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Essential Physics Equations for IHCC 2023

May 8, 2024

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Summary of IHCC Physics Equations for Board Exams 2023

This lecture provided a comprehensive overview of the essential physics equations required for IHCC board exams in 2023, with a special focus on the newly added space physics section. Key areas covered include motion, forces and pressure, energy conservation, electricity and magnetism, nuclear physics, and space physics.

Motion

  • Velocity:

    • Displacement (vector) / Time
    • Speed: Distance (scalar) / Time
    • Average Velocity: Total displacement / Total time
    • Average Speed: Total distance / Total time
    • Acceleration (a): (V - U) / T
      • Acceleration is the derivative of velocity with respect to time and the second derivative of displacement with respect to time.

  • Further Key Equations:

    • Force (F) = Mass (m) x Acceleration (a)
    • Weight (W) = Mass (m) x Gravity (g)
    • On Earth, g = 9.81 m/s², and gravitational field strength = 9.81 N/kg.

  • SUVAT Equations (For A Level Preparation):

    • S: Displacement
    • U: Initial Velocity
    • V: Final Velocity
    • A: Acceleration
    • T: Time

Density, Forces, and Pressure

  • Density (ρ): Mass / Volume, measured in kg/m³.

  • Pressure: Force / Area, measured in N/m² or Pascal (Pa).

    • In fluids, Pressure = ρgh (ρ = density, g = gravity, h = height).

  • Hooke’s Law:

    • Force = Spring constant (k) x Extension (Δx)

  • Moment of Force: Perpendicular distance x Force applied, measured in Newton-meters.

Momentum and Its Conservation

  • Momentum (p): Mass x Velocity, measured in kg.m/s.
  • Conservation principles:
    • In an isolated system (no external forces), momentum is conserved.
    • Impulse (Ft = Δp): Change in momentum, measured in Newton-seconds.

Energy

  • Types of Energy:
    • Kinetic Energy (KE): ½mv²
    • Potential Energy (PE), including:
      • Gravitational: mgh
      • Elastic: ½kΔx²
  • Work Done: Force x Distance

Thermodynamics

  • Specific Heat Capacity (c): Energy required to raise the temperature of unit mass by 1 degree Celsius or Kelvin.
  • Latent Heat (L): Energy needed for phase change per unit mass.

Waves and Light

  • Basic Wave Equation: v = fλ (v = velocity, f = frequency, λ = wavelength)
  • Reflection and Refraction:
    • Law of Reflection: θi = θr
    • Snell’s Law: n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂ (n = refractive index)

Electricity and Magnetism

  • Ohm’s Law: Voltage = Current x Resistance

  • Power: Current x Voltage

  • Energy: Power x Time

  • Transformer Principles:

    • Step-up increases voltage, reduces current.
    • Step-down does the opposite.

Nuclear Physics

  • Decay Processes:
    • Alpha Decay: Reduces mass by 4 and atomic number by 2.
    • Beta Decay: Converts a neutron to a proton, increasing the atomic number by 1.
    • Gamma Decay: Releases energy from excited states without changing the atomic number.

Space Physics (New Addition)

  • Orbital Mechanics:
    • Average orbital speed = 2πr / T
    • Hubble’s Law: H₀ = Velocity of galaxy / Distance to galaxy

This recap not only covered the foundational concepts such as forces, motion, and energy but it also provided insights into advanced topics to better prepare students for upcoming examinations.

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