence in the Ottoman Empire had retreated because France had supported Egypt in the New World and maybe I can create a situation where Buster and England are almost trust I can be very clear stories disagree on how much Napoleon had planted wait but unquestionably he was willing to hit the Hornets so what he does is he goes to the Ottoman tell them if you don't change the rules out here I'm gonna have a word with you and governments say fine fine we'll change the most accessible today the Sun earth and he's like well it excuse me I am the protector Christian is a new faith in the autumn and so he goes to the Ottomans and he tells them that thing you did for France you're gonna fix this and you're also gonna give me some more names like a protectorate essentially over your population so cough between the elderly the Russians and the French the Ottomans are in a bind they also have their own political infraction and fighting who's gonna be the Grand Vizier who's gonna be the grand wizard so what they do is they end up asking that help of Stratford red red is not in Ottoman show ever has the Great and achieve I'm not sure I've translated correctly he was the ambassador of Great Britain and Ottoman Empire he was a very powerful man consider this but in the 19th century what did you have you don't have cell phones you don't have to you didn't have telegraphed out there so an ambassador wasn't just a nice person for photo opportunities and for signing off papers he literally and it was unfortunately literally was a representative of the government of the country within the other country with extensive powers because if it takes a week for letters to arrive or a month sometimes well that word monkey must forget sake well wait a minute I'm good that's the speech time in politics until I get my news from London now instead that bastards had a lot of leeway on taking independent action including the ability to command the military resources morality isn't just an ambassador he is essentially a powerful power broker within the US government as well whichever of the bias factions have good relations with Ratcliffe had a good chance of getting power and other factors so Radcliffe understood his position but then you didn't become the ambassador just by being a well-educated person you were a political animal and he had very specific ideas about how the Ottoman fleet with Russia and he may or may not have his choice class of this decided to use this opportunity to permanently and all Russian influence in the Ottoman Empire thus disagreements about what actually happened but what we do know is he told the auto much to resist the Russian demise - not necessarily to risk war with Russia whatever the reason whether it was a virus not you know the name of you sounds like a character from high water or something okay or whether it was completely incompetence of Prince Menshikov who was sent as the Russian ambassador and who was to put it mildly completely unable to act in a dramatic way he was a military general he was a great Russian landlord great Russian leaders had served they were used to whipping people around okay almost equivalent of slaves all was not exactly as bad but almost you know he said this kind of a person will wear and he doesn't know how to act so whatever happens the Russian family they threaten the Ottomans with war and very vey that the Nubian principalities this is what is today most Romanian essential eastern and southern Romania Mogga laughing okay in reaction to this escalation of the traxxas the all of us is ready to accept the thing but instead they decided not to and war is declared between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire who cares this is the eighth who saw Turkish war command there was a motion to explain 1829 now here is why this becomes important the poor index of mother to listen he goes to the British government he tells them that if the porch of the Euro shirato on war the Russians gain territory in these he expects to be compensated with territorial changes in western Pacific the west bank of the Rhine and invention you understand what he did the British are worried about what we're not in the East okay and a1 essentially gives the British an extra incentive to stop anything changes in the east by essentially telling them if you let the Russians change the balance of power in Eastern Europe I demand the right to change the balance of power in Western Europe and in belt and you can understand in the eighteen fifties and forties the British still scared of France okay you don't come out of a hundred years of warfare without some obsession okay there's historically the bad personal fortune you go to England they were all these negative for spreading south even because it's not actually make as much seriously so the British are very worried about this thing so what they do is they go and ask Austria can we do something short of complete war to stop the Russians and the Austrians you know there are Russians that rusev obeah legitimate rock when does that start in the 18th century because of Catherine the Great and had abated just because of a French revolutionary Napoleonic Wars now us in the war and the Russian and the others were very worried about and especially that the Nubians pals because the diamond River was the main commercial exit for austria-hungary so wherever control the Danube rivers mouth Russia is fooled scramble option economically so far the ostrich said the British is listen we are not gonna go to war but you remain neutral if you decide to do something about it okay the decision was essentially let me take care of a threat now initially the British are testing some military movements but the initial phase of the war is really weird you kind of get a feeling that the Ottomans didn't wanna get in this war they kind of don't understand early the world they cannot get up with the Russians don't wanna push it there's mostly skirmishing in the danube municipalities around the danube and some school action in the area of closet Abraham but are no major attacks it doesn't it's not like it's 29 when the Russians great - bugera march all the way to edit okay but due to a series of unfortunate events ultimate flotilla in the Black Sea port of c-note is essentially isolated and touched and destroyed by the whole Russian Black Sea date okay it's it's not a massacre but it's a very pretty blob silent battle the Russians will be much crushed the automatic okay but in the British press he is presented as a massacre he is presented in the most you so phobic way it can be and Britain is a much more democratic country the sense of the present quarters are much more interested in what happens is these public opinion campaign determines the government war a hard-line positions of our campuses the British aligned with France okay the element of the third against Russia tablet primarily because they wanna make sure that France doesn't create trouble in the Western a central design will not change in the borders of the West but this advance if you help us deal with Russia will consider your position question that is shouldn't be warmer still not for the automatic war with the Russians but the Allies have not yet declared war but the present name is very powerful this is from a great field for the charge of a life [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] so it is war okay and this leads to the Crimean War okay cue Sebastian or in Turkish for basically 25 my math is bad our happens is very quickly the front lines of the Danube stabbing oils and since the Russians are not coming people in the Ottoman Empire the French and the English decide to invade Crimea see in turn area there is a key city for them Sebastopol the great arsenal city the great fortress city the center of the naval power of Russia and the South Seas so the British really want to destroy Sebastopol that is the key demand there is criminal incompetence from British and Russian High Command pretty much mamita soldiers died in the thousands from cholera there is actually a Florence Nightingale division in the family a barracks you can visit this nice museums are posted but you have to call and get it because it's the military so at some point something appeared which is one of the Italian states that try to unify tune is important actually joins the war unlike whatever the Italians coming to fight on Crimea where they work with French support from the Lions for the future okay now the end of the war ends when the British spelling st. Petersburg is a powerful force but mostly not everything Austria threatens war with Russia this is important this is the first major power war since 1850 and this is the first time that Austria directed war to Russia the war lands with the duty of pilots now what were the political consequences of this were this is important first of all the simple consequences it severely restricted the Russian naval presence in the Black Sea sevastopol's Arsenal was razed to the ground Russia was prohibited from keeping a navy in the Black Sea secondly this is the moment where the rations and the new tsar alexander ii decide that the idea of keeping the ottoman empire around as long as as long as Russia as a protector the difference is stupid and from now on Russia should seek to dismantle the ottoman empire at all costs imagine under Alexander the first another liquid liner first the Russians were going to accept the existence of the Ottoman Empire as long as they had instruments in it the dismantling was another option for now on the dismantling is the only approach okay Apollo the arrogance military glory he protects Catholics he defeats the enemy who defeated Russia sees Austria as indeed this point on the Russians conclude that Austria is not a deli it is an undignified country that doesn't have any graphic Russia must be in 1848 according to the Russians in 18-49 they crash have been reported how do they Austin's repay Russia's sacrifices that not very nice finally after 40 years of organist to 18th century norms of politics returned territorial compensation the idea that if one country gains in one place the other states need to be compensated in meeting alliances we are gathered to have to ally with your threat in order to accommodate it because I was what essentially England will be France returned back to international politics but most important of all the Congress system is then the Congress of Vienna system is that one of the key tools the Equality Movement alliances has come to net and the great house for a war now as I said p.m. on Sunday Nina's and 15,000 men to fight in Crimea on the side of the Allies against Russia what did you do that well to gain the National over there now why does the planet that what this alliance three reasons first of all he wants to further weaken Austria breaking the ties between Austria and Russia is not enough he needs to further we can actually ask because yeah the qilin speak of the system secondly he presents himself as a nationalist we don't even get the support of national liberals in France for his Imperial regime and he was active and had good connections with Italian National Design in Italian has tried to kill him which he says is oh you know what let forgive him because he's right and must promised I would help Italy and I forgot oh so this is fair so he wants to wrap up his rhetoric as hi Ethan is our Savior okay because saving who's the Ottomans is not that popular with the French saving Catholic bodies three well maybe he can get some territory especially some boys territories which are property Lusitania so he tells us in a debate for days a healthy the world return ah get stuff from you okay okay so with this alliance built by the county government to be interesting diplomats of the inner Francis Athenian go to war with Austria in the so-called second world Italian unification in 1859 Austria thinking extended the focuses of course Russian says would you be willing to help us and the Russians are let me think about it you know four years ago I had a burrito with England and France and you kinda ready to go to work with me under a night so you know I don't think so enjoy a fun been isolated so isolated from excelling in the East Austria is defeated okay now what happens is is Austria loses nobody shall be the appeal but because the proud instead of directly exceeding the territory to be any more so looking at the first CD to number them and then he isn't okay between 1859 1860 suddenly appeared more conquers order Nexus with anglo-french support the central Italian states included in the papal States the the Pope is essentially restricted to the city of Rome where the only survived such to French hell and named Dan about actually take samples if you remember from last week we have the reciprocal Baltic video the most interesting man in the world mentions okay in return people Sardinia gives up Savoy to fat let me explain Savoy is the actual whole town of the kings of piedmont-sardinia so essentially they give their hometown it's a blood of the Ottoman Sultan going to Greece and telling to tell them okay we can have Borgia the area because after again beginning okay in 1861 the new United Italian taters have declared into the Kingdom of Italy and that you stay enters the European area is Talia and what we wrote in Venetian let's still in other country hence grow by the Pope are protected by France that is still part of austria-hungary so here we are this is initially people Sardinia okay this is the territories they give to the French in the term for their support and this is what nobody partner Modena Tuscany the papal states except from this part and kingdom of the two sicilies this is how the modern Italian states created what we position and role in here is still independent well Maggie depend upon a metaphorical also this is an important work in history because one of the most important international organisations non-governmental organisations is created as a result of this for the Committee of the Red Cross [Music] [Music] is the student 1859 courage struggled across northern Italy the gentlemen inside the chamber version only do not was on it or in business he was determined to be given an audience by the close of the powerful Emperor off paths by his troops suddenly from instead of energy [Music] I was horrified outside the normally quiet village of Solferino the French and Austrian armies were fighting that terrible battle by evening thousands lay dead dying and wounded but the medical troops glugging soldiers on both sides had enough to do just saving themselves and finding a way back to their lines [Music] [Applause] [Music] you know forgot all nails was crucially needed recently he set up a makeshift hospital and a church in the village with a diamond wounded could receive attention of care in peace and quiet he was joined by the villagers the women the elderly who tried to help as best they could they treated the French and Austrians alike even taking care to record and said their last goodbyes to loved ones day and nights they worked tirelessly nursing the victims do not finally return to Switzerland but he could not forget his book a memory of Solferino was published in 1862 Janell proposed the establishment in every country of a neutral independent body of helpers who could provide protection and care for the wounded in case of war regardless of sign the idea was revolutionary and had found willing years shortly afterwards do not and for other men formed the International Committee of the Red Cross the ICRC in 1864 and international diplomat conference in Geneva was called the result was the adoption of the first Geneva Convention from a true humanitarian aid and protection for wounded soldiers many years later following the first and second world wars other visionaries etymology the conventions these help protect women sink or shipwrecked sailors [Applause] prisoners of it and civilians affected by war but it was all new janitors initiative an enterprise paved the way and made a difference showing humanity amidst inhumanity okay let's take a break but before we do in the break before the break we talked about the course of Italian education things are going very well for Napoleon the third the commerce system is broken after has been humiliated everything seems to be going great and indeed he feels secure enough to start colonial adventures we already talked about the United States before very quickly its last amazing 1665 repeated the US government versus the Confederate States of America which was a not recognized government the Union warned the poses included slavery changing political and the changing political economic models which we saw the US states and northern US states it was essentially a world power transition as the quality international relations as was pointed out initially in the classic in France were sympathetic to the Confederacy but they were not willing to risk a war with the United States the what is important because first of all it's the largest port for citizen apollyon it was the Western world three million men women like 600,000 died it was the first masters of martial artists and in many ways some of the elements of World War one are going to be free seen in this war anyway important thing it distracts we distracts the decay in France from Europe and the mountains we already talked about this deployment there even engages in an adventure image a war he takes advantage of the war and takes advantage of the civil war in Mexico to establish a pro-french regime okay and a Maximilian first catchment rather obvious remember the usual horse by Republican liberals under Benito Juarez this then Sherman actually a very savage counterinsurgency war lasts for four year by 1867 the United States scarce friends out and why is the fact the defeats maximum it's executed so the brother there sure never gets to turn a wallet shot and a prodigal is forced to liberalize his empire until then he ruled after notoriously but because of the costs and the humiliation of this adventure he has to give some power back to the legislature the important thing is this with Russia out of the system and with Austria with France tonight King busy in the rest of the world a space opens for resolving we have a great question of Europe which is the German question okay which is the question of what happens to Germany the Italian unification in flames nationals Germany who despite being defeated nation night believe the time is right for unification so the question now becomes how much Germany will unite not if it's gonna be indicted on what principles and will this principles be liberal or conservative and finally under whose leadership German space is dominated by two great powers Austria and Prussia but also by a ton German liberal movement so if there is still a bit of a unification we took these three competing powers it's going to dominate and these are Austrian soldiers over here editor of the home business now the new Prussian King William the first is very much opposed to liberalism he comes to power in a conservative restoration after the after the 1848 49 revolutions he's a military man he is a devout Protestant and including masters not like all this revenge ideas of liberty and democracy so what happens is - he had to accept upon life a lot in Russia and he clashed repeatedly with his partner because what happens is he wants to increase his military budget why because French adventurers in Europe the Crimean War the war of Italian have created conditions that lead him to believe that there is an increased chance of war among the great powers in Europe and Prussia needs to get prepared and that means fashion to reform its army and that costs money but in the German hood in the present Constitution in order to raise taxes you have to come up your mission of Parliament and the Parliament is dominated by the Liberals who in return for raising taxes demand more power over the control of the army and William the Pharisees might be willing to accept parliamentary control and any other thing but not on the army the army is the King's personal property so he brings in did not although this one to try and get the army beautiful now here's how this market things Bismarck sees liberalism as a trend to what can be called the Prussian order which is essentially an autocratic agrarian conservative regime dominated by the nobility and liberalism both needs after torial and form is a threat to them it's a threat because it puts more importance to provide centers and rural areas more importance to capital and industry than 200 culture and the Forester bushu are there to the nobility the problem is this he believes that one of the main reasons why liberalism is so strong in Germany is because there were no solution nationalists and as long as Germany is not you like that liberalism will always be an active powerful ideology so he needs to decrease the popularity with realism he concludes drug rather than repression which was has been attempted since 1815 why not cold so Bismarck says but we're going to do is we're going night Germany satisfying the main liberal demand but on passion tears okay the problem is that the if occasionally is not going to happen by as he says negotiations of parliamentary speeches but your eyes include blood by still and blood by armed and love and the main target is Austria and whilst her because Austria was very happy with the German Confederation because it was dominated Austria was opposed to a unification of Germany because Austria was half a German state and if there's a unification is a very good sure that all shall be part of it so this man decides he has to force Austria out of German politics and he has a golden opportunity Austria is actually its problem as we said the United Kingdom and France occupied by imperial adventures in the Americas and Asia okay Russia is still pretty much anger us we are not intending to help out easily presence Oscar from the South because the Italian still demand the incorporation of vents of the - back to the United Kingdom so this is a very good romantic opportunity but this man doesn't just want to go to the wall the way Napoleon the third ghost or he wants to make sure as a legitimate cast spelling because he needs to win over to decide the other German state and especially the past South German states but Londoner and avail lucky for him that they believe in if you remember in 1848 one of the boards of the rapid was the first leslie polish that one what had happened a dime she had died the damage it was also the jewish nation and the duke of all time but the thing is seven whole central part of the german confederation well then magazine independent state and persona in denmark liberalism has war and that is nationals liberals want to extend the - constitution the new Dutch Constitution - also the Dutch of blessing so essentially they will return what used to be our personal Union we only have a current leader - constitutional Union we have the same Constitution but especially and cosine are mixed population area for sign is German majority the size of a minor especially is more mixed but still a German majority and they will remain part of German Confederation their own rules okay so when the damage naturally burns called a third date because they wanted to punish their partner even idea push through a new constitution and say this will force Leslie the Nationalists rescue efforts time to react and declare they want to break the connection and union with them now initially the German Confederation takes the side of the wall Steiners and thus less visitors but reacts in a very moderate manner because I don't want were they breathing with meetings because if the first book Britain had taken decides to decide the next report Bismarck sees this and says here's how I move me a support of the National depends I would show the line more German than the German Confederation of how I would do it is I'm going to escalate the crisis independently of the Confederation so what he does he goes to war with Denmark he declares work with that to the market says I'm taking Leslie into the German I would say the garage oscillation that NIR they experienced Austria initially is resistant it doesn't want a war with them and doesn't care about the bloody war with them but ends up having to join the war because if it stays out it's not they would lose prestige in Germany to expression this leads to the second language from Stein world bases before in which Denmark is decisive defeated and the water is a key war because some new technologies the telegraph and also this is the first one where the Red Cross to enter into the console but most importantly the full action right [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] house so essentially the danes are armed with the old percussion cap rattles you have to to rearm yourself you have to take out the thing and put the depressions around with both oxidizer the fire our infantry increases tenfold which means that the old formation of warfare with cavalry with line of infantry with charges in box but no matter what about net charge loops like this is actually one of the business representations is over war now is war decisively by the side has the superior firepower but it's going to take a while for everybody to understand matters now the dates are repeated the session both side are taken from them but instead of being incorporated in the German Confederation as German states they're kinda created us protectorates of Austria and Germany of common protectorates okay by the guys sign convention this is a trap you see it is bhisma who pushes for this why he wants to create conditions that will create continues tensions between us there and prussia but he wants to be able to say those tensions are constitutional this isn't about Russia megalomania no this is about questions of the law and those tensions happen and what happens is in one of the crisis axiom excellent move building itself powerful it forces the German Confederation to mobilize and instruction it doesn't want to go to war wants to pleasure you know pressure by essentially raising the whole army of Germany against it well that's exactly what Bismarck wanted protection presents itself as the victim of Austrian and German Confederation treason Belarus the German Confederation depart and declared war on Austria this leads to the austro-prussian war also known as a seven weeks for or one side is fashioned plus a matter of minor northern German stage blast Italy who joins it that starts its history of opportunistic alliances now who joins in order to get monisha this picture is actually from the Battle of Mustafa these are Austria Poland charge in Italian Masseria and on the other side is with much everybody after your suction valve area and the minor German states in Italy the accidents defeat the elements start another tradition of international politics and fairly true at Sousa and at Lisa but it's an important because : grass invited to tell in the Czech Republic the army national of the north is decisively defeated by three Prussian armies this is a model the alliances in red and pink Austria and its German allies in blue and light blue Russian journalists in green are something it's a try to stay in neutral which doesn't really have any effect okay I already showed you a movie shown on another one with a trivial train the German Confederation is dissolved Russia gets everything that is light blue okay in this lesson in foresight however another reminder is the for country of the royal family of Great Britain okay and paranoid up here while the remaining states become parts of a North German Confederation which is dominated by Prussia Austria is kicked out of Germany while but then wouldn't bother these guys which I don't remember who they are are now independent states if the rimmel war brought the Vienna system the practical to an end the war of 1866 who the dijeron the German Confederation was a key part of the Treaty of Vienna it was a key part of the system think about the territorial changes massive for the first time in history all of northern Germany is unified in a powerful state and after 300 years of dominating German politics the House of Habsburg the Empire of Austria are expelled through Germany Russia Italy made huge that were engaged it allocates Venetia by the way given for it was because it's fresh one and once more the the options give Nutella refers to the Prussians and remember then they transfer related to eat that week and we have a new German of inertia tomato Germany South German states are tired Prussia for series of alliances this has another important we short remember in 1848 18-49 the Hungarians but belt in Austria they were defeated and their autonomy was to tell when the Austrian Empire was defeated this world again started to America as a result Vienna makes a concession it makes an agreement compromise Budapest and essentially creates the Kingdom of Hungary as a sovereign and independent Co part of the new austro-hungarian empire it is now Austria becomes austro-hungarian becomes essentially a confederation between the Empire of Austria and the kingdom of Hungary is gonna have immense consequences for foreign policy especially for me is the question because guess what Hungary button is a Balkan state it has a large slabs in it and the Hungarians while denied independence for themselves they don't like independence for the / Maninder granted in attack independence for Romania to live in the country they also have a deal with crawlers so as a result the Hungarian government starts pushing Austria to give more importance to the Balkans with more smarter more mainly this is a matter okay over here you can see the dog German Confederation you defined down here we have P Dimitri's the Ottoman Empire typically still rules all of these things but they're actually the factory independent France has created its colonies in Algeria the Russian empires up here Romania has United but this developer has a serviette transport and they go easily kept at it we're slowly approaching the map view becomes a bit more familiar okay my computer has decided to take this one why do you hate this map you drive I can see and this is handled by the way so mark everything down under it this used to be directed from being an amateur or Buddhist and it's a huge country by the way it's the size of my powerpoint has a solo on anybody's name aha right in your papers what are the two key words of purification that we just learned about okay where were the made Warfel that broke the power of Austria in Europe okay in your notes to Wars our Austria we just talked about tours that broke the bottle that shattered and defeated the power of Ostia that ended our search for Thole two key areas of the bureau okay we chose so you can answer them you until now I've talked about Europe all the time and I did I did warn you this classes of if you're eccentric but I want to take a small break and we want to go back and look at what's 100 the rest of the world because guess what there's a planet and by the way the plan is becoming important because the plan Europeans are covering most of it with a little imperialism so global politics is going to become increasingly intertwined with your peoples we already saw this in the way that the ground invasion of France the United Kingdom with colonial adventures liberalism opened up the space for Otto von Bismarck and for France to do this watch me so let's start with patient okay the events of Asia in the period from 1815 to 1870 are first of all we opening of Japan to the world ever since the 1600 the German was an isolated state it had a policy of total isolation if you were a foreigner and you were caught Japanese shores you were killed pretty much only the Dutch had the right to trade with Japan and only in one city okay what happens is the United States of America and the UK using as a protects the execution of sailors of our shipwrecked on Japan assures force Japan to open to the world this needs to appeal the new pirate outfit called the Bakumatsu era okay which lasts from 1853 to 1869 by the end of the war Germany just ten years worth of our country will be provided with all style match not weapons liking certain century Europe and samurai swords to a simple on both sides used idle cloud tips and both action rifles and gracefully activated by the end the modern Empire of Japan is created at the same time the same period China's imperial isolation China controlled essentially a world of its own didn't really care about what happens in the West because fat belly the Middle Kingdom had its own Empire and cultural sphere that essentially was from Siberia to develop all the way south to Vietnam and Indonesia well the eighths dirtiest China as again a choice Britain used India as a stepping-stone forces together with France in a series of humiliating Wars will be almost literally fought so the British and the French can sell drugs to the change population so yeah literally two countries for a woman another country so they could force the other country to let them essentially sell marijuana and here we legally made okay these were for the next 40 to 50 60 and what happens is this defeats smart the self-image of the Chinese about themselves and create a crisis within a second empire that blossoms it's the most deadly war in history for one of the most deadly horse percent that typing the value between 1850 and 1860 for in China a crazy person that's the only way I can who could claim to be the Son Jesus Christ the blood of Jesus Christ declares himself as the heavenly father creates a revolutionary movement that is [ __ ] religious and partly an assurance because the Chinese imperial dynasty the kingdoms they are not Han Chinese the Bauman's the Manchu and not just of massive revenue revenue 20 to 30 million people done in the complex form as part of the Taiping rebellion the Chinese government the Empire comes up with extremely wounded in India the UK initially defeats its most serious rate which are sick you see the sick are martial people a marginal religion they used warfare but importantly the sick when we need to modernize when a Napoleonic Wars finished they grow dark French mercenary officers who create the modern army with red uniforms lands levity and for the copula to get 40 states fought the British enough food at war they were defeated and incorporated and then a major Muslim initially button also Hindu belly in mutiny as the British cause but actually a revolution in India was defeated at the same time in part of the competition with Russia they try to conquer Afghanistan and a fair the first after we were folding the 1840 was a complete failure the whole British Army that whether died on one person with me mark the UK also attacks Puma as part of its tactics security of the security India this is the modern snake of Myanmar where there's a genocide when an investor or kangaroo States and France begins comes in Indochina murder Laos Cambodia and Vietnam in the Middle East there are continuously and Slavic rebellions against the Ottoman Empire at the same time under mahmoud ii abdul machine and abdul aziz i- 444 goes on in the Ottoman Empire within to the fatigue whom I am decree and the Tanzimat reforms in some places this works very well in other places it doesn't work at all essentially the further away you are who is not good the less important the reforms and you can see this in Levin in Lebanon of massive conflict erupts between the Maronites which are Catholic Christian Sadducees which are essentially we're Islamic heresy and the Sunni Muslims and this country essentially comes to an end with Western intervention which creates an absolute state of Mount Lemmon okay meanwhile Persia which is not solely study because Islam finds another words with the Ottomans the United Kingdom in Russia loses all of them and slowly becomes more and more rather than an independent state an arena for the conflict between Russia and the United Kingdom and the questions about Middle East and Asia there's action in Latin America definitely action there is a number of Central American wars forgotten to unify the Central American states when they became they were part of excellent and a group away from Mexico at the Central American Federation very quickly decided didn't like that idea so they spent most of deidre trying to recreate the second American Federation of breaking apart meanwhile the new Colombia and Ecuador fight a number of short wars in the ACCC's the most important person these three was up here the world Confederation was chillin breaks up a confederation a who which will be verbally then a tantrum war between Brazil and Argentina which leads to the creation of the state of food money and then this war the Triple Alliance of the world partner between 1864 an incident in which part was terrified of the strengthening of Brazil and of the increasing centralization stabilization of world it's Nigel Deena goes to war by itself against Brazil at the denied World War II this is the deadliest war in the history of South America something which will 300,000 to 400,000 people die and the Paraguayan population was almost completely eradicated by the end of the world 90% of the men were dead for the rest of the period Paraguay continuously is open to immigration it becomes essentially from an Native American state to essentially obviously that they have no choice what are the night also one resolve is that's interesting the parents become very permissive of sexual freedom it's considered okay for a man to make sex and have children with multiple women because the idea is the country has to be rebuilt so while they don't do the whole Islamic multiple wives in their kind of game with cheating okay finally the necessary for 2066 Spain Mike's an attempt to really establish its influence in Latin America and fights a neighborhood with pollution and what would we be able to change Ireland's water at the same time all these countries have many civil wars for example Bolivia changes of the elected government in six years so it's very unstable this is a nice picture of the world the Triple Alliance let's not forget Africa any questions about Latin America Africa is also interesting you see this is the crisis traffic until this year and during the early partition Europeans couldn't conquer Africa because they died like flies the conditions within interior Africa which is that European European step not there okay the report ah so European imperialism be still really restricted by geography entirely to the posh so most of the imperialist action of Europe is happening in my home and Algeria where Spain and France essentially destroy slowly-slowly Algerian country's independence we already turned out South Africa the conflicts between the boys and the English who are fighting the salsa bachata and zuly in South Africa and Ashanti tracks in West Africa the suitors right away that several imperialist group they were actually invaders in northern South Africa they attract that salsa the british leyland agouti which exit acceleration sixties under the leadership of one of the most important african political leaders were not Shaka Zulu who essentially create military reforms that make is you know are among the most powerful local troops in our in middle Africa in one suit in Nigeria Chad Mali Mauritania the support of country and Islamic country is created by aegisub and twelve this period Cecotto support local police engaged in warfare with other Islamic states and also with Paden African tribes Ethiopia which is going to be all this Christian States is in its era of civil war from 1769 to 1866 and the obvious essentially in a continued civil war there is no stability various [ __ ] which means warlords don't fight each other and we never the de Guzman goose' is essentially not powerful in any 66 de Matos the second I think it's the second might be more is able to forge please and centralize the same unfortunately he gets in a fight with the British imperialists who killed him and as a result the country goes back in through continued civil war so any questions because the main idea was also European imperialism in some places very strict Africa in other places it's becoming more and more powerful Asian but those states still have the ability to pursue their own politics no points like through support of and Ethiopia but as you can understand as time is passing these freedom of action is becoming less and less more powerful now let's go back to you okay let me give you a 10-minute break in 12:40 be back here at 1:15 Shaq okay be back here on time 1250 we got cool stuff to talk about yes okay let's go back Napoleon the third okay things were going great for him he had hidden passion he had acquitted Austria disagreeing okay that some misadventures in Mexico but he got beat up Vietnamese so he should win right here's the thing his nest can allege went nowhere second me yeah he got territorial she got some boy and miss he felt that he was lost you can just make sure she tells me she came okay ah just tell me later that you okay [ __ ] I think you accepted for stayin he was not happy with fraction gains after the seven which were of Austria horoscope Russian war which is one of our tours the other one was the second one Italian unification okay see he waited to know now he had the opportunity to ally with Australia but he decided way hoping that he will be able to get as much as he could from his neutrality well the Prussians they may be Sparco badly so this is considered of failure French diplomacy the Liberals meanwhile were demanding more and more positive perceptions it's not enough that there's elections designer factors of Parliament maybe Napoleon he's powerful apart so let me put it this way Napoleon sometimes all career had one tiny destroy the Congress system and go back to 18th century politics to the type of Frederick the Great Valley activism and covering the great those good ol times of rapaciousness armories and no mercy politics guess what he sucked up those politics he was terrible at it and he just kept the conclusion that he must tell nothing okay so he needs to get a victory a win he needs to show that he's still the top dog where to get the problem swallows the bitter pill of the creation of the North German Confederation but he believes that he can gain prestige by absolutely himself as a defender of the South German states but included but there's a Catholic country like France so he presents himself as I will defend the freedom of southern Germans from viable German passion and cultural domination okay so initially initially he tries to win the Prussians over by selling at noon I'm very okay with you guys doing these things in Germany but what you see okay if I coupled up looks a billion Belgium okay would you support me and initially this one person do good work yeah we can talk about because when somebody gives you go to heck the mother with it since Bismarck knew that any discussion of Belgium becoming annexed by France would probably make England but war there was no opportunity of England then you know totally quiet humor yeah but the second time in eighteen sixty six sixty seven when Bismarck asks for it with Napoleon asked for this becomes very clear say no and if you dare twenty Luxembourg is gonna be war this leads to a lot of comforts of 1867 which essentially solidifies Belgium as a neutral state protected by all the great powers but right Napoleon never gives up because back to preferences well why don't you give me some of the German territory of the west of the Rhine okay now the territory you have maybe some parts of herself battle over those places and as you can probably understand that doesn't make that the talking German states happy waited by the Trenton weird stuff okay he goes back okay then he finds eternity she tries to win prestige by forcing Prussia to give up all the the candidacy of oppressive range for the Spanish wait what to do excuse me for my words well that's what it this way Spain was if you remember that the Congress Wars okay the first second Cogsworth Spain was fairly state okay this is the only term that is appropriate okay they had enough power to beat the Moroccan Tom berry but within spec there was no stable government there were livin thorium's busy fighting concern it's busy fighting nationalists there was a continuous overthrow of isabella ii then replace my son who is overthrown by a department who they were overthrown by a century italian tinged with protein during this period of spanish political adventures there was a moment where there was an opening of the candidacy for the spanish so they were looking for a new key competences and among the candidates was one of the nephews of King William of Ockham of Prussia like a proper northern German is nothing much about the material people frankly didn't even like the idea of anybody from the house of holes in Norman been associated with a failed state so he was kinda Duke what with his father I had actually told his cousin and his nephew like I'm not sure about this let's think about okay so by the time the Napoleon the third one consent German Prussia take on the canvas fire was already like you don't know it's better to be out there and make Russian drinks and that you pretty much it's much better and it was about ordering you know French ambassador comes and tells the king in a nicer way we would want you to give up the candidate simply obsessed fine I was gonna do it anyways okay well this one learns this and he was like I want to get to southern German states very resistant and another faster than the resistance because they filled France will protect them so let me take is telegram okay he takes the telegram sent by the King to the French and to him to announcer I pulled out the category were all famous runs and he presents he literally changes the world of the presented as the king insulted the French ambassador okay are important and it's something the ambassador of a country back there was considered I mean it's still a big deal but there was a really big deal what this man does is he you know how in our days vamos candles because somehow the secret Telegraph that lifted to the public or the secret communicate that year that's what he does he lists to the public because in the newspapers and all the newspapers are live from humiliated in Germany and of course the French newspapers that are taking advantage of the phenomena they go like Johnny in France will never be humiliated and then there is Massey and Leeds popular opinion driving France towards war and the port of the third-best set on the one hand from the threat of liberals demanding more powerful Parliament and on the other hand fill in the natural into this prestige he oh yeah literally the actual onset reason for this board is the telling and it's not the course and this is the earth okay of course he says oh you have been super the French honor and love of God essentially over a telegram okay why the hell will you do that you remember with the 16th the King of France remember right he went along with the radicals to declare war on Austria and large the French Revolutionary Wars the radicals obviously wanted to radicalize the revolution and they thought what would be but why would the King go hand in hand with the people who want to kill the king and declare war on Russia what did he think the world sure of his popular support because he thought in the war the people will come to knock him again support him in who then use this partner support to defeat the radicals yeah this is very much like I mean yeah Napoleon the third goes to war without that point the most powerful industrial state in Europe because he thinks that if the what happens people would not even he will be able to stop the liberals over 20 yeah now this one welcome the war first of all because the nationalistic Yemeni are like a [ __ ] or okay secondly ethnicity beautiful world forced urban states to join his pressure dominated North German Confederation okay so finally there's a big warning Western Europe until now all of the big power companies Central Europe or in eastern you but now we finally get for the first time since the Napoleonic Wars war in the West on the one side is France and that's it just France and on the other side is the North German Confederation led by fashion section and wouldn't okay so once more and succeeds in getting some coalition war with itself and others Australia the United Russia it'll all stay neutral the Italian secluded transfer like unite why are you so in great time for like maybe stature but I saw the depression reunite so no okay that's it okay in Italy is like this is excellent because what happens is Napoleon has to pull back the troops that were protecting the Pope in Rome so the Italian States except a little bit and makes the papal states and conquers them and incorporates Rome into a Tony assets okay this war can be divided into two in the first place called the Imperial phase very quick and there are very intelligent plan developed by helpful North Cape one of the great strategic thinkers of all time and the german general chief of staff quickly defeat the pollutant the destroyer captured his imperial Highness the pellucidum this happens within two weeks of the war quickly yeah it's like the austro-prussian weren't given there are seven weeks is less than seven weeks we're the best okay now that again a negotiated peace with wearables in Paris and normally the problem is is the defeat of Napoleon his whole region collapses there's political instability in France and I mean how big is the pair if you're counting this is the very future public declared within 15 years the first one of macedon evolution the second one was 84 okay this is the third French Republic okay so you know in Turkey they talk about bit eg eg to break that ha ha ha I'm going to go okay to go forward even the boots are to panik's okay now the problem is this and this is a picture from the palace Bismarck is willing to make peace with a rebound because she doesn't give a damn if France is ruled by a king were present at all anonymous cares about is Russia and fashion order protective order here's a German nationalism due to bad government anywhere because their income okay but unfortunately for him the King and others oppression he started fresh ideas and number of France is trying to get its natural border we want to war it and this demonic / book and the area of access Lorraine despite appointments fast-food South German such a French area okay analysis Lorraine is anemia which essentially weird French people who have German accents it's complicated if you sleep part of Germany but the degree the 14th took it away the dancing here okay I think he goes to the Republicans what I have no we are Republic where our democracy will present the people we can't keep any territory up okay we'll continue tomorrow this is the second phase roll call the republican face book the world on one side you have the French Republic Republic the German states since the Republicans are obstinately refuse to surrender a Germans decide that their own church stirs receives parts okay and this is the great Paris siege and it's a real sea at some point they kill all the animals in the zoo and start into their meat so the city is actually seriously decision and at the same time there's a number of battles where fresh new race Republican armies in there are mass just like in the four but I'm trained try to break the siege but you see this isn't 1789 they're not facing 300,000 Austrians they are facing a state that also has the ground marks and the differences the Prussian conscripts have done military service there are trained the French that were masked might be impressive in numbers but many of the public record the ground in their lives so you've got a million Frenchmen facing a million trained Germans and defeated with full to the defeat of the last public anomalies the French Republic agricultural economy has two choices either surrender or face the working-class Paris especially becomes so with the drinking of the warrant France loses access Loran okay and what happens is a revolution happens in pants the first you know I already told you that the first socialist revolutions happen 1848 this is the first time a socialist actually take power somewhere so they were not exactly socialists were a mix of socialists of anarchists lots of people the woman who accused me of being a traitor for making the peace treaty and also feeling that the Republic which is dominated by rural areas might restored monarchy and not just anyone he might need to move okay and they did you the high school and this is a person state motor industry and the republican government puts down on you with the assistance of prussia after very bitter and bloody fight almost one percent of the working class population of paris is killed in the day in our community thousands become exacts imprisonment but it's important because a certain german young be the next god called Karl Marx little England the bowels stores from none of the commune about its politics of social welfare workers rights and stuff like that he says you ask me what does the dictatorship of our Italian look like Paris Commune image what - it really changes the way of thinking within the net and in France the mood merciless and this is not my environment at the Republic are liberals okay they killed people in huge numbers the masochist repression creates the left/right wedge internment left-right wedged in French politics and it's gonna have a big impact bollocks to abuse from now on whenever someone wanted to impose workers rights women supporting any kind of democratic progressive terms they would raise the terror finally it is January a decent one on the move of mirrors in the French Palace of Versailles the very first created by new in the 14th any of the German Empire that German Empire is created by Bismarck and William st. now over here is bismuth wearing the uniform of a question by the way all of the German leaders hated it when he wore this uniform because I developed because it discussed overhears walking out of these people here of German generals Bavarian care of whatever here's whatever affairs who is going to become a theater now here's his son Frederick William Freddie and here's a new battle pulled into consideration and we just you know we never first hated the idea of the Empire he didn't believe with the title title he wanted to be Russia so look is what we get we get a weird state it's fallen Empire but it's actually as American Federation Constitution it's a Federation of sovereign states russia Saxony Bavaria wouldn't bother some other territories a spectacle each of the system shouldn't we still have passengers from the great powers okay technically each of these states retains its own army there is a bright star which is voted by mass voting and another thing the central government of the Federation is more democratic than the government of Prussia okay but look at among who do you think is going to dominate this political system Russia by constitutional rules Prussia as a powerful veto so it's not an empire in the classical sense Constitution reads at all state but it's actually illegal in Germany I need you to understand something this is the greatest change European essentially let's say from the 800 until not for a thousand years Central Europe was divided remember the last time anybody tried to unify Central Europe as the 30 Years War ok central giving was departed European balance power was predicated on a weak German a weak center which will be used by us on one side Austrian or the other side France and England okay sure Russia was tolerated as a great power just same way as if that is not it was more like an honorary great power but ultimately it was unleashed of the great powers Germany was not able to threaten anybody around it look at this map right Cheerilee she pointed the great buffer space which would Eastern West is God now we have powerful militarized industrial state with powerful nationalism Paquita this is a massive transformation in European politics because guess what it doesn't really resolve the issue of German durability and in a streak now till now the story was three kind of you and this guy strawberry and black adesso stay with me now we still take news but not you okay and this is something that Bismarck understands Bismarck usual to remake the room in Nordic okay his apostles but now he becomes very fearful of war Whiteley experiences the personal immunity comes to the same conclusion that people like Brittany had come fifty years ago which is Morris dangerous because war can lead to radical politics so he fully believes that if there is another okay great warning great power war it shall be merciful with the creation might be the end this man you need my German is a bunch of unwashed working class and Buchwald bastards could inherit the unit hi Jeremy to protect the prussian order so I might not bother the third he has no intention of playing of 18th century games because you know things century games lead to great our Wars so he has to find a solution but this is problem we created a new Congress system is impossible why because first of all tracks Hayes Germany now and will always in Germany because now says Laura barrage all French student from our that was there we must be taken such Miranda must protect ourselves around must take us around exactly become Indian Greece's picture an obsession is weakness it's not even ask anymore its austria-hungary hundred Eastern Europeans and the British are busy be the greatest father in the world we're not really clear about what I have seen you do every 10 to one we have an empire on which the Sun never sets that's why Louis isolation and mana this is the last picture that you can break out I wanna give you an idea of the way that this part works volunteers okay you cannot notice something interesting about the way he tries to get his way oh and this is from 1866 [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] it's just [Music] [Music] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Music] [Music] my horrendous war for political purpose us achieved and everything else is nonsense therefore Europe or since now we must use it why's that at least needs the mythology of Austria we have to fight Russia France I agree with come from his mother human in this case your returns ability and the new sheet will strength enough loud speech in this royal hands the ground press speaks with good sense and you manage your whole this is disgusting person who conducts the policy like this not meeting you this is realistic a lot of the a lot of interactions with King we haven't Bismarck included a chance to they started crying I will see how this man tries to secure his victory guh