hello and welcome to learn a of apology for free with mr. ik today's session is going to be on eukaryotic cells from the year 12 topics there will be stages throughout this session where there'll be questions you can have a go at and also you might want to make notes to person table the structure and function of each of the organelles I'm going to go through so get yourself some paper and pen and a fur game so the ten organelles that you need to know in detail are the ones that we've got listed here and for each of these ten you need to be able to describe the structure of the organelle and then give an explanation of the function so that's what we're going to go through and this may be what you want to summarize in a table so you could have the organelle one column is the structure another column is the function or this particular topic works really well as flashcards for a revision so on one side of your flashcard have the name with organelle and on the other side it could be a description of the structure or you could have flashcards where it's name of the organelle and then a description of the function or it could be with images there's lots of different sets of flashcards you could make to do with eukaryotic cells so first off we can see how much you know already or if this is revision how much you can remember so see how many of these purple boxes that are blacked out or purple doubt you can identify the organelle of in an animal cell okay so and the top one we've got our cell membrane and although this actually looks like there's two layers and maybe being two types of membranes that is actually just one single layer and in animal cells the only external layer hab is the cell surface membrane the next label that we've got here then that is pointing to the rough endoplasmic reticulum so on the outside all of these circles are representing the ribosomes then we've got the Golgi apparatus so it's slightly curved shape the cytoplasm then we have our lysosomes individual ribosomes the center stable centrioles and that's not actually on our list of the structures that you need to know at this stage then we've got our smooth endoplasmic reticulum and lastly the mitochondria so it's same again but this time before our plant cell and these structures that you don't need to know I've left unlabeled in this example so pause the video and see how many of these organelles you can identify okay so we've got our smooth endoplasmic reticulum now on this image here it's showing slightly different to how it was on the animal cell but you can still see these folded system II then we have ribosomes so these tiny little dots that were shown this whole structure is our nucleus but it's split in two we've got our nucleolus then you can envelope and then the pause within that envelope and then branch now of the nucleus we have our rough endoplasmic reticulum and the way you can tell is the rough is because of those ribosomes attached to it slightly curved so that's going to be the Golgi apparatus and the vesicles branching off that will be the Gogi vesicles we also have cytoplasm we have mitochondria the new one of the new structures we have in the plant cell is the vacuole and you can see the name of the layer on the outside of the vacuole is the tano plus another structure which you don't find in animal cells is the chloroplast then the cell wall so that outer layer again do not have those in animal cells inner layer is the cell surface membrane or plasma membrane is sometimes known as so what we'll do then is go through each of those ten organelles one at a time so for the nucleus just zooming in on that we can see some of the different structures so this outer layer we've got the nuclear envelope we have pores within that envelope which allows the mRNA to come out of the nucleus nucleoplasm is what we call the granular jelly-like substance inside and side of the nucleus says two chromosomes which are protein bound with histones the very smallest sphere in the middle that is the nucleolus and that is where RNA is or our RNA is produced and ribosomes so that's the function of the nucleolus but in general the function of the nucleus is the site of DNA replication and transcription so that is where our M RNA is created and it contains all of the genetic code for every single cell endoplasmic reticulum so we have the smooth and the rough endoplasmic reticulum in both cases it's folded cisternae so these folded membranes and the key difference is the rough endoplasmic reticulum or the r ER has ribosomes on the outside and that is where protein synthesis can occur the smooth endoplasmic reticulum this is where we'll have synthesis of lipids and the lipids and carbohydrates can be stored here as well then this is just showing us a microscope image so you can see the difference between the diagram and the microscope image these tiny tiny black dots would be the ribosomes indicating it's the AR ER whereas here we have the smooth ER we don't have those black dots on the outside Golgi apparatus and the Golgi vesicles next and very similar in appearance to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum so again it is fold in membranes making these cisternae often the best way to recognize the difference is that slight curve always make almost makes a semicircle shape and you'll see as well you have the vesicles pinching off from the system II so if we have a look at then what the function is the golgi is where proteins are processed packaged modified so for example you could have carbohydrates added to a scene at this location to create your glycoproteins which often receptors it could be to create the enzymes and then when all of these products are modified that is what the vehicle is for is to pinch off and then the modified molecule can be transported and that is why it says hey it forms lysosomes these vesicles can also be described as the lysosomes and they'll be labeled as we can see here they have a label on them to indicate the destination for that molecule the next one the lysosome sent so lysosomes just to give you an idea of the size we've got a lysosome here so it's a relatively small organelle the lysosomes and they are vesicles or bags of digestive enzymes typically and they could contain as many as 50 different enzymes just in one of these lysosomes the one you're probably most familiar with is in phaedra psychosis in the immunity topic so you could have as it says here hydrolyzed phage sit Excel say some lysosomes contain the enzymes lice own zaimes which will digest the pathogens inside of your phage sites and then once they've completely broken down pathogen or it could be actually just to break down dead cells within an organism which is our autolysis it will release any of the useful materials that can be recycled the next organelle there and the mitochondria now this is our first double membrane organelle so we have our outer membrane and the inner membrane is actually folded to create a really large surface area for one of the stages or respiration and those folds create the structure called the Christy on the inside in blue on this diagram we have the mitochondrial matrix that's the site of one of the other parts or one of the other stages of aerobic respiration so overall the function then of aerobic respiration therefore lots of ATP is produced inside of the mitochondria the ribosomes say a ribosome we've got an image here of one ribosome then we've got another ribosome here just from another angle so you can see the two subunits that the ribosomes are made up of and ribosomes are made of two different molecules they're made of proteins and are RNA and the R stands for ribosomal RNA and it creates these two subunits a smaller subunit and a slightly larger subunits you do get different sized ribosomes so eukaryotic cells which is what we're discussing in this video they are large ribosomes you do have ribosomes in your prokaryotic organisms as well but they are smaller in size and the function it's where protein synthesis occurs the vacuole now this structure is not in the animal cells so we're looking at plant cells here and it is this fluid-filled area and it has a single membrane around the outside which we call the tonic last now the function of that vacuole is it helps to give support to the cell so it helps make it surge it so by filling with liquid in the middle it pushes from the inside out to help give shape and structure to the cell it also can store sugars and amino acids temporarily and often as it says here the pigments may kind of petals to attract pollinators if it's within the flower chloroplasts this is our second double membrane organelle so again we have an inner and an outer membrane and within the chloroplast we also have folded membranes and these are called thylakoid membranes and they're highly folded and then they stack up to look like these stacks of coins and those stacks are called the grana and one by itself one stack is called Granum so that's what we've got here we've got a contained style quoits which are the folded membranes which are embedded with the chlorophyll pigments you also have the peach color is showing the fluid on the inside of the organelle which is called a streamer and that contains enzymes are needed for photosynthesis the function it is the site of photosynthesis so using light energy to create organic compounds cell wall now the cell wall you find in plant and funky cells but not in animal cells and implants it's made up of the carbohydrate cellulose whereas in fungi is made of chitin which is also a polysaccharide but it's polysaccharide which contains nitrogen the function they whether it is in the plant or the fungal cell is to provide structural strength so both of those polysaccharide cellulose and chitin are very strong in structure the plasma membrane now this is your cell surface membrane and it's found on the outside of all cells it is a phospholipid bilayer which we can see down here we have our phospholipids and the bilayer so we have the red circle is the head of the phospholipid which contains the phosphate and glycerol and then the tails are the fatty acid tails and the heads are as on the outside the tails always point inwards and that makes your by layer or two layers you also get different molecules embedded through the membrane so we've got some protein channels and carrier proteins and sometimes you have proteins just embedded on the outside and here we have one there we have a glycoprotein here so a protein with a carbohydrate attached which could be acting as a receptor cholesterol so we've got some molecules here of our cholesterol which is going to affect the fluidity of the cell surface membrane so the function it controls what can enter and exit the cell and that's determined by whether whatever is it's trying to enter or exit is lipid-soluble and if it's not lipid soluble it can't diffuse through the cell surface membrane so instead it'll have to be transported through a channel or carrier protein so those are the ten organelles going over the structure with an image so you can see what that structure looks like but also know some of the names of those structures inside and then the function of each phase so that's it for the eukaryotic cells and if you do want to test your knowledge on this or practice it further I'll put in the description box the link to the website miss Esther comm where you'll find booklets of questions to practice just to help develop your knowledge further and don't forget to subscribe to keep up to date with all the latest videos that do come along to help you with your revision or learning as you go 3