Lecture Notes on Formation of Immune Cells

Hematopoiesis

• Hematopoiesis means the development of red and white blood cells.
• This process begins with a multipotent hematopoietic stem cell.
• Hematopoietic stem cells have the ability to divide.

Stem Cells

• Stem cells have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cell types.
• By differentiating into specific cells, they acquire their identity.
• It is important to maintain the function of stem cells.

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

• These are special types of stem cells.
• Various types of blood cells are formed from hematopoietic stem cells, such as:
  • Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
  • White Blood Cells (WBCs)
  • Platelets

Lymphoid Organs

• Lymphoid organs are collections of specialized tissues.
• They are necessary for the formation and activation of immune cells.
• Two types of lymphoid organs:
  • Primary
  • Secondary

Structure of Immune Cells

• Immune cells are primarily white blood cells.
• Various categories of white blood cells:
  • Neutrophils
  • Monocytes
  • Lymphocytes

Characteristics of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

• They are generally found in the bone marrow.
• Their number decreases with age.
• They become active upon pathogen invasion.

Experiences and Experiments

• In the lethal dose of X-ray experiments, it was observed that the hematopoietic stem cell system was destroyed.
• The system can be restored through bone marrow transplantation.

Importance of Genes

• Various transcription regulators of genes play an important role in the formation of immune cells.
• Examples:
  • GATA-2, Bmi-1, PU.1

Conclusion

• The presence of hematopoietic stem cells is essential for the functioning of the immune system.
• It is important to understand the various categories of immune cells and their functions.

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