Lecture Notes: Achilles in Greek Mythology

Introduction

• Achilles: Central figure in Greek mythology, renowned warrior.
• Associated with the Trojan War.
• Son of Peleus (King of the Myrmidons) and Thetis (sea nymph).

Key Mythological Elements

• Achilles' Heel: Term originates from Achilles’ only vulnerability, his heel, due to being dipped into the River Styx by his mother, Thetis.
• Invulnerability: Except at the heel, a prophecy stated the Greeks could not win the Trojan War without him.

Role in the Trojan War

• Heroic Status: Most successful Greek soldier during the war.
• Conflict with Agamemnon: Dispute over his war prize, Briseis, leading to Achilles' temporary withdrawal from fighting.
• Death of Achilles: Killed by Paris, prince of Troy, with an arrow guided by Apollo.
• Patroclus: Close companion, sometimes considered a lover; his death at the hands of Hector prompts Achilles’ return to battle.

Cultural and Literary Impact

• Featured prominently in Homer's Iliad and mentioned in the Odyssey.
• Revered as a symbol of strength and bravery but also known for his singular vulnerability.

Additional Myths and Details

• Childhood on Scyros: Hidden by his mother on the island of Scyros disguised as a girl to avoid the war prophecy.
• New Armor from Hephaestus: After reconciling with Agamemnon, Achilles receives new armor from the god Hephaestus.
• Killing of Hector: After Patroclus’ death, Achilles kills Hector in revenge.

Significance and Legacy

• Achilles Tendon: Named after this legendary warrior, reflecting his mythological significance.
• Trojan War: Central to Greek mythology, involving complex interactions between numerous gods and heroes.

Related Topics

• Trojan Horse: An integral part of the Greek victory strategy.
• Paris and Helen: Their elopement is the catalyst for the Trojan War.

Conclusion

Achilles remains a pivotal figure in Greek mythology, representing both the might of Greek warriors and the inevitable tragic flaw, encapsulated in the term "Achilles' heel." His narrative intertwines with the broader saga of the Trojan War, influencing both ancient and modern interpretations of heroism and vulnerability.