hello and welcome to our first 100 question Radiology Anatomy revision session now over the last couple of months I've created 20 different Anatomy videos on the channel and what I've done today is taken one piece of anatomy from each one of those videos and asked five different questions about that anatomy and I've tried to ask the questions in a similar way that gets asked in our Radiology Anatomy part 1 exams now if you find yourself not being able to answer one of these questions I'd encourage you to go back to that original video and refresh some of your knowledge on that Anatomy hopefully this session will allow you to realize where you're really strong and which parts you need to revise a little bit more so without further Ado I'm going to get into the first question and I encourage you to pause the video answer the questions yourself and then follow along with me as I go and answer those questions so let's have a look at our first image here again pause the video if you need time to answer these questions and then join with me as I go through the answers so what type of scan is this well we have an axial slice CT scan of the brain we know it's a CT scan our bone is bright here our bone is dense we've got brighter gray matter than we do white matter which is classic of a CT scan more dense gray matter than white matter and we can see that we're at the level of the lateral ventricles here that are separated by this septum pellucidin we're asked to label this structure that's identified by this red outline here and this is what's known as the lentiform nucleus which is one of our basal nuclei now it's called the lensiform nucleus because it has this lens shape and it's made up of two separate nuclei it's made up laterally of alputamin or putamen and medially by our Globus pallidus now we group these because of their location and their shape but they actually don't act as a functional unit albutamine and our chordate which we can see the head here together acts as a functional unit and are known as the corpus striatum so we asked if this is gray or white matter well we can see that our gray matter is lighter or brighter on this image than our white matter is more dense than the white matter and we know that our basal nuclei are made of gray matter and we can see in this image that they are lighter than the surrounding white matter so this is gray matter now you might be hearing me say basal nuclei not basal ganglia and I'd encourage you to make that switch say basal nuclei because we are talking about gray matter collections within the central nervous system those are nuclei when we talk about collections of cell bodies outside of the central nervous system then we talk about ganglia so the correct term is a basal nuclei now we also name the track that lies medial to the structure this white matter track here this is what's known as our internal capsule our internal capsule has an anterior limb a genu or a knee a bend in the internal capsule and a posterior limb this anterior limb is separating our lentiform nucleus from our chordate head and this posterior limb is separating out Thalamus from our lentiform nucleus and this internal capsule has efferent and afferent fibers efferent fibers going from the cortex down to the spinal cord and afferent fibers coming up from the thalamus towards our basal nuclei let's move on to our next question give yourself some time to answer this we are dealing here with a coronal slice CT scan and we've bone windowed the CT scan we've lost the detail within the soft tissue and we can see good detail within the bone so this is a bone windowed CT scan we're asked to name this space here now this is a slice that will come up commonly in anatomy exams because what we have here is what looks like an eagle we've got the beak heading to the head down to the wings of the eagle and then the beak coming to this proud chest of the eagle and this Eagle is sitting on a little Branch here and this Gap here is what's known as our hypoglossal Canal now you'll be familiar with this image if you've watched our skull base for Ramana video and the structure that passes through this hypoglossal canal is the hypoglossal nerve our 12th cranial nerve now we asked to identify which bone the hypoglossal canal goes through and I've asked you this question because this is something that people get wrong often when we cut this in the coronal slice this kind of looks like a vertebra but in fact this is our first vertebra this is C1 here's how dense or our dontoid process of C2 and this is in fact our occipital bone the occipital condyles of the occipital bone sometimes we call this C naught you know we have C1 which is our Atlas C2 which is our axis and some people call the occipital condyle C naught because it kind of looks like a cervical vertebra now these occipital condyles are lateral to alpharamin Magnum they create the opening to the skull Vault itself we asked where does this nerve originate where does the hypoglossal nerve originate and you'll see when we follow our cranial nerves from 1 to 12 the nuclei of the cranial nerves come from the midbrain and the head down sequentially as we've numbered them from 1 to 12. now we're dealing with a hypoglossal nerve which is the 12th cranial nerve the last cranial nerve so it goes without saying that it's in the last part of our brain stem which is our medulla and the hypoglossal nuclei arises from the superior and posterior portion of that medulla before heading forward as the hypoglossal nerve let's move on we've done 10 questions now we're going to move on to question 11. this slice comes from our paranasal sinus video and we ask to identify what type of scan it is again we've got a coronal slice scan no soft tissue detail we've got our bone window so this is a coronal CT bone windowed of the face and head now we're asked to label this opening and this is what's known as the maxillary osteum which forms part of our osteomial complex our maxillary osteum our infundibulum this ansonic process making up the inferior border into our Hiatus semilunaris draining the maxillary sinus which sinus does The Strain the maxillary sinus into the middle meatus which space does it drain into the middle meatus now these gaps here are called miiti and these soft tissue structures are called turbination so we're draining our maxillary sinus through our osteomyatal complex into our middle meatus via the hiatus semilunaris now we ask which are the sinuses drain into this space well it's our maxillary sinus our frontal sinus via the frontal recess and the anterior ethmoidal air cells now the way you can remember this is our frontal sinus is a very anterior sinus um auxiliary sinuses also lie quite anteriorly so it's the anterior ethmoidal air cells that drain into this middle meatus our sphenoid sinus and our posterior ethmoidal sinuses can be grouped together as posterior sinuses and if you find yourself not knowing these terms go check out that paranasal sinus video it's an area that people get confused very easily but it's actually really simple Anatomy once you understand the various different structures now before we move on to our next question I just want to make a 10 second announcement I spent the last couple of months pouring all my time and energy into creating a radiology Physics course which will be available in the link down below I try to make it as concise accurate and easy to follow along as possible I've created these customized diagrams showing you the electron orbitals the X-ray tube computed radiography brainstorming radiation and filtration and these are just some of the topics that we are going to cover in that course let's move on to our next question pause the video if you need more time we asked what scan this is well this is actually a 3D Volume rendered CT angiogram so we've got our vessels that had contrast within LCT angiogram and we've been able to use that data to create or reconstruct this 3D image of the vasculature of the head and neck we asked to name this structure here well we have our aortic Arch coming here and our first major branch of the aortic Arch is what's known as our brachiocephalic trunk now it's not the right brachiocephalic Trunk by definition this is a right-sided structure now which two branches does this divide into it divides into our right subclavian and our right common carotid artery now a common mistake that people make when answering Anatomy questions is they don't lateralize they say subclavian artery and common carotid artery it's the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery another thing there's no such thing as a carotid artery it's either a common carotid artery or an internal or external carotid artery now what is this called when the left common carotid artery shares a common origin with the brachiocophag artery so here's our left common carotid artery and our left subclavian artery those are both coming off the aortic Arch sometimes it's left common carotid artery comes off of this brachiocophagic trunk and that's what's known as a bovine Arch because that variant is often seen in cattle now name the two branches of the aortic root and I've asked you this question because sometimes we forget that there are two small branches that come off the aortic root before we reach our aortic art and that is our left and right coronary arteries so our left and right coronary arteries come off the aortic root some people call those the first branches of the aorta some people separate the aortic root from the aorta itself let's move on to question 21 we're asked to identify what type of scan this is now we can see here we're not dealing with a CT we've got dark bone we've got bright subcutaneous fattier we can see that our gray matter is darker than our white matter and we can see that our CSF is dark in this image so we know this is an axial T1 weighted MRI brain we asked to name this small CSF full space here and this is what's known as our cerebral Aqueduct it connects the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle our interventricular foramen of Monroe connects our lateral ventricles to our third ventricle then our cerebral Aqueduct connecting our third ventricle to our fourth ventricle we're asked to name the three cisterns that we can see in this image well where are we here we're at the level of the midbrain we can see L cerebral peduncles here anteriorly Alma millery bodies and we can see how caliculi posterior like this and just knowing that where we are we can then identify these CSF field spaces around the midbrain between our cerebral peduncles is our interpedancular cyston which houses our memory bodies and lies between those bed uncles posteriorly we have our quadrigeminal system sitting behind the quadrigeminal plate the superior and inferior caliculi of the midbrain and then connecting our quadrigeminal cistern to our interpedancular cistern around the midbrain is our Ambience cistern ambient temperature the surrounding temperature this is our ambient cistern interpretune system ambient cistern quadrigeminal cistern then question 25 the midbrain posterior to this is known as the so the midbrain posterior to the cerebral Aqueduct this section Here is known as the tectum of the midbrain this larger anterior section here is I'll take mint and we can separate the midbrain anterior and posterior section at the level of the cerebral aqueducture moving on quickly we're a quarter of the way through I hope this is helping if it is helping please like the video to let me know that this is helping and my plan here is to do a hundred questions in neuroanatomy 100 questions in thoracic abdominal lower limb and hip shoulder and arm and if that sounds like something that you would want please let me know in the comments and I'll go about making those 100 question Anatomy series so let's move on to question 26 have a look at this image here we're asked to identify what type of scan it is now you'll see I'm asking you on everyone to identify what type of scan and it's really easy marks when it comes to your Anatomy exam you often ask what type of scan it is and there aren't actually that many types of scans especially if you're comparing it to the amount of anatomy that you have to learn so this is free marks you've got to learn the various different types of scans and what they look like here we're dealing with a 3D Volume rendered Mr angiogram here another point about an MRA is that we can rotate this image in all different directions and I've just given you a screenshot here so it's often quite difficult to know what's left and what's right and so when you're lateralizing your Anatomy just be careful about whether you are actually confident about saying this is a left-sided structure or a right-sided structure here we asked to label this artery and this is what's known as our basilar artery we can see our vertebral arteries coming out our basilar artery which will eventually divide into our posterior cerebral arteries forming the post interior circulation in our circle of boilers what's the origin of the basilar artery well it's the Confluence of those vertebral arteries those vertebral arteries have come from our subclavian arteries come through the transverse parameter of our cervical spine headed up towards the ponds anterior pons and then combine to form our basilar artery that runs between the ponds and the clivis anteriorly now which cistern does this run in well we know it's anterior to the pons this is our pre-pontine cistern that the basilar artery runs within and finally question 13 name the only other non-paid artery within the Circle of Willis we have our circular bullets here we've got our icas our internal carotid arteries dividing into our middle cerebral and our anterior cerebral both of which are paired arteries our posterior cerebral and our posterior communicating arteries are also both paired arteries and it's this artery here that's the only other non-paired artery within the Circle of Willis and this is our anterior communicating artery question 31 we've moved out of the head and neck we're now within the shoulder joint here we asked to name this type of scan now this can be quite difficult for a lot of people we know we're dealing with an MRI scan our bone is dark here it's not bright like a CT scan and we know we're dealing with the coronal plane and this type of MRI is actually what's known as a PD weighted MRI image a proton density weighted MRI image now what we do in a proton density images we try and negate the T1 and T2 differences between the various different tissues within the image that we are looking at we do this by increasing our TR we make a long TR to negate the T1 differences and make a short t e a short Echo time in our MRI sequence to negate the t2 differences and what we get is bright fat as well as bright fluid the fat of fluid have very similar signals and we get really dark tendons dark cartilaginous structures giving us good contrast especially when we're looking at msk images we can see that there's fat within the marrow here and that's why we have bright signal within the bone as well so we asked to name this black structure here well this is our supraspinatus muscle and our supraspinatus tendon going over here now where does this tendon insert well it inserts on the superior aspect of our greater tubercle of our humerus we know that there are two other rotator cuff muscles that insert there just below this insertion that's our infraspinatus and arteries mine are coming up posteriorly attaching to that greater tubercle our subscapularis comes across more anteriorly to the humerus attaching to that lesser tubercle there so we've answered number 33 where does it insert 34 it causes inferior to which bone so we can see that this tendon is causing inferior to this bone up here and this is our acromion here now there are lots of different variants of acromion shape and some variants can actually impinge on this tendon so this is really clinically important to see that this tendon has good space running underneath the sacromion here what artifact can we see on this image I'll highlight the artifact here this is what's known as a magic angle artifact I'm not going to go into the physics exactly of the magic angle artifact or what we can see is we've got hyperintense signal here compared to the tendon that we are looking at now there's not tendinopathy here this is in fact an artifact of an MRI and this artifact very basically stems from the fact that the molecules within the collagen of our tendon here at a certain angle at about 54.7 degrees to our MRI being naught signal we get what's known as a magic artifact and this is to do with the quantum mechanics and the interaction of spins within an MRI and some of our vectors actually have Direction now I don't want to get too much into the physics but the take-home Point here is we mustn't call this pathology this is in fact an artifact in the MRI and if we were to do say a T2 weighted image we wouldn't see that artifact or if we were to change the orientation of the solar joint within the MRI machine that artifact would disappear as well question 36 asked what type of scan this is now we've just looked at this type of scan we've got bright fats we've got bright marrow signal within our bones we've also if we can see a little bit of fluid here that's also bright again we are dealing with a proton density MRI this is an axial proton density MRI of the knee name this bone hopefully most of you will know what this bone is this is the patellar bone and we asked if this Arrowhead here is medial or lateral on the patellar bone now a good way to know this is our longest facet is lateral again our Sartorius our gracilis and our semitendinosus also lie immediately another clue that this is medial often there's a larger fat pad readily as well so this is our medial side and this there is our lateral side now this bone lies within which tendon while superiorly we have our quadriceps tendon coming to our patella and then our patellar tendon heading down and inserting on our tibial tuberosity what structures prevent this patellar tendon from dislocating laterally like that well the first is this medial retinaculum here a fibrous tissue that is preventing that patella from moving naturally and secondly we have this groove within the femur this is our trochlear groove trochlea meaning pulley you'll see trochlear coming up over and over again in anatomy outrockier bone of our elbow our trochlear muscle in our eye muscles anything that Glides within a Groove like a pulley we call a trochlea in anatomy so when in doubt if you're unsure and you see a Groove shape just call it the chocolate you never know you might get it right in the exam so let's move on we've moved away from the musculoskeletal we're now in the abdomen asked to name this type of scan we're dealing with an axial slice that's a good place to start and we know we're dealing with a CT we can see our ribs here are bright we within the abdomen and we can see the aorta here with contrast within the abdomen so what we've got here is an arterial phase contrasted axial CT scan of the abdomen we can see the vessels within the liver here the veins and the liver don't have any contrast so we know that this is an arterial phase image we also named this structure here we can see that this is a vessel with contrast within it lightly coming off the abdominal aorta you can see that the vessel closest to it came off later than the vessel further away as we're heading down our vessels come off one that came off earlier will be further away from the abdominal aorta this is a common mistake that people make some people call this the superior mesenteric artery thinking that it's lower down than this this is in fact the superior mesenteric artery this is our Celiac artery or our Celiac trunk the first branch of the abdominal aorta name the three vessels that Branch off the Celiac trunk where we have our splenic artery we can see some of that splenic artery here a torturous artery heading towards the spleen that gives off some vessels down to the pancreas below it and then also supplies arterial blood to the spleen we then have our left gastric artery we can perhaps see some of that left gastric artery coming there into the Lesser curvature on the left hand side of the stomach and then we have our common hepatic artery which becomes our proper hepatic artery and our right and left hepatic arteries so splenic artery left gastric and common hepatic artery are the three main branches off of our Celiac trunk you know that Anatomy does vary quite a lot but we need to see those terminal branches they will always head somewhere from that Celiac track now which part of the git does this vessel Supply IT Supplies our forget Celiac trunk is on foregat SMA IMA hindget so I'll forget from that very distal part of our esophagus supplying our stomach the first part of the duodenum right up to the second part to our ampolovata in our second part about utinium it also as we've seen supplies the liver supplies the spleen and supplies blood to the pancreas now what level does the Celiac trunk originate well it comes out of the abdominal aorta as it pierces the diaphragm we know that the abdominal aortic pierces the diaphragm at the level of T12 so the Celiac trunk usually comes out at T12 again staying within the abdomen you can see there's some subtle changes here again we're dealing with a CT scan bright Bones on the scan it's an axial slice but our contrast has changed let me go back one image look at the aorta see how bright the aorta is it gets a little less bright as I head back to this image look at our vessels here our veins within our liver you can see they're a little bit brighter in this image than they were in this image they were quite dark so we've changed our phase we've still got contrast within this image but the phase of the image has changed look how the liver gets slightly brighter here as we head to this next image this is what's known as our portal venous phase we've waited to take the image and now that contrast is allowed time to get into our venous system into our portal system and sequestrate within the various different organs within the abdomen so this is a portal venous phase axial CT abdomen now we divide the liver into multiple segments and the classification system we use is called the quinoa classification system we divide it into eight different segments now the segment we're looking at here is a posterior segment it's on the right hand side in the right over the liver and we need to figure out is this a superior posterior segment or an inferior posterior segment easiest way to do that is c can we see kidneys we can't see kidneys here and we can actually see adrenal gland here so we know we're lying superiorly this is a superior lobe with the liver and this is actually segment seven of the liver here when we're looking at our patient we label the segments in a clockwise fashion starting at that left upper border here as segment two with anger in theory three four a and 4B and then move around five six seven and eight seven and eight are superior segments here is seven and here is eight now I'm not going to go through all the classification system here we've got a whole video on that and people have found it really helpful to try and visualize the various different liver segments we also see how many segments are visible here well I've said we've got our seventh segment here we've got segment eight here segment four a here segment two here and we have our chordate lobe here another segment so we can see five different segments within this image now which vessel drains the hepatic veins these veins that we've used to divide the liver into its various different segments those then drain into our inferior vena cava taking that blood then to the right side of our heart we're halfway through I hope you are finding this useful this video might be one that you need to come back to it's quite tiring to sit down in one session go through all of this Anatomy especially if some of it is new to you but if you are enjoying it let's move on to our next image here we are now in the thorax we can see lungs we can see breast tissue we can see the mediastinum centrally here this is a axial CT scan of the thorax and we are in the lung window the detail here is it within the lung asked to name the structure we can see we've just bifurcated our track here at the Quran of the trachea into our right Main bronchus and our left Main bronchus and this is our esophagus posteriorly hit don't get confused that's not a bronchus or a branch of a bronchial tree that is the esophagus there so we've just bifurcated we've got our right main bronchus the first branch that comes off our right main bronchus is our right upper lobe bronchus all right upload bronchus then separates into an anterior bronchus and a posterior bronchus and it's got one more branch and apical Branch if we were to scroll into the screen here superiorly we would see that apical Branch anterior posterior and apical segments coming off that right are below bronchus after that right upload bronchus comes off of our right main bronchus that right main rancus is then called out bronchus intermedius that bronchus intermedius is then going to give off our right middle lobe and our right lower lobe right middle lobe anteriorly like that right lower lobe more posteriorly and inferiorly like that now sometimes this writes Apollo brunches can actually come off the track here and that's what's known as a tracheal bronchus or some people call it a pig bronchus a variation that is often seen in pigs this right upper low bronchus coming directly off the trachea moving on to question 56 we're now back up in the head and neck we see our teeth here anteriorly our muscles of mastication here we asked to identify the type of scan that this is we can see we've got bright fat here our bones are dogs it's not a CT scan this is an MRI scan if we look at our spinal cord here it's surrounded by dark fluid that could be a T2 weighted with fluid suppression or a T1 weighted with naturally dark fluid what we can do is look at our spinal cord here our spinal cord is opposite to the brain our brain has gray matter on the outside white matter on the inside our spinal cord has white matter on the outside gray matter on the inside you can see how white matter is more hyper intense as opposed to our gray matter here we're dealing with a T1 weighted image this is an axial T1 weighted MRI of the head and neck let's label this space here this brings us to our deep next spaces this is what's known as our parapharyngeal space a really important space when looking at head and neck Anatomy you can see it's bright here it's predominantly filled with fat it's surrounded by all our different other neck spaces we've got our parotid space here our carotid space here our pharyngeo mucosal space here I'll masticate the space here and any mass in any of these spaces is going to displace this parapharyngeal fat allowing us a red flag to say wait there's something pushing this fat I need to go and look for a mass in those various different spaces now which fascia contributes to this lateral border of this space well we know that our superficial layer of our deep cervical fascia covers our sternocleidomastoid muscle like trap muscles and then as we head up superiorly here covers our parotid space and our masticated space so this is our superficial layer of our deep cervical fascia are we dealing with a super hyoid or infrahyoid neck we separate the neck Spaces by the hyoid bone here we are superior to that hyoid bone as soon as we can see our parapharyngeal space we know we are much above that hired space we are in our Supra hyoid next space x-ray Anatomy now what type of scan is this now I've just said x-ray Anatomy that's a misnomer try and get away from calling this an x-ray and move to calling it a radiograph the image itself is a radiograph the x-rays are the electromagnetic waves at a certain frequency and energy going through the bones so we call those x-rays the electromagnetic waves are X-rays this is a radiograph what we have here is a lateral radiograph of the right elbow we asked to name this structure here we know that this bone here is our radius our own neck is the bigger bone at the elbow joint having our electronon coming around like this here is our radial head so the correct answer here would be our right radial head a right radial head then articulates with the little head the capitellum of our humerus so this radial head has a shallow fossa here articulates with the capitellum here and it allows us to pronate and supinate moving our radius without moving our ulna if you pronate and supernature and hold your electron on you see your armor doesn't move at all that radius moves and that movement there is what's known as a pivot join so this creates a pivot joint here a radio capitella joint now is this radial head medial or lateral I've included this because some people forget anatomic position is Palms facing forward out like this our radius is on our thumb side the only finger that can do a radial movement so our radius is lateral this radial head is lateral to the patient another radiograph here we are looking at a frontal radiograph of escalately immature elbow this is on the left side so left frontal radiograph of the elbow what structure is this we can see that this is an ossification Center a radial head and capitellum ossification centers medial to that we know that this is lateral the radial head side is lateral this is medial this is our medial epicondyle ossification Center now which ossification Center appears first we know our mnemonic crito critoe capitellim appears first Radiohead internal epicondyle trochlear electronon and external epicondyle so this capitellum is the first ossification Center that will appear first which ossification Center appears after the label structure the cell medial epicondyle or internal epicondyle our next structure is going to be our trochlear ossification Center appearing here our trochlea and our electronon generally appear around the same age about 10 years of age now what age does disappear I'm this is a bad question when I say this I'm meaning the internal or medial epicondyle well this appears at about seven years of age capitalism at one Radiohead at five internal epicondyle 7 10 for our trochlear and electron at 11 years for our external or lateral epicondyle question 71 we're getting to the end this is a real Marathon I hope you are finding this useful again now we are in the abdomen it's an axial CT scan of the abdomen there's some contrast within our veins in the liver this is a portal venous phase a contrasted Porter venous phase axial CT scan of the abdomen which part of the duodenum is this well this is D1 we can see our stomach here our pylorus going into our duodenum that duodenum will then head posteriorly run inferiorly as D2 cross the midline as D3 hits super early as D4 before becoming jejunum is this intro or retroper peritoneal this first part of our journey DNM is intraperitoneal those D2 D3 and D4 are retro peritoneal structures but this first part initially is intraperitoneal that has its own mesentry which section is a major duodenal papilla located well that is in D2 that's where our pancreatic duct a common bile duct insert into that duodine and releasing their contents into the second part of the duodenum D2 at what point does the jejunum start while we've said D4 heads up and then becomes the jejunum that's the DJ Fletcher at the ligament of trite so at our ligament of Tri it's the DJ Fletcher that small bowel then becomes jejunum so these questions were from our intra peritoneal cavity talk let's move on to our retroperitoneal cavity talk the same CT scan here an axial portal venous phase CT of the abdomen name this organ here where we can see anteriorly is our Jordanian that we just looked at posterior to that is our pancreas here and this is the body of the pancreas before heading out towards the tail of the pancreas that heads towards our spleen now which retroperitoneal space does this occupy if you don't know the retroperitoneal spaces I'd highly recommend that you go and look at that retroperitoneal anatomy video and really understand the different spaces within the retroperitoneum this is what's known as our anterior pararenal space it has our pancreas it's got our ascending and descending colons as well as our duodenum within this space boarded anteriorly by alpharietal peritoneum and then we asked what is the posterior border well the posterior border of this is our anterior renal fascia or our gerotus fascia you'll hear gerotis fatter often so this perirenal space lies between our parietal fascia and our anteriorenal or gerotus fascia now name this organ's blood supply earlier I told you that the splenic artery gave some arteries down towards the pancreas so our pancreatic branches of our splenic artery as well as our inferior and Superior pancreaticuitinal arteries again we cover that blood supply in our abdominal aorta talk we've got 20 questions to go maybe grab yourself a cup of tea or coffee last push get through these final 20 questions all the work that you're putting in here is really going to translate into exam success I'm sure of it let's go on to question 81. here we have an AP radiograph of the right wrist and we also identify this space we often get stuck on these carpal bones trying to figure out can I name all the various wrist bones and we forget about the cartilaginous structures that surround the wrist so I'm going to focus on some of those structures here now this is what's known as our triangular fibrocartilage complex here filling this space above the ulna allowing pressure when we put pressure on that wrist to then be translated through the wider radial bone here and not putting pressure on this thinner ulnar bone which fibrous band covers the ventral aspect of the wrist now remember an atomic position our hands our palms are facing forward this is ventral this is the ventral side of our wrist this is the dorsal cellular wrist and we have a piece of fibrous tissue going across here known as our flexor retinaculum it allows those flexors to stay within the wrist if we Bend our wrist those flexors don't don't tense across here that flexor retinaculum keeps them close to our wrist a flexorating aculome attaches to four different lateral points in the wrist our hook of our hamate our pusiform our trapezium and our scaphoid here they act as anchor points for that flexor retinaculum to go across the wrist making a nice deep space for a median nerve as well as our flexor tendons to run through the wrist here without rubbing on Bones it gives it some height to that wrist what type of bone is a pissy form bone well that's known as a sesamoid bone it lies within the tendon of our flexor copy on naris question 86 we've gone back up to the top of the head here we've got a lateral radiograph of the cervical spine a common image that you're going to be looking at within your practice now what's the structure here well this is a vertebral body let's try and count which vertebral body it is you can see our anterior process or our anterior arch of our C1 C2 here 3 4 5 6 and C7 so this is the vertebral body of C7 the soft tissue anterior to this this soft tissue Here is known as our retrotracheal soft tissue or retrotracheal spacia retropharyngeal space here is above the level of C4 a much thinner space there we allow the maximum thickness here it varies between text but generally we say 20 millimeters or two centimeters of retrotracheal space here ahead of our C7 now which nerve root exits inferior to this bone which never it comes out here now once you mention this because we've got eight cervical nerve Roots but only seven cervical vertebra that first C1 nerve root comes out above C1 so our cervical nerve Roots come out above their respective vertebra so the nerve root coming above C7 would be C7 the nerve root coming below would be called C8 then our thoracic vertebra will have T1 coming below T1 so the corresponding vertebrae is now above the nerve root that's coming out in our thoracic and Lumbar spines last 10 questions we have now got a frontal AP radiograph of the pelvis this is the left hand side of the patient we asked to name this structure this is our anterior Superior iax spine and to be more specific this is our left anterior superior iliac spine of the pelvic bone or of the ilium which muscle attaches here well we have our Sartorius muscle heading from this Asus all the way down to the tibia bypasses that femur this is a long muscle that runs lat from lateral medially it crosses the hip joint as well as the knee joint that's the only muscle that attaches here that heads down towards the leg but we also have a ligament that comes from here and heads towards our pubic bone and that's what's known as our inguinal ligament it makes up the floor of our inguinal Canal it's a really important ligament especially if we're doing general surgery again we're doing hernia repairs we need to know this Anatomy quite well name the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic bone well in normal development the pelvic bone starts as three separate ossification centers three separate bones are then fused at the acetabulum to form this pelvic bone we have our pubis here our ischium and our ilium all fusing to form the pelvic bone that you've made it our final five questions we're back up in the neck we've got an axial CT our bones are bright here our soft tissue here we've got an axial CT of the neck so we're at the level of the cervical spine we can see these transverse foramina creating complete Rings allowing for those vertical arteries to travel up lateral to the cervical spine we have our hyoid bone anteriorly here wrapping around our Airway name this space this is our right velecular here a right follicular is separated from this left follicular by this median glosso epiglottic fold here a piece of tissue that attaches the base of the tongue to our epiglottis which is our next question what is this soft tissue structure posterior to the molecular our epiglottis now which laryngeal space is this image which slice are we in in our larynx well we separate our larynx into supraglottic glottic and infraglottic spaces and that helps us when we're staging laryngeal cancers here we are in the supraglottic spacer epiglottis is superior to our true vocal cords and lastly which structure defines the inferior border of the larynx I said we divide the larynx into various segments the superior border is that tip of the epiglottis starting at the tip of the epiglottis below that is all larynx all the way down to the inferior border of our cricoid cartilage and the larynx has some incredible Anatomy with our false focal chords our true vocal cords our retinoid cartilages our thyroid and cricoid cartridges our area epiglottic folds it's a really intricate structure but once you understand that Anatomy it's a really important part to look at your CT scan and you'll start picking up things that maybe your colleagues aren't picking up because you have good understanding of that Anatomy so I hope that 100 questions wasn't too much many of you had asked for 100 questions in the comments so I take the responsibility if you've made it this far thank you so much for supporting me by watching these videos again I've released a Physics course if you're studying for the Radiology physics I think this course will be really helpful to you go and check out that first short introductory module it's free to try out see if you like my teaching style if you do maybe that can be the start of our Radiology physics journey together otherwise I'll see you all in the next video goodbye everybody