tomorrow in if you are taking AP Psychology you are in the right place and you are looking at the right study guide pack at Marco learning we have a free study guide pack for you it's 35 Pages it's more than you could need on each of the units and it's available to you in our description of this video and it's pinned at the top of the chat so let me know in the chat whether you've ever used this study guide pack hopefully um it is um easy um to to access and again that description is there in the chat for you um tonight we're going to welcome Liz Severson onto uh the markco learning YouTube channel Liz has been an educator in AP Psychology knows everything about this exam and has led our exam reviews for the last couple of years tonight it's one hour long we're going to save this recording to our Channel and we're going to add it to the suite of other reviews that we've done over the last two years there's hours of review videos on our channel so Liz I'll welcome you to join and then we'll take a look at the slide deck that you're going to be presenting from which you shared Liz how are you doing this evening I'm doing well how are you great I'm not I'm cooked I'm not cooked I can't figure it out um the in fact I want to just real quick in the chat everyone just to get us warmed up in all capital letters type I am not cooked and you're about to make sure that you're not cooked that you're undercooked that you're still in the freezer with Miss Mrs Severson to guide us through all this so I'm John I'm going to join us in the chat hang out and learn with the rest of you about how to get a five on AP Psychology hey great hi everyone welcome my name is Liz Severson and I am a teacher in Wisconsin um if you can't tell from my accent already um super excited to be here with you tonight I know it's a big time with us having our test tomorrow um so um let's get started so the just as an overview with the multiple choice our test is still on paper um so with our test on paper you're going to have a multiple choice and you need to bring two number two pencils not mechanical um and you will have 100 questions to answer uh in 70 minutes and then the free response you need to use black or blue pen um and you want to bring one or two of those as well in case one runs out so bring two um and then it will be concept application and research design so what I would like to do okay is focus on this part here so as far as the unit breakdown goes this our breakdown for the multiple choice um so I want to make sure that we're hitting the biggest units if you have to prioritize your studying you want to look at these percentages here okay so you see that the scientific foundations is 10 to 14% but we also know that that is going to be a um FR frq um so we want to make sure that we're hitting that one as well so what I'm going to do is I'm going to start out this lesson um by looking at research design and then looking at the research design frq and just a general frq then what I'm going to do is I'm going to move on to our biggest unit the the highest percentage which is going to be that cognitive psych at that 13 to 17% a l a vocab on there also appears on the free response and then we'll move to clinical sitech and motivation and emotion and we'll see where we're at with time but I do have slides prepared so even if we don't get to it um you're certainly welcome to look at the rest of it but you also have that study guide available to you that will be an excellent resource so so the first thing we're going to look at is when we are thinking about this uh Scantron this multiple choice I know you haven't probably grown up um using Scantron so there's a couple different strategies that you can use you are going to have a separate booklet and you're going to have your answer key and your answer key is going to kind of look like this it's not the exact one okay so your answer key you're going to fill in separately and you can see here you have the a b c um D and you want to make sure that you fill that in completely like that okay and if I go back here think with your pencil so you have that side um you have that separate uh a test booklet write all over it so if you don't know what one is um scribble out the ones that you know it's not and that's a really big advantage that you can't do when you're taking a test online another really excellent strategy is to read the question and try to answer it before looking at the responses if you can answer it look um and see if something matches if it doesn't kind of pause look and see what would fit and then finally make an educated guess whatever you do do not leave your test blank um you have a 20% chance of getting the question correct if you can eliminate a few of them you increase your likelihood so do not leave any blank and if you have time come back to the question make a note in the answer book so again this is our Scantron that we're looking at um make sure you use those pencils and if you do make a mistake erase it as best you can all all right so now let's get into a little bit more of the content with scientific foundations of psychology I'm primarily going to be focusing on the research design I'm not going to be looking as much at the history of psychology but that is a component that would be in this unit so the biggest thing here is we want to know the purposes advantages and disadvantages so you could see questions like this in the multiple choice High likelihood that you will see a in the research scenario that you have to decide what type of um study it is what would be the advantages what conclusions can we draw so when we look here at the methods okay we're really looking at how do we study and those first ones with how do we study are the descriptive method methods and all these do is describe information we aren't able um to draw like a cause and effect conclusion here okay so the biggest thing that we're looking at is that we describe with correlation this takes it a little step further with correlation we can predict um we can show a relationship we can say that if this happens this is likely to happen but remember correlation does not equal causation so make sure that um you don't get tripped up with that and then finally experimentation this is the one that can demonstrate cause and effect okay so that's the one when we're looking at our research design a lot of times researchers will say they're doing an experiment but then they forget to do random assignment um and have a control group things like that but that's the only one that can show cause and effect now the other thing we need to know is the difference between methods and ethics because sometimes we'll read a research uh scenario and we have to identify what's wrong um ethically with it so the ethics is looking at more should we study okay and this is looking at the big five here okay the informed consent minimized harm Etc and what we're looking at is we want to make sure that we are protecting the participants and these would be human participants with animal participants we want to ensure minimized harm clear scientific purpose um but with these we want to make sure we're following these and if if you're reading a scenario um you want to look at what's explicitly mentioned um in the scenario and I'll show you that in an example um also with debriefing um if there was deception you would need to make sure that that is revealed big thing here know the difference between methods and ethics how do we study versus should we study so I do have this and I don't want to go over it too much but it is definitely some slides that you can look at um the biggest thing I want to talk about is with that disadvantages uh the descriptive methods do not show that cause and effect um and the other one that stands out a lot to me too is that case study um remember if we do a case study we have weakened generalizability we cannot um replicate it a lot of times and it it really what's true for that person may not be true for for everybody okay and then correlation um and experimentation we have those purposes and advantages with correlation sometimes we mistakenly infer causation also there could be third Factor variables so if there is you know you see that um ice cream consumption and um and lifeguard rescues are positively correlated the third Factor there could be the temperature or summer okay more people are eating ice cream in summer and more people are swimming which means they're more likely to have um need a rescue okay so let's practice this a little bit and I'm going to do a uh the mgrm study as an example um so the mgrm study remember is the shock uh study where you have the teacher and the learner and what we're trying to see here uh are people going to um obey the authority figure um so the by far the number one uh term that is asked on the uh FR frq in the last 10 years is the operational definition of the dependent variable so the operational definition is the specifics of the variable so I'd like to give you an example here if we look at mgr's obedience study okay so the independent variable is the authority figure that's telling the teacher to continue please continue it's essential that you continue okay and what's going to happen then okay is the dependent variable is obedience and I want you to think about how are we measuring obedience okay it it the operational definition typically has to be in a number it has to be something that I can quantify so when I look at mgr's obedience study okay I am going to be looking at the specifics here and how we're measuring obedience and what we're going to do is we're going to measure how far up do they go on the um on the scale okay and this should be wrong this should be teacher and that other one should be student but I don't think that's a big deal okay so here you have this going all the way up okay if um they go to 450 volts that's the operational definition they go to 300 that's the operational definition the number that they get to is how we are specifically measuring obedience in this case now the biggest thing is why do we need this and this is going to be really crucial on your free response question when we look here the operational definitions help us replicate the study okay and make sure that we're measuring things the same way so if I were to do an example um that I am growing um uh Tomatoes okay so I have one um I have one pot of tomatoes that has no fertilizer and I have another one we adding this really cool uh fertilizer so I have these two I'm going to water the same they're going to get the same Sun Well if I do that and I decide my operational definition is how tall it gets and then somebody else uses a fertilizer and their operational definition is how much fruit it Bears we aren't really replicating and getting the same information height over how much fruit it is is measuring it in different ways so the operational definitions is going to allow us to replicate the study which then increases generalizability in this case this fertilizer works for getting more fruit okay if I'm doing that and somebody else is measuring it that way then we know that it is going to be um we can more confidently say that this independent variable caused the change so some other things then is uh knowing the difference between the measures of central tendency and the measures of variation definitely know the mean median mode okay so when we're looking at the mean the mean is the mathematical average the median is the number that appears in the middle and then the mode is the one that appears most often okay and these are this is one number that represents a whole set of data so it does give us a small picture of information the measures of variation like range which is when you take the largest number minus the smallest number to get the range the histogram and standard deviation I'll show you on the next slide so let's take a look at mean median mode so if we were to doing the uh to be conducting a study a researcher is investigating if owning a pet um is uh if owning a pet is related to happiness each person reported the number of pets and the data is below um I just want you to take 20 seconds here to see if you can at least find the median okay sorry all right so what we're going to do here is we are going to find the um to find the we have to add them up if you add up the five numbers it's 15 um and then you divide by five that gets three the median then is going to be two because we have to put them in order okay and then you have to decide which measure of central tendency is going to be better to use to represent this data and the answer for that is going to be the median because you have this outlier of nine okay so two better represents the the data and I'll I'll look at here when you would use the mean over the median so again if there's an outlier if it's a skew distribution the median is going to be the way to go otherwise you're going to default to the mean and then here we have the difference between a bar graph because sometimes on the free response you need to um draw something so the bar graph here make sure you would label the x axis and the y- AIS okay the Y is usually going to have whatever data you're measuring like the dependent variable um and then the histogram is a little bit different because this looks like a bell curve okay I'm not I'm I'm using this with my trackpad so it's not very pretty um but here you can see that this is a skew distribution more um data falls on this side of the uh mean which would be probably down here um and that means that you would use the median because it's going to accurately represent that means 50% Falls above 50% Falls below okay and here's what I'd like you to do is if the mean is 50 and the standard deviation is 10 what percentage of the population Falls between 40 and 60 okay and if you can type an answer in a in the chat and then I do have another question to answer here too just do a quick check in okay so with this the mean always goes in the middle okay where this in a normal distribution it's going to go here this is actually the mean median and mode here it's going to be 60 here it's going to be 40 and that's one deviation so 68% of the population okay the answer is B Falls between 40 and 60 okay and then here would be a skew distribution the big thing that I always say with the Positive skew is I draw the arrow and it's pointing to the positive side of the number line and then a negative skew it's po uh um pointing to the negative side of the number line and then the mode is always the peak okay so that's something that's pretty easy to tell so I did have a question um from the experimental design uh there's two things that we always want to know or that will make in an experiment one is random assignment random assignment is only used in experimentation and then the other is it has to have a control group you have to have something that is compared to um now if we were to look at things with like quasi experiments which we don't really get that in depth with um what we're looking at here is in a pretty classic example in a research design if there's no control group if there's no random assignment we cannot confidently um infer causation okay and we'll take a look at an example here okay so frq super important and we know that question two is the um research design so this is another way that you can really look at stuff and make sure that you're um uh like if you have to prioritize your studying this would be my number one thing to study so when we look at answering the free response question um my advice to you is read both questions and then answer the easier one first because if the easier one takes 15 minutes then you have 35 minutes or so to answer the more difficult question you can take your time to think think with your pen remember you have to write in black or blue pen you can jot down notes on the question booklet whatever you write in there isn't scored whatever you write in the book booklet your answer booklet is scored and apite teachers around the country love using the sodas format graders love this for format because they know what to look for and it makes it super easy to grade you have to remember that there's hundreds of apite teachers psych professors retired teachers that are spending a week grading essays seven days straight so they want their job to be as easy as possible and you can do that by following this format and it helps you to make sure that you're answering all parts of the question so the first part is this space out your answer what that means is between each term you want to make sure that you leave a space so if I am writing a paragraph like this okay and then I'm done I'm going to leave a space here and then the next term will go like that okay if you don't do that at least indent each paragraph don't have it one giant Clump make sure you're following the order of the question and I know sometimes you might skip one uh just because you're you're so into writing and it's not like you can go and just insert with a uh a paragraph Just make a note say number four is at the end and then um especially for units 2 through nine um Define the term and this is going to help enhance your example and I will share an example with that in just a second make sure you always apply it to the prompt and then use synonym so an example is let's say there was a question on um uh the general um the stress response and it's the exhaustion stage and you say they would be exhausted in that stage okay that isn't going to score you want to use a synonym they would be burnt out they're going to be more likely their immune system is going to be weakened so they're going to be prone to sickness you don't want to say you'd be exhausted in the exhaustion stage okay so here's a just brief scenario that we can we can look at and um really looking at here a few things that I have bolded to draw your attention to so it's teacher wants to study whether start time of school day affects students stress normal day is 8 to 3 but students can sign up to have their school days be 10 to 5 um they need the permission um I'm going to go down a line at the start of the school year all students complete a stress survey and earn a stress score at the end of the semester students complete the same survey and she compares the two groups she then publishes the list to all staff members okay so we can kind of see some red flags here already so here's two questions what is one research flaw and how would you fix it okay so when you're reading this make sure you really know what's being asked sometimes it'll just say identify the research flaw sometimes it'll say it and how you would fix it you have to make sure you're answering both parts and I want you to think here um and you can type this in the in the chat it should be pretty quick what is one research flaw that you see here with this study hey okay and then I want you to think too just really quick what's one ethical flaw just list one word from the five we had informed consent minimized harm um we had uh confidentiality voluntary participation and debriefing which one do you think is missing there and then we'll come back and look at that operational definition so when we look at this okay here's how you should answer this okay one research flaw is that she did not use random selection okay students signed up for the class time so there's two things I want to point out to you here you need to have the vocab word which would be random selection and then you need to have the scenario okay like an example from the scenario don't just say it she didn't have random selection explain why okay she didn't use random selection because students signed up for class times you want to make sure that you have both parts vocab and example and because this is asking this to fix this she could randomly uh uh she could randomly select students to participate and invite them to be in the 10: a.m. group so I'm missing a word there but that's fine okay randomly select now um knowing that when you're answering the ethics part okay one ethical flaw here and it's explicitly stated okay pretty much like you don't want to make stuff up what could happen well she didn't do this or she didn't debrief it is stated that they said that it was going to be anonymous and then what happened is she published them okay so it's the confidentiality because she publish students names and scores without written consent she could fix this by not sharing or just sharing the scores okay so again you have that vocab word okay and then you have the examples from um The Prompt now the operational definition is going to be what are we measuring and when we look at this operational definition of the dependent variable okay it is going to be something that we could put on a on a graph it's something that we could put on a diagram okay um we could put it into correlation a stress score okay so we need to have something quantifiable so the stress score is the operational definition all right so that's kind of a lot um and you're uh welcome to uh type any questions if you do have any um but now we're going to get to our biggest unit percentage wise on the um multiple choice um so the biggest thing here is with cognitive psychology it's broken into memory thinking language and intelligence so there's a lot in here um and let's really kind of unpack it and I'll try to emphasize ones that I think are more likely but as We Know Anything Could appear on the test so first thing when we're looking at memory um the basic memory is this information processing model um and we have these different types of memory so we have our sensory which is really our split-second holding tank um I like to think of this kind of like a snap if you were to send this um and you just look at it and it goes away you don't pay attention you don't screenshot it it goes away it's forgotten okay um if you pay attention to it okay or you screenshot it you now are in the shortterm memory okay and then that working memory is really that problem solving part of our short term so when we're looking here let's say you screenshot that snap you now have it on your phone like I can see it on the screen I'm consciously aware of it that's what our short-term memory is I'm aware of what I'm thinking about right at this moment okay that's a part that I'm consciously aware okay if I pay attention I'm like oh I'm going to save that I'm going to pay extra attention if my memory I encode it into longterm if I save it I'm going to um be saving it to my camera roll okay so our long-term memory is like the storage on our phone I need to go through and look for stuff to retrieve it to bring it back to my conscious Awareness on my screen okay so these are some of the key components now when we look at sensory memory we have iconic and we have eoic um picture an icon you see okay you can picture your snap icon Instagram icon okay the eoic is something that we he okay I hear Echoes so iconic is like a quick second um like a snapshot that I might hold for half a second um before forgetting it um and then the eoic is something might be 3 to four seconds so an example of this would be you're kind of spaced out in class and then the teacher asks a question and then you're like oh I got to pay attention and you can like access that last three to four seconds okay and that would be the um EIC now the other one is looking at this explicit and implicit memory okay which is um the explicit is with conscious recall okay and with conscious recall means I know I'm thinking about it if I asked you you know what was the favorite dance that you went to this school year if I asked you what you did this past weekend um if I asked what you did on your 14th birthday you know that you're thinking about that that's with conscious recall and the explicit is associated with the hippocampus we want to default to the hippocampus um certainly but um it is assoc more with explicit and then implicit memory is going to be without conscious recall these are things that I tend to like to think about as verbs um so Reading Writing if you're typing or or texting you're not thinking about like the letters that you're typing and being very specific unless you don't know a word um so what you're probably going to be doing um is uh let's see okay and I kind of look at um at that yes just one second okay so um yeah if they want to looking at different pulling up the study guides or 2023 effort cues yeah I could do that for the second half um I do have some other things too that I don't know if I got to last year um in my stuff but I certainly um did they get a chance to watch the personality no you're I'm fine not with the distracting did they get a chance to look at the stuff from like unit seven and Unit Nine I didn't know if I got to that last year yeah hey everyone it's John from Marco I was in the chat chatting with everyone this is great thank you so much Liz it's it's been really good to see um I mean there are so many things you've got to keep straight uh to get through the AP Psychology um test but one of the things I wanted to recommend to you all we've got a playlist on our Channel with multiple sets of reviews and one of the things we've been here is actually going through some of the those key points from last year's review I think some of you saw that but we we um uh in a little bit and by the way if You' likeed this stream go ahead and press that like button we can also um make sure that at at some point we've got questions if you can um take a minute and put um uh any of the questions you've got in the chat it's also a moment where by the end of our review um once we look at maybe some of the material we didn't get to last year we can spend some time answering those questions look at this study guide pack again the study guide pack I've shared in the chat with you all I'm going to put it there again that um uh study guy pack has reviews on each of the units so reviews we in things we haven't covered things maybe you didn't cover in class that are available to you so Liz I'll let you um uh you can come back on here yes and there's people pointing out um uh pressing a like for Marco right so at the end we're going to bring Marco on at the end we getting also been getting some questions how long is the review review is going to be about 1 hour so go ahead and post those questions um in the chat and we'll take a look but Liz go ahead I'll let I want to let you finish what you're doing here oh no it's all good yeah if I I try to put it in a different order from last year but yeah I definitely want that feedback so we can make sure that they're getting what they need for sure um so I guess a few things I know I added this one I didn't have this last year so um just looking at some of the the key vocab here so with this explicit we have this with conscious recall um and then implicit is with that without conscious recall so things like reading typing Etc okay so the next part though this is something that I did add for this year is looking at the levels of processing um so this is a high flyer on the frq um or on the uh multiple choice so when we look at this levels of processing um this is looking at how do we encode okay so if we have something that's shallow it's something that's pretty superficial we're less engaged with the material okay and this is going to be um in comparison to the Deep processing the Deep processing is going to be the meaningful this is where we understand and we engage with the material so if you are doing like examples um if you are doing practice tests if you are doing pneumonics to try to help remember um if you're using visual imagery um or this elaborative rehearsal you are going to be processing at a deeper level and you're going to be able to retain it but better so make sure you're looking at this levels of processing um this is something that is uh definitely a high flyer okay and then we do have the different types here where we have the structural versus phonetic so structure is just like looking at it okay the phonetic would be like kind of understanding or listening to How it sounds and then that semantic that's the one I would focus on semantic is really understanding what you're studying okay and then for um this is honestly one of the biggest confusing pairs is looking at this Amnesia where you have the retrograde versus anterograde and then you have the um in interference the biggest thing you have to remember is that the Retro you forget the old okay so if it's retrograde amnesia you're forgetting something before the event if it's interference you're forgetting something um after excuse me if it's interference you're forgetting the old information it's blocking the new and then um I do have some different examples here too that um uh for availability versus representative this is a high flyer it's also I think one of the most confusing pairs that we have um so when we look at availability heris what we're looking at here is it really relies on how easily the examples are coming to our mind how available are the example so if I have to think of an example of is it safer to fly or is it safer to drive okay I am going to um be thinking about a plane crash because that memory is more easily accessible easily available now now the other one that's the most confusing is representativeness heris okay and this relies how how closely it matches or represents your prototype so if I think of a computer programmer okay and I have Steve Jobs and Bill Gates here I'm going to associate it with you know middle-age men that wear glasses okay and that is going to be um an example of how that might be my prototype so if I see somebody not wearing glasses or in this case a female they might not match my prototype okay and then make sure you're looking over the stages of language and the acquisition Etc okay and then uh the other part okay for the theories of language is knowing the biggest one here I would say is that inborn Universal grammar um to make sure that you know that age and language acquisition um our brain is wired to learn them at a younger age okay all right now I do with the Theories of Intelligence you are likely to see at least one of these um so I have these kind of weird pictures here to try to help you have some visual imagery and pneumonics um so the first thing here is with Spearman okay and looking at the uh general intelligence okay um what I have in the upper right corner is I have a Target okay and what you can do is I want you to picture g at the center of the Target and you're going to have a man holding a spear throwing the spear at the letter G this is a way for us to associate the person okay with the the um with the theory so the general intelligence is our most traditional view it's going to be um our IQ um if you have an IQ of 100 that's what we're trying to measure with general intelligence the other is going to be Gardener which is multiple intelligences uh so Gardener M multiple intelligen is I have a garden here and what I picture is a garden and I'm like growing different int inces so I have like music notes coming up I have letters coming up so then that helps me associate Gardener with multiple intelligences and then finally we have sternberg's triarchic Theory um and picturing an iceberg and a baseball cap and that's going to be that creative analytical and practical now here's the thing when we look at these theories you have to know what the theory is what it supports general intelligence most traditional view multiple intelligences is going to best support Savant syndrome which is that island of Genius that exist with some people who might have disabilities and then when we're looking at measuring intelligence this validity and reliability is the most crucial um validity is going to be measuring um does it measure what it says it's measuring and reliability is it is it consistent so if I'm reliable um that means that if I get a five in New York Wisconsin or California it all means the same thing all right any questions um so far uh or anything else you want me to add from cognitive or anything else you want me to review based in the chat I think we're good perfect okay so um with clinical psych this is 12 to 16% and there are a few things that I want to go over here um so the first thing is this okay with the um with this unit we have the psychological perspectives so the psychological perspective Ives is really looking at how are we explaining um the causes and treatments of disorders and we're going to use these from different perspectives and this is really nice to learn at the end of the year because it connects everything that we've been doing so if I'm looking at something like depression okay depression I can explain from three different perspectives I can look at it from a biological perspective and that's anything with the brain or body um and look at how um there's low levels of Serotonin okay I can look at it from a cognitive perspective and looking at how uh the way in which people have self they talk to themselves might be more negative or pessimistic um I could look at it too from a behavioral standpoint are they engaging in different behaviors um that could be contributing to these negative thoughts okay so when we look at these perspectives um we can look at how this connects to the disorders um but we can really use this to explain any Behavior whatsoever now the biggest thing to know for this is the symptoms and causes of disorders and um I feel like a lot of that is probably something that we remember pretty easily it's probably something that we research or learned about more recently but the treatment is where we tend to get tripped up a little bit okay so when we look at the treatment the first one I want to talk about is psychoanalysis now psychoanalysis is really that first treatment that we came uh that really came to the Forefront um certainly could still be used it's called psychodynamic Theory but when we look at it in the traditional sense this is all Freud um so psychoanalysis would use things like free association okay so free association would be the uh patient or would be laying on a on a couch and then they would just say whatever comes to mind and what he's going to listen for is two things okay one is resistance and I'll just kind of start that resistance would be they're talking and they're talking then all of a sudden they stop talking and they change subjects okay so they change topics what are they blocking what are they resisting Freud would look in like hey let's look at that a little bit further the other is transference which is very similar um to the um to Psycho or is very similar to displacement the transference might be um I'm really upset like the client the patient is really upset with uh their mom so they take it out on their therapist they're transferring those feelings to the therapist okay so that's the most traditional or like the the original treatment method okay um the other is going to be um humanistic now both both psychoanalytic and humanistic are called Insight therapies because they are going to be what is um the humanistic client centered they're going to be looking at like I'm going to gain my own insight to my problems okay so the humanistic perspective is really humanistic is very Huggy it's all about growth it's all about like that self-actualization Carl Rogers is an important name to know here he utilized that client centered therapy and the big term you need to know here is unconditional positive regard okay that's the big term that you want to know with this so the humanistic Theory um is going to be looking at how can we best help the client through active listening in a supportive environment Etc okay and then the behavioral perspective is going to be um looking at anything with learning like classical operant conditioning systematic desensitization Etc and then the cognitive is going to be anything with our thoughts okay and these two are called action therapies um because you have to do something you have to make active changes okay and with behavioral like I said systematic desensitization counter conditioning cognitive you have like rational emotive behavioral therapy you have cognitive behavioral therapy Etc okay so there are um a few questions here um and I think this is a good um break before we get into another big unit um the best thing to look at before honestly if you're looking at what to study I I say research design which is why I really wanted to emphasize that to be get um at the beginning um and I know a lot of times um people are like kind of worried about names and things like that like the names of the theorists I I would rather have you I think it's more important to know the theory rather than the name of the person who did it I know they the person who did it would probably disagree um but the big thing is is if you know the theory you know to apply it you might have one question that says which person did this Theory okay or which person did this experiment maybe two and honestly I think one will be uh more than enough so if you're looking at what do you study tonight research design cognitive psych motivation emotion and the theorist and how to apply it that's really what I would be looking at okay um and the best names to study are really the ones um you know that you could probably remember already um so so what I would say is like Freud bandura um Skinner Pavlov mgrs and Bardo um those are kind of some of the big uh the big names um but if you're like I would not prioritize names if you're looking for icing on the cake go ahead go look at names like you feel like you got everything that might help get you a few questions but it's not going to help you on the frq either okay and then the other um okay so um kind of the same thing talk about the different psychology olist in different studies I'd focus on the studies okay and if you can pair it um another time you might see is like bandura's observational learning like you'll see the name associated with it um but you don't need to know just the name if that makes sense okay um I do have a few names here that we can go through when we're looking at motivation emotion and personality now this is a big one that also appears a lot on the FR frq okay so the first thing we want to look at with these theories of motivation it's really going from biological okay and going down to this this cognitive here so when we look at these there you know the names here I would say would be maslo okay Abraham maslo um and looking there okay um and then see I'm sorry I'm just trying to multi unsuccessfully multitask here okay so uh the theories of uh motivation then would be um really looking at this evolutionary in in Instinct Theory um and looking at um how we have uh we're programmed in our DNA to engage in certain behaviors I was like the example of the sea turtles hatching and they know to go to the sea but no their mom isn't there showing them where to go drive reduction we're hungry so we eat um and then incentive Theory so incentive theory has incentive is a high flyer I would say um so the incentive theory is going to be um I have some extrinsic motivator so you're studying You're motivated to study right now because you want to pass the AP exam okay so that is going to be a key component um that incentive why are you studying I want college credit okay Optimum arousal theory is going to be then looking at I let's say I'm bored and I go and eat I'm probably eating even if I'm not hungry because I'm bored I'm seeking this other um stimulation okay uh and then the y doson Law is really saying that we it kind of looks like this okay like a bell curve here you're going to have a uh sad face like if you don't have a lot of energy here you're going to be like super anxious you want this spot here you're moderately um aroused for Optimum success so when you go into to take your AP test tomorrow you probably don't want to be all on like pre-workout and bubbler and Starbucks and all this kind of stuff you probably want to be like focused but not like anxious okay and that's how you'll perform your best um and then maslo um you know make sure that you know uh the triangle in each stages and then you have this intrinsic anytime you see like intrinsic it's that internal so you're studying you probably took psychology because it sounded interesting the extrinsic you took AP so you can get the credit um there is a question two on explaining positive psychology now positive psychology goes along really well with humanistic so um positive psychology would be studying things and this could go along with motivation very well um studying things like how are people resilient how are people successful um how do people have high academic achievement or just achievement in general studying more of those positive elements of psychology instead of looking at illnesses okay let's look at what makes people like successful and what do they do and how do we teach that to people and how do we learn about it that's what positive psychology would study okay um to go back and sorry I thought I deleted did that uh the uh incentive theory is really an extrinsic motivator that is going to motivate you to do some type of behavior um so uh it could be um a award it could be you know you study now for 15 minutes and then you take five minutes off that's your incentive for studying for 15 minutes um that is what I would uh that's what the incentive Theory would be all right now this one I also did add because I wanted to make sure to go over when we're looking at the theories of emotion um so the theories of emotion are going to be really rooted in effective Neuroscience so emotional neuroscience and what we're looking at here is I started out with the biological basis of emotion okay so and when we're reviewing the brain okay we have a stimuli okay so let's say we are on a hike okay and we see something that looks like a snake but it's really a stick okay that stimuli okay is going to go to my eyes and then go to my Thalamus now my Thalamus could route it right to the amydala okay and the amyda is like danger danger and then I have a fear response so I might be walking okay I see the stick and I jump back okay that would be the low road now what's going to happen here is the thalamus the job is to go from the eyes the thalamus to the high road the occipital lobe the occipital lobe is the that um part of the brain um that is for vision okay so that's what that sensory cortex is and then it's going to take it down to the mdala and be afraid so you're walking you're jump back before you even realize what it is then you look at it you're like oh it's just a stick okay so it went to the low road first almost like a spinal cord reflex and then it goes to the high road and after you can process it now the reason I teach that first is because these other theories are really going to Aline now I do think it's a high probability that you will have one of these um if I to guess for as far as an frq the two- Factor theory is a really good one for the frq um so when we look at these theories the James Lane Theory really is the low road okay what's going to happen here is my heart starts racing and then I realize I'm afraid okay or I and then I am afraid there's no cognitive appraisal at all so imagine like you see a snake you jump back you jumped back before you realize you were afraid okay that's James Lane Theory now Canon Bard Theory okay is is uh going to be um the Canon b Theory uh is going to be uh simultaneous so you have the jumping back and Afraid at the same time um I think about that the Canon bar CB are together in the alphabet okay so the emotion and the um physiological arousal happen at the same time now this two Factor Theory okay the two Factor theory is one you have that physiological arousal okay or physiological response heart's racing butterflies in your stomach and then you have a cognitive label of that okay so this is what makes this one unique when you're reading multiple choice um always look to see uh if you realize it's a theory of emotion read through it okay and when you're reading through it make sure that you have um that you know the cognitive if there's a cognitive is if it says something they appraise they assess they interpret the situation so you're sitting at your AP test tomorrow no matter what I'm sure a lot of you going to have butter flies maybe your palms are sweating what's going to happen is uh they are going to um you could tell yourself excuse me you could tell yourself uh I am okay I'm focused I'm ready let's just get this test started and then I'm probably going to have like a neutral response maybe even excited if I sit down and I interpret my butterflies my palm sweating is like oh my gosh I'm going to do so bad on this test why did I even take it you're probably going to feel anxious the way you think about your physiological response is determines your emotions okay and I did have a question here where can we find practice AP multiple choice questions um that's a good question um you do have it available um if uh in AP classroom um that you could have the uh um the teacher could post it I know we're kind of to the last hour here um I do believe if you just Google I think it's a 2012 um AP exam it's not going to have everything up to date especially with um clinical psych um some of the vocab isn't going to be up to date but you would still see some practice and I think that's just a free resource that is out there um otherwise you know you could go to like quizzes and set up a student account and see if you can find some practice questions on there that would be my recommendation when you do that when you do those practice questions make sure if you get one wrong you're writing it down so you know to look at it that's really the point of doing those multiple choice questions all right now the other part too is when um this will be the last thing that I'll look at and then the rest of the presentation because I did change the order minus that first uh first uh um research design I try to change the order so the stuff that you probably had in the previous ones are going to be after this um so the theories of personality what we're looking at um is you definitely need to know Freud now do I think that you're going to see things with the like psychosexual stages probably not as likely so when we're prioritizing here what to study here's what I say definitely know the id ego super ego the ego is that mediator between the uh ID which is that kind of that devil on your one shoulder if you think of those old cartoons The Devil on the one shoulder saying hey do this do this okay that's your Pleasure Principle where the super ego is more like hey this is the angel on the shoulder saying no do this do this study study study or go on Tik Tock okay um and the ego is going to say okay I'm going to study for 20 minutes and then I'm going to watch five minutes of tiktock reels okay um I really don't think these are going to be as likely you will see a defense mechanism okay so I would look at uh projection I would look at displacement and I would look at reaction formation those are the three that I would prioritize so again uh displacement projection and reaction formation those are the ones that I would prioritize certainly anything could be on there but those are the three um that I would suggest okay the other part I'm going to skip to is this okay it is really important that you look at this big five because this is another key component on the uh unit five tap turn or excuse me on the frq so the F frq here is going to be uh you could see a question where it says the big five trait uh of openness of conscientiousness of extraversion if it says just one you don't need to explain all of them okay you just need to explain the one okay uh so make sure you look at that again if you're prioritizing what to study this is definitely one thing to add to that list okay and as you continue to go through oh I another one sorry I know I said I was going to be done um this is another high flyer on the fq is self-efficacy I think it's appeared five or six times in the last 10 years um selfefficacy is going to be the belief that I have the skill set to be successful at something so um the selfefficacy is going to be um if I believe that if I study if I do these reviews if I do these practice tests that I'm going to be successful on the AP test having that belief will motivate you to engage in those behaviors so that you're successful so this is another big one that I would make sure that I know all right and now the rest here should be um pretty similar to the uh to here um and so I'll stop here and see if there's any other questions or any from John great it's been a great group here in the chat um and maybe one thing Liz we can do is actually pull up this um I'm going to pull up the um study guide pack um which I've got uh make sure I've got the right link and everyone if you go to the um chat and you look at the top of the the chat I've pinned this here so let me share my screen and Liz maybe this is a good moment to just strategize as a group about what we're gonna do the night before it is 7:52 eastern time over in Wisconsin it's 652 out in California with all them Sunny nice people it's um a lot earlier I've got this 35 page study guide pack should I try to memorize the whole thing like what is what's a great way to cut through I think you know if you look at because the presentation that I share to should be linked I would really organize based on the percentage that is the percentages on the exam um and I would definitely start make sure you know that research design it's 10 to 14% of the multiple choice plus we know it's that F frq then I would look at cognitive psych a few things with cognitive psych I would make sure uh like as far as the free response goes a lot of times that thinking stuff um is going to uh appear on there um so I would definitely make sure to look at that um and then you know kind of work your way backwards with those percentages motivation emotion um and personality is another big one um and then honestly to learning uh is uh and I know I didn't get to it tonight um but I'm 85% sure that I did last year and that is a really great one because um in the learning unit even though it's only 7 to 9% of the AP test we it's pretty focused like you can say this is what's likely to appear out of that seven to nine questions so that's a good way to strategize as well right another thing I wanted to pull up here too and I encourage you if you guys have questions go ahead and ask them in the chat this is something we didn't cover in last year's review and I'm just curious there's two sets of these frqs from last year are we seeing were there any surprises that came up in last year's exam or anything about this this feels like this fits in with a lot of what people were expecting I'm just curious if there was any memorable pieces um from last year's I think last year's the big thing that if you go down to question two where it says starting with Michael um and keep going I think I'm not sure if this one had it but one had yeah it was question it was the one that my students got I know that um so uh the here the best advice I have for you with the frq is you have to know that you are going to see things on this test that you may not have learned in class uh and that's okay I mean I I've been teaching this class for 17 years I do not think I would get 100% um I'm confident I'd get a five but maybe not 100% um so just plan that you won't know everything so yeah the one that threw me off here was that bottom where it says explain what the P value allows mgc to conclude about the study so if the P value is less than 0.05 and in this case did it say it's 01 okay so if it's less than 0.05 you can say that it is statistically significant which means the results are not likely due to chance okay so if you're writing stuff down okay um and you're getting a question that says explain the significance of or explain the importance of statistical significance what can you conclude with the P value here's what you do the P value is less than .05 okay that means that uh you have it is statistically significant and the results are not likely due to chance okay which means here and I haven't read this one in a while um that the independent variable likely cause the change in the dependent variable and here's my recommendation too with these questions that are posted um I know some of you may be studying with friends um or if you're studying um alone you could study maybe with a family member um this is really a great way to get a lot of uh stuff done and to work at it with a higher level so for example I can read this scenario and I could say okay what's the peripheral route to persuasion that's when I'm appealing to the emotions to try to change someone's behavior and then I would have to explain how that would relate to the scenario of the campaign excuse me and then I can go and check the the other thing with frq I can see exactly what would have scored on the rubric um and you can get through a lot of vocab that way and you're doing it at a higher level yeah in fact I want to show you all everyone how to somebody was asking how do I find these there's this really cool thing that you can do which is to go like this AP Psychology and you go to F frqs when you get to the college board's website let me pop this in the chat for you all grab this link I'm showing you how to do it on Google you'll see past exam questions and here's what's awesome about this website the 2023 free response questions a great place to go there are two sets then there are two sets one for each set a set of scoring guidelines a chief reader report maybe Liz uh you could tell a it's a little bit like what a what a chief reader report says about about how this works have you yeah yeah I think the biggest thing is I would start the chief reader report is going to say like what percentage of people scored and kind of some of the common misconceptions that kids had um I would if you look at like the scoring guidelines for set two the question that we were just done and you scrolled yep um you're going to see here um if you the right one or wait let me see here's question two yep yeah so if you go down to um yeah just right there that peripheral route that I was yeah so what's going to happen here is it's going to say this is what you have to say okay that's what's going to score and the thing I love about this too is they have the acceptable explanations okay so here are three different examples that may have scored um when students were writing it um so you like I I said you can get a lot of studying done and really you might spend 7 to 10 minutes on an FR frq if you're doing it verbally um and you can get through a lot of vocab and it's all high level it's not the memorization you have to make sure that you know it the other thing that's great is that if you don't know the peripheral route to persuasion you have to look it up so then that you can apply it so if I were doing this with a friend I might answer uh the set one and then they kind of look at the rubric and then I'd switch spots with set two um and and with that set two you just um the other person is going to answer it and then you're looking at the rubric great so this is this is one of those last minute things if it is you know five o'clock don't don't uh what is that saying don't boil the ocean don't go after everything guys grab one thing go to this free response set two go down to question two it was one of the harder ones the mobile game Central read and break down that question and then take a look at the answer key and and really ser iously think about this in Parts everyone um just as you were emphasizing earlier Liz this is less about quantity and jamming all of this this in your head and focusing on the stuff that really is going to be kind of right sized for the moment right um so a couple things real quick as we wrap up I want to um check any questions that you all have any final questions for for me and Liz and also I want to hear I want to see more likes on this video and some sheep Emoji in the chat so we can bring Maro on to kind of round us out and remind you all that you are not in fact cooked that you are still in the refrigerator still in the freezer you're the chicken that should have been taken out before mom got home but you didn't take it out so you're about to get yelled at nobody is cooked rely on what you've been doing for the last nine months to get yourselves ready for this it's not about what you what you crammed the night before right so um Liz any other parting thoughts or words of wisdom as students are thinking about um because I see a couple of questions about do we neurotransmitters that sort of thing yeah yes I think uh another great way is if you can find a Quizlet and I know they're out there um you know is something with like confusing pairs um because at confusing pairs you're really studying twice as much and you probably know it's either this or this um so you're cutting out a lot of that extra fluff um I would say so the confusing pairs um is another good strategy as well and actually too I can post a link yeah if you give me that link I can share it with the gr yes if you wanna um are there any other questions while I'm no there's been a couple of technical questions but all those technical questions I want you guys to check out the study guide pack that we've shared with you it's in the description and in the chat and I think it's time to see Marco so Marco I think it's time to see Marco too Marco come on up come on up now see last night he did this too he was like I'm sleeping come on Marco come on up no he guys I don't think I I I'm not sure it's G to happen maybe we'll have to hang on I'm gonna have to come down this way um and come here oh actually you know what we're going to do we're gonna do a special surprise everyone this has only happened once in the calculus stream we're gonna bring on both Marco and nah Marco has a kids sister so let me um let's do it everyone Marco first Marco come here come here oh there he is let's well he's not here come here come over over here he's getting stuck he's getting stuck in between the chair and the table I'm going to start with Nina first Nina come here okay so this is Marco's Kid Sister nah who never gets any attention actually there's the both of them Nina come here Nina nah no Marco come here come here good boy so there's Marco you got a glance at nah Marco Marco Marco Marco everyone wants to say hello and here so this is Marco telling you Marco that you are not in fact cooked and he's also running off camera oh because I have treats so hang on everyone we're feeding Marco treats live in front of the fireplace now we have excitement here we go they this is some classical conditioning right um every time a bell ring absolutely it is Marco gets a treat and so this happens live on the air there we go sit down there we go and wish them all good luck so you got a double Samoyed Cloud party you got some kind of conditioning happening this is terrifying now they're stalking me look now they're St that's one that's one to screen shot so listen everyone best of luck on your exams you are not cooked and I hope that you have um a great day tomorrow follow us on Instagram and Tik Tok we're going to be doing some Afterparty events and some other things Marco and Nina will be there and um we all hope that you have a great exam best of luck