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Understanding Epigenetics in Biology
Sep 23, 2024
Biology Lecture Notes: Epigenetics
Introduction to Complexity in Biology
Biology is complex and often misunderstood at first glance.
Example: Eye color, initially taught as simple, is polygenic (many genes involved).
Even traits like earlobes are not as simple as they appear.
Epigenetics Overview
Epigenetics: Study of changes in gene expression without altering DNA sequence.
DNA is influenced by epigenetic factors which affect physical traits.
Key Concepts in Epigenetics
Identical Twins:
Same DNA but can have different disease outcomes due to epigenetic factors.
Epigenetic Marks:
Influence gene activity and expression.
Methylation:
Methyl groups attach to DNA, preventing transcription.
Demethylation:
Removal of methyl groups, allowing transcription.
Histones:
Proteins DNA wraps around; subject to epigenetic modifications.
Histone Methylation:
Prevents transcription.
Histone Acetylation:
Loosens DNA packing, allows transcription.
Histone Deacetylation:
Tightens DNA packing, limits transcription.
Examples of Epigenetics in Animals
Rodent Maternal Care:
Licking/grooming by mother rats affects stress response in offspring via GR gene expression.
Agouti Trait in Mice:
Diet of pregnant mice can affect offspring traits via methylation of agouti gene.
Inheritance of Epigenetic Marks
Cell Division:
Epigenetic marks passed from parent to daughter cells during mitosis.
Fertilization:
Most marks are cleared, but some can be inherited from parent to offspring.
Internal vs. External Influences
Epigenetic marks influenced by both environmental and internal cues.
Different cell types express different genes due to epigenetic factors.
Importance of Epigenetics
Significant role in diseases like cancer.
Epigenetic therapy aims to treat diseases by modifying epigenetic marks.
Understanding epigenetics aids in comprehending cellular and bodily functions.
Conclusion
Epigenetics is a rapidly advancing field with potential for significant medical breakthroughs.
Encouragement to remain curious and continue exploring biology.
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