🧪 Chemistry
C165
Integrated Physical Sciences
Section 2
Chemistry
Section 2: Lesson 1 - Structure of Atoms
Matter:
anything that takes up space and has mass, composed of small particles called atoms
Mass:
a measure of how much matter it has (that is, how much "stuff" is in it). Not the same as weight. The international standard (SI) unit for mass is kilograms (kg).
Atom:
is the basic building block of matter. small particles that make up all matter, so small they can’t be seen under a microscope.
Nucleus:
the center of an atom where the protons and neutrons are located
Protons:
a positively charged subatomic particle; one of the two particles that make up an atomic nucleus
Neutrons:
a neutral (not charged) subatomic particle; one of the two particles that make up an atomic nucleus
Electrons:
Electrons, with their negative charge, are found outside of the nucleus, in zones that are called shells. Electrons have very little mass compared to protons and neutrons. They do not contribute to the overall mass of the atom.
Electron clouds
a diffuse region of negative charge surrounding an atomic nucleus; it describes the region in which electrons are located (their exact location is uncertain)
Valence electrons:
electrons that occupy the outermost regions, those farthest from the nucleus of an atom
Charge
Location
Relative Mass
Proton
Positive +1
Nucleus/Center
Contributes
Neutron
Neutral 0
Nucleus/Center
Contributes
Electron
Negative -1
Outer rings, Electron Cloud
Does NOT Contribute
* Explain the importance of valence electrons.
* These electrons are significant because they are part of the atom involved in chemical bonding and chemical reactions. When one atom interacts with another atom, it is the valence electrons that are involved.
* Describe the connection between the identity of an atom and its atomic number (number of protons).
* The atomic number of an atom is directly connected to the number of protons. If you change the protons, you change the atomic number.
* Explain in terms of number of protons why bond formation does not change the identity of atoms.
* Electrons are either shared or transferred between one or more atoms to make new substances in a chemical reaction. Only the outermost (valence) electrons are involved in this process.
Atomic Number
Row or Period
Group or
Column or
Family
Color-Coding
Scheme
The number of protons in an atom
Metal, Metalliods, or Nonmetals
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Section 2: Lesson 2 - Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
Element:
Compound:
Organic compound:
Inorganic compound:
Chemical bond:
Molecule:
Pure Substance:
Mixture:
Homogeneous mixture:
Heterogeneous mixture:
Atomic
Element
Molecular
Element
Ionic
Compound
Molecular
Compound
Description
Example
Molecular Element
Properties in common
Molecular Compound
Homogeneous Mixture
Properties in common
Heterogeneous Mixture
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Section 2: Lesson 3 - Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Solid:
Liquid:
Gas:
Macroscopic properties:
Microscopic properties:
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Physical Characteristics
Structure
Motion or Energy
Is it compressible?
🌎 Earth Science