oh right all right all right all right here we are with the reproductive system last chapter we got a cover y'all take a look when we think about the reproductive system in both male and female we've got gonads to produce gametes and these organs are going to hormones okay there's gonna be ducks they connect to these don't ads that are gonna receive and transport these gametes in both sexes we're gonna have accessory structures accessory glands okay that are going to help secrete fluid into these ducks and we're gonna have perineal structures that we're going to call the external genitalia so we'll be able to see differences between males and females when we compare males and females it's very interesting how different we actually are females produce one gamete every month after puberty just one however they have to retain and nurture that developing embryo that is a zygote that fertilized egg okay where males produce large quantities of gametes like we make a half a billion sperm a day so males produce half a billion sperm a day females are producing one gamete a month I think it's easy to see who's doing the most work here and that's why I always think that males preserve maps okay feels differently about it but that's the way I feel the testes these are the male gonads they are what are going to sink the male hormones which is primarily androgens make primarily testosterone okay they're also going to produce the male gametes this is the sperm spermatozoa or sperm okay we're going to move these pramatta ZOA from where they are produced to the testes throughout this dump system we call the submission we're going to mix these sperm with semen that are produced by our three accessory glands and when we when the ejaculation event occurs we're going to expel the sperm along with the semen from the body just talk about the neurological response of ejaculation in the female female like we said she produces one go man one gamete about every 28 days and when it's released from her ovaries it is still an immature gammy it is not capable of actually being fertilized at this point we have to do some more work to it okay we're going to carry these all these eggs along the uterine tubes another name for these would be the over ducks okay the fallopian tubes you've probably heard as well and they're on their way to the uterus if we get a fertilization event while they're in these fallopian tubes and we can't implant this fertilized egg this is I vote the uterus is there to support the developing embryo and then when it comes time for it to leave there is there is a tube set up that connects the uterus with the outside world and that is the vagina okay so what we're going to do is we're going to start with a male system the male system has much simpler look at it okay the goal is produce copious amounts of semen and disseminate it outside the body okay so let's start with the mail okay when we're looking at the external and internal genitalia of the mail we can't see first and foremost from the anterior position of the penis and then behind that we find the scrotum which hit you we surrounds the testes that potatoes in the first parts of the vas deferens that ductus difference or the spermatic duct you can use those terms for they're interchangeable okay so when we look at this the sperm are going to be produced here the testes okay that's found inside the scrotum once the sperm are produced they're going to make their way to the epididymis through some tubes called there be testes other tubes there will be stored in the epididymis as they go through a maturation process and then they make their way through this vast difference that this DIF sperm adding duct it makes its way up and around behind the bladder where it comes in contact with our first gland okay the seminal vesicle okay the seminal vesicle joins with the vas deferens here in a structure called the ejaculatory duct to the kursi in the prostate gland that is the structure here okay and then we enter into the urethra which is common in males that urethra is both for expelling of the urine from the bladder and expelling the sperm and the semen in the reproductive system okay so that's the pathway in this format is OA okay there's going to be a different pathway that we're gonna see in the female okay we got three glands that are associated here we have the first gland that we encountered the seminal vesicle which is here at the very back of our bladder then underneath that we have the prostate gland and then there is a very small land here this is called the bull bowl urethra land and those three glands together are our accessory glands that help form the semen they're going to secrete fluids into these two okay so that we can expel the semen and the sperm together okay so from the external genitalia what we can see from the outside of the body typically the penis in the front and then behind that the scrotum scrotum is going to enclose the testes where the sperm are going to be manufactured the penis is the copulatory working in the mail it's has erectile tissue in it they can become engorged with blood and it does contain the distal portion of the urethra here okay so start at the beginning with the testes testes is kind of egg-shaped we've got a pair of these and hanging in this program the scrotum is a fleshy pouch okay between the penis and my anus and this testes makes its way into the scrotum through a structure called uber not killing testa's okay so the testes formed actually at the same location that the ovaries do so when we start out the default for sex is always female and here is the here's where we're going to start the production of the sex organs here so both male and females produce in the same location and then if we have a Y chromosome okay and sufficient quantities of hormones it will cause the testes to descend through the months notice thereby we're paired three months this test he took the center down and by birth after about eight months we've got the testes down into the scrotum sack now there is a structure here it's called the inguinal canal that it has to pass through okay but this Cooper document Estes is a bundle of connective tissue that helps to pull it down into the scrotum okay so as we're going to development at about the seventh month but when the fetus is growing rapidly we get a higher concentration of hormones that are going to stimulate this goober knack you know testes to go into contraction and move the testes down into the scrotum now occasionally they don't have they don't make it completely there the doctors have to boot them down in there they can remain inside the abdomen as just a lot of organisms until finally their testes drop into the scrotal sac so occasionally they don't wake them down into the scrotum sack okay and this shows us we've got kidneys developing above and then you can see the gonads developing and gradually they make their way down by the fourth month they're getting close okay by the seventh month they're laying right there on the outside of our equal ring we would call it the superficial T will ring and then they move down at birth or by birth I should say okay so this creates a different system the female system if you kind of notice it's more likely to see something here at the three-month period where we've got our ovaries up here okay and the fallopian tubes that would lead to the years here in the middle okay we don't have that in a man but it is very similar okay but by the time we move it down okay now we have set up a system for the development of the sperm in the scrotal sac and this is important because temperature regulation is important in the development of the sperm okay so here we are in an adult male okay we can see the penis okay and then under the penis we can see the scrotal sac and inside the scrotal sac the testes laying on top of the testes we have the epididymis the structure that you can see here okay so testes where sperm production and hormone production is going to occur the epididymis and then we have this tube for the sperm to be moved through that makes its way out behind the urinary bladder that you can see here okay marks okay now when we're looking at this notice on the right hand side we still have the musculature available so that we see that the testes and the epididymis and the ductus deferens is wrapped up in this structure that we call the CRO masseter muscle and that's going to give us the ability to contract this muscle and move the testes closer to the body okay also as we get closer to the inguinal canal instead of being the mass difference we call it the spermatic cord because this formatic cord contains all of these vessels that you can see over here on the side it's got the vas deferens or the ductus deferens tramatic duct inside of it it's got lymphatic vessels it's got nerves it's got blood supply in it it's all wrapped up in this nice chord structure so it's an electrical cord okay an extension cord when you cut the event there's a lot of different wires inside of it okay there's lots of insulation and things like that lots of things to help the cord do its job but the main thing that's inside of that is the wires that are clipped kinetic electricity and that's going to be basically what the vas deferens is okay so we'll talk more about them okay so this shows a picture that we can look at this dramatic chord with okay it includes the ductus deferens the blood vessels the nerves I think this is all inside this court see okay so spermatic cord is a much larger structure that the tiny little two is the baddest difference you've heard of the sect of me before okay to prevent fertilization from the male all we have to do is tie those tubes cut those tubes and prevent the sperm from making their way through this vas deferens and that's going to stop it now we have the equal canal okay now this thing little canal is composed of a ring okay if you look at this over here on the patient's left side we see this opening here and this is the eight little ring that allows for the testes that once used to be in the abdominal cavity to descend down into the scrotum sack they these canals or passageways through the abdominal musculature okay and these are formed during the development as the fifties are going to descend down in in males this causes a weak spot females not have this this rain associated with things so you know male there is a weak spot and I have actually had a one will hernia before or the visceral tissue in my case it was my intestines that squirted through this hole and ended up down in my sperm sac which you can imagine was very surprising to me okay scrotum for two different chambers you can see that there is a septum that separates the two into different cavity we've got a darkness muscle on the actual scrotum itself okay that deals with the scrotal sac that allows for this characteristic wrinkling that we see of the surface of the scrotum okay the crow masseter muscle like I showed you earlier this is one that is deep to this dark toast muscle okay and it allows us to move the actual testes that are encased in this crow masseter muscle closer to the body okay we can relax it he can move farther away from the body we can contract it it will move closer to the body and this allows us to maximize temperature for the development process of sperm actually the sperm do better at about two degrees Fahrenheit lower than our body temperature okay so if it's very cold outside we want to hold those those testes closer to the body if it's very warm outside they need to be further away from the body to ensure good temperature development remember temperature affects these chemical reactions okay so that would definitely be development and we'll talk more about temperature and this farm production as we move through the ledge okay so we look at the structure of the testes okay it reminds me of a grapefruit where you have these individual set done that are separating different structures on the inside and those structures on the inside are called the seminiferous tubules seminiferous tubules are what produce the spine okay and once the sperm are produced they're going to make their way up into the Reid testes from the Reid testes they put into the epididymis and from the epididymis into the vas deferens okay and they make their way around as we've shown earlier okay when we cut through these seven different it mules we noticed that since it's a tube you'll think so imagine a garden hose that we have wadded up coiled which is kind of wadded up so it's here in this kind of a structure when we cut that we're gonna give that if we do it correctly we'll end up with a nice little round okay perfect cuts through the tube okay and that's what we want to do in order to see sperm to know them okay we have lots of different tissues in here that I'm not that I don't think is that important that you know however a lot of it is found on both the male and the female we even have names for the inside the scrotum we have a top of tissue called Tunica vaginalis okay didn't I held the Chinni yeah things like that okay so we're going to find similar tissues with different functions within these two sexes okay so don't worry too much about this slide all right so here is the cross-section through a seminal first to you'll okay we're going to look at this in lab as well so get used to this kind of a look okay this circle is the circle through it here this is a picture of it so I'm drawing a circle around this one the inside of this circle is the seminarist in pill black wires over here we've got our senator first you'll going around like this you can catch the part of one hair get you another part of one over here I think there's one upgrade to top people okay so these are seminary students we've cut through it I'm going to go to a garden hose and we're going to go through the process of sperm development now two different things going on here inside of this tube they draw this eggs inside of that - this is sperm development outside of this - okay we've got some other tissues out here okay these are called the interstitial cells this is for hormone production okay these interstitial cells make a normal production for us specifically testosterone okay so inside of our 71st tubular we're going to see sperm being produced okay I've asked that question many times on a test put a picture on the microscope slide what is this produce that your sperm if you put it over here on the interstitial cells what does this produce the answer is testosterone okay so keeper then we'll let me say it this way the sperm are produced from the outside of our seminary stipules this is where the most immature cells are all the way around the outside and as we move toward the lumen they become more mature okay so we actually have stem cells on the outside that have to go through division to make something that we can send through those stem cells are constantly go through mitosis okay to make more and more cells that we can send through and explain wrong so we make like we said earlier the billion sperm per day okay so here we are looking inside of the seventy-first to be or not the inside were to be house I wasn't interested you'll excuse me and notice that all these coiled structures in between the different septum okay this is where sperm are going to be produced and we'll talk about that coming up 800 of these slender tightly coiled CIMMYT averse to fuels all running in between the sector okay so all in here okay they're what produced the sperm each testes has about a half a mile of these similar first two mules okay so both testes we've got a mile long length of seminiferous tubules for producing this brunt that's how we can produce half a billion sperm a day now again naps see in order okay and then once there is once they're produced they make their way into the structure called the testes okay and we'll talk about how that happens okay from the rate testes they go through a couple of little tips and lead to the epididymis that are called the de ferran up chills okay so inside with the seminiferous tubules were effectively sperm outside the in the sails were making testosterone those interstitial cells otherwise known as the cells of lady you can find it both ways and I'll accept either one they're the what's going to produce our androgen the hormones that are going to affect the male in that primary hormone for us is going to be testosterone if we remember that testosterone is produced by the cells of Lady and it has the effects that testosterone does you'll be in good shape okay testosterone is a steroid okay and with these interstitial cells the production of testosterone is based on the needs of the body nowadays we hear lots of commercials about low teeny low testosterone which don't take clinics out there where we increase the amount of testosterone for shots or other means to do this as individuals get over okay so with spermatogenesis this is the production of sperm I think a Genesis being birth and sperm sperm I'm Genesis the birth of a sperm okay it's going to go through process it begins upon the outer portion of our seminary studio and makes its way toward the lumen so for us that's gonna be we're going to start out here where the stem cells are okay these are where the stem cells are gonna draw a line through the middle of these these are stem cells and they're called the spermatogonia okay through mitosis we're gonna make a copy of these and they're gonna be found right here okay these have 46 chromosomes in them and if we go through mitosis we make a cell that has 46 chromosomes in it so our primary spermatocytes have 46 chromosomes then they go through meiosis and the first thing there's two stages to meiosis meiosis one says okay we're gonna make the cells that have 23 chromosomes so two cells that have 23 so we end up finding more cells in this area because we doubled the number of cells okay these have 23 chromosomes but they're replicated chromosomes those chromosomes have that eggs shape to them we want chromosomes that have the normal okay look like that so to do that we go through one more replication something called spermatids okay and from the two cells that we made here we're going to end up doubling that to make four cells in the spermatids and those spermatids further develop into the sperm okay so it says we got stem cells spermatogonia that's the first layer okay they're gonna divide it produced the next layer on the inside of that which would be called primary spermatocytes okay both of these two have 46 chromosomes in them okay the primary spermatocyte is the one that begins meiosis to form the secondary spermatocytes and when we do that we end up with cells that have 23 chromosomes in it okay but they're still replicated chromosomes so from there we take those secondary spermatocytes out of again and pull those x's apart and make the sperm intense okay we make for sperm attends from the one primary spermatocyte so that means we end up with four sperm from one cell the sperm are going to lose contact with their little sertoli cells that are there the sertoli cells are but nurse the cells that help produce and nourish our sperms are going through this process okay so the basilar compartment versus the luminal compartment so the lumen is the middle the basal portion is the outside okay so the very outside is where you find your stem cells the very inside is where you're gonna find your sperm and that reaches between the basal in the lumen is where we are producing the sperm okay now there's a difference between males and females and this happens very early in embryonic development okay in males okay we we have to we have an Y chromosome okay and there are these ducts called mullerian ducts the area ducks are what we find in the female they're going to form the uterine tubes in the uterus of the female we said that the default is female okay so if there's no input put in at all we're gonna do it this way okay we're gonna do it the mule areand dubbed way form a uterus form the uterine tubes and those abouts then kind of stuff okay so it takes a hormone for the male to change this okay so in the mail we have to produce a hormone called mu tellurian inhibiting factor and what we Larry and inhibiting factor does is it says okay we're not going to do it the Mew Larry in a way we're going to do it the male way we're not going to female way we're going to today away and to do it that way we got to get the testes to sit down into the scrotum so all that it'll be the Y chromosome remember the sex chromosomes there's a big eggs and there's a B D Y okay and that Y has just a few genes on it and one of those genes is this one that says okay got a producer be learning inhibiting factor if we don't produce enough okay then we don't get the ducks formed correctly and we we fail to have the testes drop down into the scrotum okay so there have been cases where we have had I used to teach hit UNC I taught her enemy course annuity which is all about human heredity talked about all of the different genetic disorders that we have calendar and things like that and case studies from some of the different publications that doctors will submit patients without their names and that kind of stuff too okay so with a cheerleader she came into the doctor's office she was 16 years old she was very thin small breasted and by 16 she had not started her mr. cycle okay so upon investigation both physical and I think they did a CT scan of it they found that she had a blind vagina meaning that the vagina was present but it was walled off into the body okay and inside okay they had undescended testes okay so this was a big big issue okay she had been female on her life she had a boyfriend she was a cheerleader okay so what do you tell and that was really what this was about was what you tailed a 16 year old cheerleader okay and I guess I should follow up with the testes inside the body okay are a precancerous condition that's why they they need to be cooler than that or they are in a precancerous condition so they have to come out so there was a lot of discussion about this and I'll be glad to talk to y'all about this on the zoom meeting or something like that that's very interesting different peoples different views about what should be said and what shouldn't be said okay okay so once we get the sperm thorned okay we know they go from the Ximena first eat meals where they are produced that's inside of these structures in here that make their way into the Reed testes for the retest he's through those little efferent drills into the epididymis where they're gonna be stored for a while okay so here's the epididymis it lays on the outside of the scrotum but it is attached to the scrotum okay and then from the tail of our epididymis Intimus turn into a vas deferens okay so the sperm that are produced in our seminarist tubules okay cannot fertilize no sign we have to go through some other parts of the reproductive system to make them functionally mature they physically look like a mature sperm at this point however we have to nourish them to store their transport them and make them functionally mature okay so when they leave the seminary's tubules they are functionally immature from there they go into the epididymis like I just showed you it's boiled and sitting on the outside of the testes it's about seven meters long okay it's like 21 feet on the outside of the testes okay but that epididymis has a head body and a tail and its job is to monitor and adjust the fluids that are going to be produced by the Scimitar first tubules so along with the sperm there's also fluid produced here if any of these sperm aren't damaged okay well there's something wrong with them we're going to recycle them okay and then the third one we're going to store them here and protect it while they go through this give them time to do this functional maturation process okay so once we leave the epididymis it says they are mature okay we have all their parts they look right but they're not mobile yet they're in immobile they're not able to swim yet they're not gonna start their swimmers here to become mobile you have to go through a process called capacitation incapacitation is a two-part process okay and I think about this like if you go to the races okay people at the races when you get out there they say start your engines drivers start your engines but we don't start our engines until they tell us to because we're gonna be burning gas right so it's the same thing with our sperm okay they're gonna become mobile when we're we're guaranteed they're going to be leaking in the body otherwise they don't need to be swimming they're inside the male body they do not need to be swimming so we're not going to do this until we're going to mix it with the secretions from our seminal vest but we mix them with the seminal vesicles creations we know they're going to leave the body because that's part of that each accusation system that we're going to talk about here a second okay so that's one step okay when we get to mix with the secretions of the seminal vesicles the second one is will be expose those sperm to the female reproductive tract and they become capable of reproduction okay so they're able to start their swimmers when they're mixed with the secretions on the seminal vesicles and they come functional when they're big secretions okay and this shows us where this is going to occur okay we've got a posterior view here of the black we look at the back side of it you notice we got the ureters coming in and here is our vas deferens coming in from here and from this side and they're gonna mix with the secretions from our scimitar first excuse me our seminal vesicles okay on both sides and that creates an ejector abduct here that mixes the sperm with the secretions from our simin Arsene seminal vesicles of it st. Simon differs tumors too much our seminal vesicles tanked and now we have the first stage capacitation if we're going to mix these together okay we know we're about to make the run out of the male body okay so when we join those together in the ejaculatory duct which is inside of the prostate gland okay then the first stage of capacitation has been completed okay and this shows you here the example of this picture okay both of the big glands here are three glands here's seminal vesicle here's the prostate gland here with the prosthetic carries over into the middle of it and then here is the bubble you threw it at these three are going to be what produces the semen okay so the vas deferens the ductus deferens the spermatic done to all those are the same thing can store the sperm for several months okay so inside this tube they can be stored for several months they're kind of in stasis they're kind of in a very low metabolic rate kind of suspended animation type thing well they're not consuming a lot of energy at all okay they're just kind of chilling just maintaining okay and then when we get ready to move them out they're gonna move it to be Jacqueline toward them when we move into the jacket or dr. Fromm this said this vas deferens okay daddy's like I said weren't capacitation is going to begin okay this ejaculatory duct penetrates the wall in the prostate gland and dumps into the urethra and then specifically would be the prostatic urethra is what is coming into okay now we're the urethra remember that the urethra is common in its usage by the urinary system in the male and the reproductive system got three parts to it prostatic urethra the membranous urethra and the spongy urethra remember it's about 1820 centimeters long okay and that extends from the bladder to the tip of the penis okay so the seminal fluid is going to be a mixture of our three glands our seminal vesicles and prostate glands and our blow your minds and again each one of these is a little bit different that's a distinct biochemical characteristics that each one possesses okay so these glands are going to number one activate the sperm start that capacitation start the swimmers ok well he makes the semen from the seminal vesicles with that of the sperm we're guaranteed we're gonna exit the body okay now I'll provide you this is also the ability to provide nutrients okay so this seminal fluid is high in nutrients that are essential for our sperm it's a fluid and we're going to do peristaltic contractions in this to make personalty contractions from the digestive system okay so we're going to do circular or squeeze and pull and that's going to build up the pressure and force the fluid along the reproductive tract okay and the last one says it's going to produce buffers that are going to counteract the acidity that the semen are going through the smarter my should say sperm unit semen are going to encounter when it reaches the female reproductive system because remember the female harbors the bacteria in the vaginal vault disagreed in the city because that helps maintain that as a boundary for bacteria viruses fungi and things like that from entering the body okay so seminal vesicles they produce the largest amount of the semen volume about 60% okay extremely active there what initiate the first stage incapacitation the fluid is produced here is slightly alkaline so that's going to help neutralize the acids that are in the prostate gland and in the vagina okay that first patient capacitation says we're gonna start the flagella beating okay so now they're swimming and they're going to be discharged into the ejaculatory duct when we start any peristaltic contractions occur okay and this whole process is controlled both with sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of our nervous system however the contractions occur in the second once the ejaculatory duct has been breached they were down into the prostate gland okay prostate gland is the next gland in a lion so we enter into here now we're in the prostatic urethra so we're going to see secretions of the prostate or the prostate gland again okay it's as finely as sitting your secretion forms anywhere from twenty to thirty percent of the semen volume also contains some antibiotics and things like this okay and it is what is ejected into that prostatic urethra on this thing so we're getting sixty percent or so you're in the that simplicity percent and then twenty to thirty here let's say so the remainder of that is left for our little guys down here with a bubble and okay okay we've got this third gland and we had to go through third parent yes glands we can see the bubble you through gland and then here a genital diaphragm bobaloo through gland is also known as Cowper's gland these are the smallest of the three semen producing glands that we've got little round shape we post them at the base of the penis between the prostate gland in the base of the penis and these secrete a very thick alkaline mucus and what this does is help to neutralize being alkaline it's going to help neutralize any acids that remain in the urethra as well as it's going to serve as a lubricant for the glans penis okay notice that the little ducks travel alongside the clan and they actually empty into the urethra lumen at the we would say at the beginning of the penile urethra or the spongy urethra okay so we've got all the glands taken care of now let's look at the structure of the penis okay from the three glands that we see here with the seminal vesicle okay tear glands behind the bladder then we see the prostate gland here and then we see the two little below urethral glands those are the three glands that make up our semen volume okay at this point we're ready to move into the Kampala Torre organ of the penis of the male the penis and when we look at this the penis is going to begin here and it has two different kinds of a reptile tissue inside of it we have this that is on the outside this is the corpora cavernosa and you can see that portion here it's what's going to become filled with blood through these central arteries we have all of these little sinuses out here that we can fill with blood and that's going to allow for the erection of the penis and then we have some other erectile tissue that's around the actual urethra itself we call this the Orbis spongy OSEM okay and notice that urethra is inside of this now this is able to become engorged with blood but it does so and remains pliable by remaining pliable it's going to allow for the secretion of all the semen through the - okay we're gonna allow we're not going to pinch the tube off because of the erection of the penis so it stays pliable allowing the flow of the semen through it okay so those are the two big tissue we have noticed there's quite a bit of blood flow here in the penis itself okay and let's look at some of the hormones that are involved in the male and we're going to see this picture again when we look at the female because like we said earlier we start out with the same kind of tissues okay so we're going to see that there's a hypothalamus okay and there is an anterior pituitary gland these are our glands that are going to secrete they have an endocrine function and they're going to secrete these hormones that are going to have they're going to target different parts of the body in order for things to occur okay what are we targeting well we're targeting in the male of the testes that is the organ for sperm production and for glandular secretions to get testosterone okay so we've got a hypothalamus it's going to release kanata talk with a releasing hormone that's your GnRH you can add a tropen releasing hormone and good natural releasing hormone targets the anterior pituitary gland okay anterior pituitary gland produces two hormones for us luteinizing hormone okay here with LH and then follicle stimulating hormone here okay and when I when I think about follicle okay we've looked at this in lab with the female the egg is inside the follicle so really the same thing here except we're not making eggs we're making sperm so the target is the seminiferous tubules and one of the seminary's tubules do they help us to produce the sperm okay so this is going to be about sperm production here okay stimulate spermatogenesis and spermatogenesis spermatogenesis is the production of the spinal spur neo Genesis is the maturation making them functional immature okay so this targets the seminarist tubules the other type of tissue inside the testes that is important is the interstitial cells that secrete testosterone and we know testosterone is inside the bloodstream it's floating all around the body and it has different effects it affects our central nervous system lead affects the bones the muscles it establishes secondary sexual characteristics in the male that we'll talk about and it also maintains the accessory glands and organs via the semen production and things like that okay so notice that there's feedback here okay we've got the hypothalamus being able to give negative feedback here okay and likewise okay we have the ability okay follicle stimulating hormone okay and the hypothalamus came back this way so okay as we said we've got a big gland that's gonna release two hormones and that is follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone and these are released because of what's going on in the hypothalamus with the release of cannabic of the releasing now the way it is released it's released in pulses okay you get a secretion impulses at about sixty to ninety minute intervals so it's the pulse of this that really is going to help with what's going on with bottle okay so it says our follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary gland okay because of Gennady trope and releasing hormone we're going to control this and from this we get to control testosterone release okay and this is all about luteinizing hormone here okay so luteinizing hormone targets testosterone follicle stimulating hormone targets the semen difference tubules and what are we doing the cemetery's tubules sperm production okay so follicle stimulating hormone I just said the target cells for the seminarist tubules they're going to help reduce spermatogenesis the production of sperm and sperm you Genesis the development of the sperm okay there is a negative feedback that we get with spermatogenesis so when we have enough sperm cells we don't need to keep making more and more sperm cells we have a negative feedback in that hormone that does that is called a given okay and what in Hindman inhibin does is inhibit follicle stimulating production so if we release hidden it's going to do negative feedback to the anterior pituitary and say okay stop releasing as much follicle stimulating hormone we've got plenty of sperm okay so if we have elevated follicle stimulating hormone levels okay that's gonna allow us to produce more sperm okay so that we can then return it back to normal if the Followill stimulating hormone declines okay we can start producing more of the follicle stimulating hormone luteinizing hormone over here on this side luteinizing hormone is all about testosterone production okay secrete testosterone testosterone is our androgen okay with many talked about these briefly help stimulate more sperm production affects the central nervous is so this is where the male libido the sex drive comes from it stimulates metabolism okay we see protein synthesis cell blood cell formation and muscle growth so we do know that this testosterone is a steroid and this is what these big bodybuilders and people that are taking steroids are trying to get at okay we're athletes um that okay this can help us out a lot doing athletic things like that it also initiates the secondary sexual characteristics we start seeing distribution of body hair changes in the muscle and their bone density okay and where that had the post issues gonna live okay so once puberty happens now suddenly hair starts growing on the body muscle mass density goes up skeletal bone density goes how to post deposits change we lose the baby fat we say that kind of stuff and then lastly the maintenance of the secondary accessory glands and organs things like that okay so testosterone it's interesting that we see it actually begin production at around the seventh week of fetal development so very early and again this is due to that Y chromosome that the male has if we're doing a prenatal examination we're gonna see at peak at about six months and that's gonna have that Eulerian inhibiting factor help released and what that does we see it leads to the regression of the malaria nuts we're not going to do it the female way we're saying okay we're gonna inhibit the female I like to say the plumbing system we're gonna plumb it for the male okay and what this early surge does here okay is stimulating okay we're going to inhibit this we're going to do it the mail system way okay and to do that we need to program the central nervous system based on how things are going to be released there is the link of the hypothalamus we just looked at in the brain so we need to program it so that we're going to be releasing hormones through the same ones but the way they're released is going to be different okay and that's going to help us control testosterone ultimately because we're controlling can addict open releasing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone luteinizing hormone okay that testosterone is going to control the behaviors and the sex drive in the mail as well okay and this last slide I wanted to show you one more time this spermatogenesis and this is our seminal festival that we're looking at from the outer portion toward the lumen it's going to go this direction okay the process moves this way so we start out with a stem cell called the spermatogonia okay and what that stem cell does is make a copy of itself okay so through mitosis this has 46 chromosomes in it okay it says the two in the diploid number is 46 meeting I got 23 chromosomes for my mom and I got 23 chromosomes from my dad so I have 23 pairs of chromosomes okay because I get one chromosome from each parent for these so we just like a copy of it and this is our copy okay it's our daughter cell if this is what we're going to use as our primary spermatocyte okay it's a copy of the stem cell so it has 46 chromosomes in it notice it has two in meaning we've got 46 chromosomes because that's our diploid number for 2 times 23 in is 23 so look at all these colors that it has inside of our little circle here this is showing the genetic diversity 54 because his organism possesses okay we've got all of this these genetics from her mom and dad okay so what we're gonna do in meiosis is we're gonna go from 46 chromosomes okay and these are replicated chromosomes so they look like X is right so we're gonna go from 46 chromosomes we're gonna go to a cell that has 23 chromosomes here and a cell that has 23 chromosomes here now the problem is they still are in the x's we're just going to pull the x is apart from one another okay so one of them goes toward the making of on sale the other one goes to the making of the other cell and we don't know whether we're getting if that cells going to give the mom chromosome or the day and chromosome okay so notice when we get to this stage here which is called the secondary spermatocytes we've lost some the genetics here okay this one took Miranda and the boiler and this one took the yellow and the green for all this right okay so we gotta split because we've got these replicated chromosomes here so all we get is pull this apart remember how we did it in mitosis we're gonna add all these up we're going to separate it this way with this part of the chromosome goes this way this chromosome goes this way and now we end up with four cells down here at the bottom each a little bit less this chromosome or this firm is different from this firm that's different from this firm that's different from this firm in its genetics okay so we get forward different sperm being produced this is spermatogenesis that's going from a round cell to the actual functional sperm cell okay but we've lost some of the genetics here and this is why okay we see offspring look quite different along the time okay we get the same thing happening in the female okay with this reduction in the amount of genetic material okay so let's say this sperm just once a carry is what's used for fertilization we're not gonna have the genetics okay that we see these because it's a little bit different and that's why we all look quite different we're all individually different unless we're identical to us and then I will look at the female reproductive system