foreign this is the second part of the three-part series that I'm creating on the um depth study on Germany from 1980 to 1945 for the CIA igcc history course so the first video we covered the first key question which is for the bomb Republican whether it was doomed so far from the start the second key question is going to be a little bit longer it covers the same time period roughly but instead focuses on events that are happening parallel to the events which we discussed in the last video and that is um the Nazi rise to pass this topic is going to track the origins and the founding of the Nazi party from Hitler's joining of the party in the early 1920s and trace it up until the eventual takeover of Germany by Hitler in 1933 and then finally his consolidation of power um in 1934 okay so the topic ends up being quite long because each of these three parts of the topic are areas which you could get quite a wide range of questions surrounding um even for that very first topic both of the Nazi party into life 23 you can get obviously a range of four and six Mark questions but you can even occasionally get some 10 more questions on events like the Munich put um the bulk of the topic however tends to be about the second and third topics which are how he eventually becomes Chancellor by 1933 and then lastly um how he consolidates his power by 1934 however as I said all three of these topics are potential examination questions uh which you could get a wide range of questions um within your exams as well so um let's get straight in basically and we'll see how long this video basically goes on for so this topic basically begins with Hitler's early life and his career now I will say you're unlikely to get a question specifically about this however there are a few aspects and details of his early life that I think are important for you to understand um because they help to inform and explain um events that take place later on and why certain things happen so the first thing is as you guys must be aware of um Hitler is not of course born in Germany he's born in a small town in Austria on the borders of Germany and Austria um and it's been it's not from a particularly wealthy or poor family either so it's some sort of lower middle class family his dad was basically a civil servant like a low-level clerk he has some savings tucked away um but they're not doing brilliantly they're living sort of very simple um small town life now both of his parents die when he's still young which obviously has an effect on him later on in his life um and when he bait when his parents at the same time as at the same time as that he is throughout his childhood someone who struggles academically so his parents die he leaves um his town of Brownell he goes to Vienna he tries to become an artist which is basically his passion his main skill and talent however when he goes to Vienna he's unable to get into art school because his particular art style I mentioned this I think at the end of the last video and we discussed Weimar art it just wasn't particularly popular at that stage of time he was mainly somebody who enjoyed drawing sort of buildings and Landscapes whereas um art was sort of starting to push his boundaries a lot more and basically taking lots of additional meanings and you know focusing on um you know human paintings and things like that I'm not a particular expert that's my kind of rude Adventure understanding of it when he goes to Vienna he's unable to get into art school he therefore becomes homeless and he spends several years basically either sleeping rough on the streets or having to gather a few um well any sort of like coins he can to basically sleep in a hostel overnight and get by for a couple of days um does that for a few years and then in 1913 he then moves to Munich and it's in Munich in Germany where the foot where he's he's in Munich in Germany when the first world war breaks out which means that when the first world war breaks out he joins the German Army in the first world war now while he's in the Army and the first world war he gets awarded an iron cross for bravery um and he was from what we understand a fairly effective Soldier so he's very quickly promoted to um to a Corporal ways in the Army um and so yeah he basically has a pretty good time um given that he had previously been homeless and had sort of been struggling um this is really the first time his life where he's basically got a real purpose something to kind of fight for really um try to work towards um and so when the first world war comes to an end ethereum from the last of it from the last video we talked about how a lot of right-wing nationalists and soldiers were really upset with the nature of the first world war and so Hitler is one of these many right-wing nationalists who when he finds out about Hitler about Jamie's friend at the end of the first world war is genuinely Furious and then to add insult to injury of course of the Treaty of Versailles which again we mentioned last video many Germans were really angry and upset about and he's one of these individuals not in your particularly special um just one of this large group of as I say right-wing nationalists who are really angry at the end of the first world war and believe that some sort of conspiracy had taken place when he comes back from the first world war before he left for the war he wasn't doing anything particularly um important or interesting in his life so when he comes back um he doesn't have anything to go back to and so instead he works as a spy on local political activists after the first world war the Army had basically um recruited several ex-olders to do this who are basically unemployed after the Treaty of Versailles reduced the size of the army um and he's one of these individuals and so as a consequence of this work he ends up attending meetings of a small group called the German Workers Party the DAP now again I mentioned this at the start of last video but towards the beginning of the last video that after the first world war Germany had a very large range and wide variety of political parties who are operating who for a variety of reasons um had issues with the nature of the new environment Republic either first of right-wing nationalist reasons or sort of left-leaning Socialist Communist reasons um and so the DAP the gem workers path is a really small party that literally has a few dozen individuals attending small little meetings at the back of um beer Pub beer halls and pubs in Bavaria and Germany in Munich um and he basically attends it and he tends these meetings to kind of watch what they're doing and hold back to the Army when he attended these meetings he finds that he's actually quite interested and attracted by the things which he's hearing at these meetings um so he starts attending these meetings as a spy in February of 1919 but then by September 1919 he then joins the party um and yeah because a full-fledged member now the key thing to note here is therefore that the Nazi party or his original Incarnation is not created by Hitler it's created by a person called Anton Drexler um and so in terms of what the DAP basically was at this point in time um they were effectively a a German sorry right-wing nationalist party with a slight twist as you can tell from the name Workers Party it had some slight socialist inclinations I'll touch upon a little bit more detail in a moment um the main idea in the main ideas in terms of their core beliefs like other writing nationalist parties you have the same range of common beliefs and principles number one that the violent politicians overthrew the Kaiser um and basically accepted the Versailles were traitors um and were therefore subjects of hate they also hated democracy because they believed it to be a weak system that they had made Germany weak and sort of what compared to it was like before the first world war um and lastly a very common staple of right-wing nationalist thought and belief um is that they also hated the Jews for a variety of reasons once again but one of them being that they believe that the Jews were part of this Global this um this Grand conspiracy to try and undermine Germany um and so yeah these sort of three common threads that tended to tended to flow through all of the right-winning Nationalist parties generally speaking but then the Nazi party in 1920 comes up with this essentially Manifesto called the 25 Point program okay it's released in February 1920 and so the 25 Point program really gives us an idea what the Nazi party is in its early years and when it's initially founded or what the DAP rather was and essentially um what you get is a mixture of two types of ideas on the one hand you have nationalist policies and print and ideas and on the other hand you have socialist ideas and this is where we get the name of the party the National Socialist German Workers Party now a lot of you will often well I thought that's already and will know that these two ideas nationalism socialism on a really simple political Spectrum you tend to think of them as being on opposite ends of the spectrum so Celsius on the left and the nationalists are on the right hand side and so that's therefore contradictory and the truth is it is somewhat contradictory and even more so when we look at some of the other beliefs which the Nazis had here in particular had but they had these two beliefs on the one hand they were nationalists okay that meant specifically and if you look at the 25 Point program which they released they're the following policies that could seem to be nationalist they first of all believed um that all Germans that's the type of the other slide um all Germans should be part of a greater Germany so Germany after the first world war had lost territories um some of which had within it german-speaking peoples and that Germany had to expand to include within it all territories that had within it German speakers um they also believed in expanding the size of this Germany just to cap to have colonies and create an empire in particular in Eastern Europe within this this would then exclude other racial groups from the German Nation okay so for example including people like Jewish Jews and also Slavic peoples when they eventually intended to conquer Eastern Europe the Slavs or a population that you found in large Parts Eastern black Poland and Russia for example lastly they wanted to create a strong central government led by an all-powerful dictator again so no more democracy no more sort of weak um Weimar Germany essentially now on the flip side they were also genuinely in some ways a Socialist Party okay so if you look at the 25 Point program it had a couple of Clauses and they were very socialist if you listen to them if you look at them so number one they believe that the state had a primary duty to promote work for its citizens basically making sure that every single person's in work and ensure that everybody had a good livelihood and could essentially subsist and look after themselves they also believe that increased State control over the economy which again if you go across something of socialism that's basically a pretty socialist principle and that also included extended to the nationalization of some industry so again a staple really Common Core principle of socialist ideas so they genuinely were a mix of both of these two things despite this feeling that those two things are somewhat contradictory they don't necessarily have to be they just thought of being on the traditional political Spectrum um so the couple week program by February 1920 um by 1920 but really what helps the Nazi party grow is the membership of Adolf Hitler who was a very charismatic individual now on the one hand if you look at his background he's not the kind of person you would expect to be able to ascend um the political ladder and become the leader of a major country however he has the one gift or trait that you genuinely need to you genuinely need to have if you want to be a successful politician and that is bags and bags of Charisma so he was genuinely really passionate speaker um and he was able to communicate his ideas in a really clear and effective way so if you've ever seen the videos of Hitler you'll notice that he has those really crazy hand gestures and movements and you know the things above his head and all that kind of you know quite comical clownish Behavior but actually that was a big part of his appeal and the Hand dishes were not random not something which he did off the cuff he tended to actually rehearse those um physical gestures so you might actually find there's these the famous photo shoot of Hitler way sort of like a studio black screen and he's sort of posing any sort of weird ways um which is sort of like a propaganda effort but again that's something he tended to do he tends to go to location he's going to speak and it's practices speeches make the hand gestures and he was very deliberate about it he was also in terms of speaking star really clear and very simple as well so he wasn't explaining really complex ideas and processes and economics and whatnot he tended to have just very simple messages in particular they often were quite negative and targeted um Germany's enemies so he'd often focus on this break the same common theme so the November criminals EG the politicians who betrayed Germany in the first world war Communists Jews all these different people who Hitler believed were involved in this great conspiracy against Germany and so as a consequence of Hitler's Charisma in speeches the Nazis are able to gain or pick up 3 000 members by the end of 1920 and therefore they've now got a real political party essentially now as opposed to just a bunch of old men meeting in a back of a beer hall um the party therefore needed greater organization um and so you start to see this again over the next few years so by 20 by 1923 the Nazi party has become a significant political force specifically in Bavaria okay across the rest of Germany the Nazis would not have been a particularly well-known or prominent political party but in Bavaria specifically they had become quite well known and quite prominent there's a few kind of reasons why this happens in a few aspects of this so the first thing is that the Nazis again just illustrate how much they had grown were able to um create their own newspaper and the people's Observer um as sorry they bought the people's Observer and which then which had a circulation of 17 000 copies and they also created their own paper later on called the sturma um so the night party now has two newspapers that are in circulation across Bavaria with relatively wide readership um Hitler also by 1921 because of his ascendancy in the party forces Drexler to surrender control the party um in 1921 he forces a leadership contest which he wins and basically unseats Trexler as a consequence because ultimately he was the future of the party not Drexler um and when he does that he then starts to bring in several powerful individuals and allies into the party who are quite helpful and useful um when it comes to again expanding the popularity the reach the organization of the party so if you could have big individuals who come into the party first of all have a guy called Hermann Goering ends up being a very prominent figure the Nazi party up until the end of the second world war um who's sort of from a very wealthy aristocratic background but had famously been a first world war fighter pilot towards the end of all the action brought in planes that were able to fight um it was actually quite a decorated um fighter as well um you then get a man called Ernst Rome coming in remember that name he's a really important and very very important individual um um and he's basically a very popular ex-army officer who again is very popular amongst ex-soldiers um and he later on becomes leader of the essay as a consequence um and then crucially and very important in terms of the early development of velocity the early development of the Nazi party is that he becomes friends with a person called General ludendorff um and so Jerry ludendorf if you know your first world war history was the head of the German Army in the first world war that's why the big push that the German Army makes at the end of the first world war is called the ludendorf offensive so this is a very significant and Senior figure within um within Germany and so to gain his friendship is a massive victory for Hitler um or as a big boost of the party and he'll play a key role in the Munich Puch um in 1923 lastly as a reflection of all of this the Nazis now have 50 000 members and as a consequence are regularly hosting these large-scale rallies and events and meetings that are being attended on a regular basis by thousands of people and so by 23 the nuts is now becoming a genuine political force in Bavaria um and are known by most people in the city of Munich for example in addition binary 23 by 1923 the Nazis also have their own private militia Army called the sa okay um the stem a terrible German pronunciation like ignore it but we're going to call them just the essay um also a nickname sometimes the brown shirts due to their uniforms so the essay of the brown shirts because the Brown uniforms um the SS later on um are referred to sometimes locally as the black shirts because they wear black uniforms um and so uh it's a Rome we've already mentioned is put in charge of the essay again do not forget that it's really important detail um now it's worth mentioning that and again it was the last video already that this is not a unique phenomenon in German politics because of the nature of how violent and unstable Germany is in the early 1920s um most or many other political parties also have their own private Army so the SPD has theirs the Communists have theirs and so um they're generally always use the same range of purposes so the main purpose is to provide private security for your own events okay make sure that no disruption takes place and no issues whatever but an essay unlike the other private armies are also much more active in disrupting the meetings of other parties and opposition meetings basically um and as a consequence the essay had a reputation for causing trouble and being quite wild and thuggish in their behavior because a lot of what they did do was intimidate attack other parties and meetings start trouble Etc um so by 23 you now have the sa um picking up or having membership that runs into the runs into the thousands and they also had access to a hidden store of weapons as well so as a consequence of these two things the growth of the Nazi party organization and additionally um the popularity along with the growth of the sa this now means that by 1923 Hitler finds himself in a position to try and make a bid for power in Germany which takes us to the Munich Puch so by the end of 1923 Hitler decides to overflow Obama to try to overthrow the Weimar Republic in an armed Revolt which ultimately is unsuccessful now you can get a wide range and questions a wide range of questions about the Munich put so you can get questions about what happened events of the Munich put as well as reasons why it took place reasons why it failed consequences and outcomes as well as just 10 Mark questions on again outcomes or things like that so in terms of why it happened I think the easiest way to think about it is by dividing things up into long-term reasons and then short-term reasons or mediums short-term reasons so if you have to get a question about this the first thing which you can talk about in terms of why Hitler tried to do this is very simply that long list of grievances which we've talked about in previous in the previous video that right-wing nationalists had with the Weimar government okay so there was a longest of grievances which we talked about building up between 1823 so the Treaty of Versailles the instability in Germany economic struggles Etc and this meant that right-wing nationalists like the nsdap the Nazis had become quite popular so as a consequence we're in a position to attempt to try and overthrow the German government um that is number one number two as a consequence this also included leaders of the Bavarian state government okay um and so the Bavarian State goes so this is where I'll talk about it in modita later on um but the leaders of Bavaria were also this sort of right-wing nationalists who were unhappy with the rule the nature of the Bible Republic's rule in Germany which you're going to mention last lesson many nationalists opposed the Weimar Republic um and Hitler believed that because they too like him or they like him just despise Weimar he believed that he could get the vime the Bavarian government on site to support an overthrow attempt against the German government there's a really crucial detail so Hitler thinks he'll be successful and you'll see later on when we look at the details although the music which might seem bizarre how he's effectively trying to force these politicians to back his pitch his reason for thinking that will work is because he knows these individuals already dislike and despise the Weimar government and therefore he thinks they'll come on side with a bit of a with a bit of coercion to kind of to convince him that he's the person to lead that revolt so these are sort of your um your first long-term causing your sort of consequences that the Bavarian government can be brought inside and the final thing we should talk about is that the context of the Munich put are the crises of 1923 so Hitler is again convinced to pull off or to attempt this coup at 23 and things will be successful because this is a real moment of weakness for the German government okay on the you first of all have the raw um invasion of the issues which that brings about followed up by the hyperinflation crisis and so Germans are bitterly aggrieved Weimar is weak and so Hitler genuinely believes this is the right time to exploit those feelings and really make a push and he thinks genuinely he will be successful there are some other factors you can look into in terms of what he was inspired by I would have not really going to because it's a bit complex but um if you know if you want to look into it he was essentially trying to emulate a plan by Mussolini which he used to take over Italy um not long before not long before that so in terms of the events of the push this can be a relatively confusing event so I'll try to keep things relatively simple because ultimately the most you'll get in terms of the events as a format question but you just need to know some of the other details in terms of why it fails um so the Munich push begins in the evening of the 8th of November 1923 where there are Bavarian these Bavarian officials the leaders of the barrier for the Bavarian government meeting in a beer hall addressing the leaders of other right-wing political parties now the three individuals here involved are a man called um vonkar who's the leader of the varying government itself you have a bad call of onciser who's the head of the police and then a guy called Von lasso who is the head of the Bavarian Army so you've got the head of the government the head of the police and the Army Chief add to their main name to remember his car if you can't remember all three don't worry about it but I say just right over the name Carl um please read the main player involved in this and so Hitler is able to gain the support of General General ludendorff we've already discussed before and as a Nazi supporter now and convinces him to support his his plans over the German government um and you know restore the tutorial authoritarian rule um so he enters this beer hall um while this event is going on he enters it with some of his essay um guards with who all armed with machine guns um and he takes over the beer hall by force um and he then takes the three leaders of the Bavarian um government hostage at gunpoint and he then makes them support his Revolution to try and overfill the German government by sort of starting Revolt from Bavaria now obviously being forced with this at gunpoint the three men then agree to support Hitler's plan but it's basically forced that thing that I talked about earlier about Hitler thinking that it actually would generally back it because of their own despite this lack of Weimar um they're not they just they're forced to do it at the same time the rest of the essay under Rome um March over to the police and army headquarters in Munich and take over those two locations and the idea being that with the government now on side in Bavaria and the Army hqn police HQ under um sa control Nazi control the next day the Nazis would march on Berlin um in an event modeled on as I say Muslims march on Rome when he tries to take money took over Italy um in the early 1920s um however this plan does not immediately go to plan either so although they capture the main Army HQ and the police headquarters the main army barracks in Munich um resists the sa assault and it stays in government in government in the government's hands now most um worryingly and most romantically is that um in the evening of the of the put ludendorff is convinced by the leaders of the Bavarian government to let them go and go home basically they convicted and off that they're trustworthy they are fully on board with this plan and he can basically release them and they won't do anything um strange or betray the Nazis um they of course instantly betray Hitler they immediately call the government um in Berliner for what's going on and they order the Army in Bavaria interaction to try and put down the Rebellion and so almost immediately that night the push goes wrong and it's basically on life support however by the morning despite that massive setback Hitler decides he still wants to go ahead and with the plan revolt and the March which he which he had planned to try and basically the march on on Berlin um his rationale was that we're really popular if we go to the streets we've been um attracting these rallies of thousands and thousands of people people are extremely upset with the government and so they will come out into the streets and support us okay so he goes ahead with the plan despite the initial problems that are taking place um hoping that people will come out to support him and they can still proceed with their march on Berlin um and I've heard the government when he gets to the square in Munich or to to City Square um Hitler is is met by the state police and the army who then um opened fire on the Nazis and the essay and Scatter their March in this scuffle Hitler is basis of I think has his arm dislocated a couple others are shot and the rest of them basically flee before eventually being captured and arrested by the police in the days afterwards so Hitler any of the leaders are eventually captured and arrested within a few days and that brings the Munich puts to an end uh but it's basically unsuccessful as a consequence so if we look at those events why does the Munich push fail there's a few reasons the first thing is that the Munich perch clearly had very poor organization so the first example of this is the fact that ludendorff releases the Bavarian leaders um despite the fact that they were being held hostage trying to try and make them support the Munich put so had to release them things could have gone a little bit differently potentially the second issue is of course as already mentioned part of the plan was that the essay had to capture these key locations across Munich they had failed to capture the main army barracks and that therefore meant that again the plan was on Live support from the very beginning so the first reason is poor organization they released the and the Very leaders and the essay can't capture the main army barracks second reason is is that Hitler underestimated the loyalty to Weimar of the Bavarian politicians um and as before said beforehand it was not unreasonable to think that they could be brought on side okay um there was even from what we understand genuine plans being floated by these three individuals of potentially overthrowing Weimar before Hitler even came up with this idea um so also they were actively thinking about anyway so this was a genuine possibility but in the end they decided to stay a little too Weimar um and therefore that means that the the push fails as a result the final reason is is that Hitler clearly overestimated the support which he thought he was going to get basically he was drinking the Kool-Aid um so he genuinely thoughts himself having watched himself you know deliver these speeches at these massive rallies with thousands and thousands of cheering supporters and adulation and you know everything else he genuinely believed um that the people would come out and support him and it's generally true the Nazis is genuinely true that the Nazis had grown in popularity over the course of the early 1920s however nowhere near enough to gain the sufficient popular support required for their revolt and so for these three reasons the put ultimately fails now I've seen in the past 10 Mark questions about the consequences of the Munich put and in particular you get questions sometimes about the extent that was a failure which may seem like a bizarre question his aim is to overthrow the German government by force he fails and in fact he goes to prison as mission in a moment however there is a way which you could argue that in the long term the Munich put is to some extent is a success or at least has benefits for the Nazis so the obvious reasons for failure if you get this question is that or the weight which is a failure is first of all the push fails um and that's obviously a significant setback for Hitler's attempts to try and take over Germany um that's number one the second thing you can obviously say is that um not only does the push fail um but Hitler ends up being sentenced to five years in prison and the Nazi party the nsdap is also banned as a result so he's now as far away from his ultimate aims as he could possibly be on the flip side however there are some there's some positive consequences that emerge from the Munich put so the first positive is that it leads to the Nazis making a strategic decision to switch away from attempting to overthrow the um German government by force and instead to try and use Democratic methods um to take power instead by building a party with Nationwide support this is a success because eventually this will work so it's obviously what convinces Hitler to adopt the strategy which eventually works the second thing is um the trial of Hitler and the Nazis ends up making the Nazi party significantly more popular and gives them a national profile for the first time so up until the Munich pitch Hitler Hitler the Nazis have become relevant and popular but only within Bavaria which is a large region but it's only one region in Germany the trial of um when Hitler goes in trial and the rest of the Nazi leaders this gives him a lot of national publicity he gives quite a few powerful speeches in the courtroom where you know he gives his right-wing nationalist message and for some people it's a really popular message not least because it's still the year of 23 when all these different crises um that the government's still recovering from there's a consequence the Nazis despite being banned in 1924 contest elections under a different title but it's essentially the Nazi party but with a different name to kind of escape the band that they've basically put under and the Nazis gained 32 seats in their very first election despite Hitler being in prison because the trial of the Nazis because of the put gave them publicity so it failed in the short term but long term made them nationally relevant lastly you could also argue that it basically gives Hitler the time of the space to sit down and refine his ideas and he does this by writing or let's say rather reciting um his book Mein Camp um which basically allows them to say further refine his political ideas which also then when he releases it helps the Nazis to further publicize their beliefs so if you get those that's a mark question it may seem quite tricky but there are these genuine I think quite straightforward points you can make for and against the Munich put having possible negative consequences to the Nazis now what happens to the nurses after the SEC after after Hitler emerges from prison so as I said when he's in prison um he writes his book as old brother has it written by one of his allies who's with him in prison um he writes or creates his book mind camp and within minecamp you start to get Hitler reiterating and expanding further on some of the ideas that he had obviously been pushing in the early years of the Nazi party so in particular a lot of the racial issues so he really kind of fleshes out in more detail his belief and concept of the Aryan race and the master race or what Germans rather are the master race and that Jewish people are involved in a conspiracy to undermine the Aryan race um and to also dilute their blood and things like that additionally a lot of Hitler's and foreign policy beliefs are expanded upon so um he basically talks about a lot about how Germany has to reverse the Treaty of Versailles and that Germans needed lieban's realm so living space um to expand into when they expand as a nation and to do that they should invade and colonize Russia to basically turn it into a large colony and to also use of agricultural land and things like that he continues to double down as well on some of the more socialist principles so he talks about how industry and land should benefit working people not wealthy land those land owners and industrialists he couldn't again consistently talks about democracy how it continues to be weak and how Germany needs a strong leader instead of having you know this weak democ democratic system and he also talks quite a lot about um traditional Family Values so he talks about that first video how German culture on the one hand is quite Forward Thinking quite liberal and modern but on the flip side it gained a lot of what it had a lot of um it caused a lot of tension in Germany in particular amongst individuals who thought that new Weimar culture was quite degenerate and so Hitler talks a lot about his rejection of what he considers to be degenerate forms of art music and theater and instead his support his support and um it has support for um I say traditional Family Values traditional styles of art music Etc now when the Nazi party when Hitler comes out of prison because it's now a national party the party now also needs to be organized nationally as well so Munich as the aura as the place where the Nazi party is originally founded becomes the central Hub of the Nazi party and where its party headquarters is based the rest of Germany then gets divided into 35 regions each with a local leader in each region having its own local leader um there's a German name for it gal lighters or something like that I'm not going to try and keep using that phrase because it's a bit difficult to pronounce um but crucially I mentioned this because this division into 35 Regents is what leads to the rise of some very prominent figures across Germany so if you can become the leader of one of these regions that's a position for you to then use as a um as a launch pad to become a more prominent figure yourself nationally the best example of this is one Joseph Goebbels who again the name will ring the bell very significant figure goebbles becomes the GAO or the leader of um the leader of the Nazi party in Berlin and from that position he's able to um gain quite a lot of um National prominence um now this is where you also start to get the beginning of a shift of the Nazi party away from their socialist leanings they are still a socialist party however at this time the Nazis are able to increasingly make links and gain support from wealthy industrialists and businessmen who were nationalist in in character in principle so two very famous ones his names that wouldn't get more ring a bell if you know the modern day companies um you had businessmen like Tyson and also businessmen like Bosch um yes the modern day company um who are these very very wealthy nationalist businessmen who were convinced by the Nazi message on site to give them quite large donations so as a consequence of these large donations the Nazis are now able to start organizing the party nationally in a more effective way however when the Nazi party starts to grow nationally you start to get more splits emerging in terms of their general principles and ideas and beliefs and so in particular because Germany is a country with a range of different regions and places depending on where you're in the country you might have a different emphasis and have different views or beliefs in particular the north tended to be more urban as a sort of like region and more industrial and as a consequence the Nazis and the north tended to be a little bit more socialist in their inclination and they emphasize that much more in particular because they're trying to gain support of industrial workers whereas in the south particularly in Bavaria um Germany was still quite Rural and this Southern rural part of the party tended to be more Nationalist and focused on that aspect of the program instead so in 1926 this divide comes to a head and Hitler calls a party meeting or conference in Bamberg it's called the Bamberg conference and at this meeting Hitler decides to make a move against the Socialist wing of the party where he was who he denounces and he basically almost like accuses of being effectively Communists which if you know what socialists are they are close to Communism so it's not the wildest thing for you to try and claim or say or do um and so he denounces the social the social swing of the party and as a consequence he um weakens the prince the Socialist principles of the party in favor of a greater focus on the more nationalist divisive message in particular blaming the enemy forces hurting Germany so blaming Jews blaming Communists Etc as well as starting to prioritize farmers basically agriculture as a support base and policies which could potentially be tailored to farmers in the agricultural sector so you start to see this now shift towards the Nazis being a more rural agrarian party in terms of their support base you also get the emergence as a say of Goebbels at this conference in Bamberg where he becomes a key Ally of Hitler now initially Goebbels is actually one of the more socialist Urban Nazis however um he goes hit the side at Bamberg and from that point onward becomes a very close and key Ally of him Hitler then rewards him by making him the Nazi leader in bonus I mentioned earlier he was a leader in Berlin this is after the Bamberg conference so for 36 onwards we now have the rise of Goebbels as a prominent party figure within the Nazi party um and so whilst Goebbels is in Berlin he starts to develop his use of propaganda which he kind of perfects to which he then starts to use obviously more effectively later on when he becomes Minister propaganda when the nicest takeover Germany but in particular he starts to develop a lot of the ideas which should be familiar with from not so up again later on so first of all he delivers he organizes um quite a lot of large-scale rallies in Berlin where he himself delivers quite a few speeches again a method he used later on quite um to quite um strong effect when the Nazis take over Germany and also in the campaigning nationally as well um he also produces these very simple campaign slogans propaganda posters that can be very that can be communicated quite easily to it communicates quite easily to people um it's also quite keen on staging events and photo opportunities and things like that so just these very simple basic propaganda techniques which he's starting to kind of develop and perfect while he whilst he's leader of the Nazi party in Berlin um in addition to that the Nazi party real in just that aspect of the realization the RC platy also expands significantly the sa and also creates a new um sort of rival body in the party called the SS um so the first thing is the essay has significantly expanded by 1930 to 400 000 members okay so this is now a massive organization um which at one point actually has more members than the Nazis have um voters potentially um they also he also sets up as I say um this group called the SS which in German translates to um well the German the German meaning or the German name translates to protection Squad and as the name suggests it's designed to be a smaller organization or body um and as a consequence it has more specially selected selected members they have to be Aryan um all the members and they act as Hitler's personal bodyguard as I said earlier with the whole Brown Shirts thing for the sa the SS famously wore black shirts which made them actually a lot more intimidating to look at as well in terms of their uniforms um and they get placed under the command of one someone called Heinrich Himmler again a name which you should be aware of he's one of the two main individuals underneath Hitler's command um and the SS has 3 000 members by 1930 so again it's a more focused and small group compared to what the essay is meant to be now so if you look at what happens after the Munich puts the Nazi party becomes nationally prominent they reorganize and become you know really large and they appear to be a significant National Force however despite the rapid development and growth of the party after Munich they were actually moving backwards as opposed to getting closer to their goal so in the election of 1928 this is the first election the Nazis can test after Hitler has come out of prison they end up receiving less than three percent of the vote okay I can't remember the number of seats that is but it's essentially less than half the peak the Nazis had achieved in 1924. so when Hitler was in prison they got double the number of votes and seats that Hitler had that the Nazis had achieved when he came out of prison and made this large nationally organized party so the path of moving backwards despite objectively becoming larger and more organized um in addition to that again further evidence of their lack of success I mentioned this in the last video as well the young plan what a stressman's key like um policies in the late 1920s or groups of America um the Nazis end up organizing a referendum alongside a dmvp to um try and vote down and stop the Youngstown from coming into effect that fails completely um over 90 percent of Germans vote in favor of the young plan so across you know any measure you look at in terms of political success the Nazis are struggling and moving backwards not actually moving close to their goals the three main reasons for this which again you can get quite you can get in your um exams six markers about why the Nazis failed to gain or fail to succeed before 1929. um the very first and simple reason is that this is the stressman era okay the Golden Age whatever you think about it we discussed this last video um in the golden age or this in this in this in this period of recovery most extremist parties are struggling in losing support the Nazis in particular this is because stressman's policies um have stabilized the German economy and his foreign policy successes have improved Germany's standing these are the two main arguments used by extremists to try to undermine the German government and gain support for themselves and these two arguments have now been undermined by stressman's successful policies whatever you think of this set of success the second thing is the Nazis were struggling to gain the support of the workers of well industrial workers who were largely supporting the sdp or if they were you know angry workers they supported the Communist Party um and this is arguably due to the ideological shifts which took place at Bamberg so the Nazis have now shifted away from their socialist messaging and instead they're now focusing more on the national side of things which can get you supporters but this traditional support base of or the original base of support was industrial workers um in places like Bavaria and the messaging of the party were just not going to cut it in terms of getting support from these types of individuals which you can blame on Bamberg basically um the third and final reason you can sort you can actually come up with I think it explains it as well um is that we mentioned this last video Hindenburg becoming president in 1925. Hindenburg really gives legitimacy to the Weimar Republic um in particular amongst right-wing nationalists he himself is a right-wing nationalist he's a German war hero um and so with him the head of the government it makes it more difficult once again for the Nazis to take his accusations of the government being led by these traitors you know these or like this this Jewish conspiracy undermining Germany's government when the head of the government is leader of the general one of the German Generals in the first world war who's considered to be a war hero um and so you end up having a further weakening of extremist parties um who wanted to end the vomit Republic because they're headed by a significant German figure with a lot of respect and sort of like Credit in the bank with that faction of the world with that part of the country doing terribly the 2019 between 29 and 32 the Nazis now get their big break and make and are able to become the party which had not been to be in the first place so by 1930 the Nazis have now increased their support to 18 and 107 seats in the reichstag they are now the second largest party in the reichstag by 1932 Hitler has now transformed the Nazis into the largest party in Germany and the reichstag at one point they gained 37 of the vote which translates to 230 seats in the reichstag this is largely due to outside events in particular the Wall Street Crash and the subsequent depression and so when it comes to the reasons why um Hitler takes over Germany this has to begin with the discussion of the depression however there are obviously a range of other factors you have to be aware of because there is a reason why it's the the depression benefits Hitler and the Nazis and not other parties okay so let's go through these this is one of the two most common Denmark questions you can get for this topic you can also get six smart questions asking you um why they're not or how the Nazi party gains support or 10 Mark questions telling why they became so popular so this is the real meatless topic now so the first reason to mention is the depression okay so for some rise it really really briefly um you end up getting a collapse in the German banking system following the collapse of the um in the USA of the of the American of the banking system there those American Banks now desperate for money and facing bankruptcy themselves start to desperately um demand the return of loans from other countries which they had given out now which country had taken significant loans oh right Germany so in that last video we saw how Germany takes loans after the doors plan which initially was a good thing but long term will hurt Germany because of the depression so the job the American Banks start to recall these loans um because they're desperate to make sure something else from becoming insolvent and bankrupt um so this crisis ends up leading to Total economic collapse in Germany so you have Industries and Farms having to scale back the operations or close completely this leads to unemployment okay now watch this cycle here so you've got Industries and Farms cutting back or scaling back because their own issues that creates unemployment the wild wild crisis in This Global crisis is also leading to a general Decline and drop in demand for goods across the world and put and trade and things like that that also means you get unemployment because if there's less one for goods it means you're buying less goods from countries there's therefore less need for workers to build to make those goods so they get laid off so more unemployment and so because you've got unemployment on these from these two issues so Farms industry scaling back plus worldwide the demanding Goods dropping unemployment that unemployment means there's an even greater reduction in the sales of goods and further demand for goods internally within Germany drops which then creates you guessed it more unemployment so you had this vicious cycle where unemployment creates more unemployment because the key issue here is that demand for goods is dropping businesses are therefore failing that creates more unemployment and the cycle goes on and on okay the consequence of this is that by the end of 1932 unemployment in Germany has reached 6 million in 1929 it was 1.3 million okay so double the numbers more deeply as well 50 of 16 to 30 to 30 year olds are unemployed and 40 of factory workers so certain industries are decimated and more sectors by by the depression and the economic crisis now the problem here is what the so this this in and of itself makes term becoming unpopular but to make things matters worse the German government does not have any adequate solutions to the crisis and they actually arguably make things worse so taxes end up being raised to fund unemployment benefits um which had also been cut so the government actually Cuts benefits for unemployment um for workers they have to raise taxes to pay for these things um and you also get people's savings um crashing in value and so as a consequence you then also get um the decline in real real wages real wages meaning the spending power of an individual so your your for example your wage might say the same but if prices increase that means your real wage decreases so um taxes go up to funding input benefits that those benefits get cut savings crash in value real ages are declining and you also have homelessness increasing so across the board in Germany people's living standards are declining significantly and in some instances or at catastrophic levels in this consequence you also now start to see a return to the lawlessness and difficult um security situation of the early 1920s violence is on the rise significantly as are crime rates and this also means that even if you're not someone who's struggling economically let's say you're sort of upper class and wealthy despite sort of some struggles um your life is still negatively impacted because there's no security in the streets so please watch everybody is experiencing a significant decline in quality of life as a consequence of the depression now this is where we come back to the weaknesses of the Bible Constitution which we mentioned at the start of the last video okay so if you've watched that again recently remember those those details well this will all make sense so the German government is you know even in like the best of times can struggle to govern effectively um but in difficult times basically find it impossible to govern and the government ends up being paralyzed by the crisis unable to deal with it they could they come up with some very unpopular policies such as a consequence they can't get through the reichstag um and so the government cannot get anything done so as a consequence um the government under the chancellor ruining um who's an sdp leader resort to a use of article 48 to get laws passed through the reichstag if you remember from last video article 48 is this measure in the Constitution that the president can pass a law by decree in emergency as an emergency measure if necessary this would be considered to be an emergency given that the government the country's basic economic crisis Bruning uses article 48 or has to wrap on article 48 to push laws through the reichstag or to push to have laws created over 100 times between 1931 and 1932 so we're now basically getting government by decree not through the reichstag because they can't get anything through there um so the government's doing terribly so as a consequence the depression directly leads to the Nazis significantly increasing their vote share as well as a collapse in the support for more moderate parties so very simply all the factors that I've talked about you can you can explain how those helped with the Nazi party more popular um and help help them gain to gain support additionally the depression has a second really important consequence and impact which benefits the Nazis disproportionately not everybody is back in the Nazis because of their support for Nazi policies the problem is the Communists are also gaining support as a consequence of the depression okay and this means that the Nazis are now gaining a lot more support from middle and upper class individuals both in terms of their votes but also financially as well so obviously if you're middle upper class and you know you own land or a business the one thing you fear the most is a Commerce Revolution and so would this increase fear overcoming this takeover um the Nazis obviously because they themselves are very virulently um sort of militantly anti-communist and want to basically Crush communism um they were seen to be the party that could be trusted the most to deal with communists um and so they yeah they forgot those votes and they get massive donations from wealthy industrialists who would love nothing more than see communism being crushed okay so for many people the Nazis are the necessary evil to deal with the Communists um now that's the sort of outside factors which the Nazis had no control over ultimately why the Nazis the ones who are best positioned to take advantage of the depression and there's a few reasons here the first reason is the point we talked about the very beginning of the video about charisma Hitler ultimately has very strong personal appeal he continues to be things have not changed a very charismatic speaker and he's particularly effective especially at this time at showing the honest with people's problems an unsurprising given that he himself was somebody who was homeless um he was somebody who was able to communicate and really understand and quite an empathetic way the struggles of the average German during this very very difficult time Additionally the Nazis make quite effective use of new technology to really make the best use of Hitler as a leader by using planes to fly around Germany and attend a large number of rallies why can he afford those planes to go around everywhere because if you mentioned brief resource I mentioned the previous Slide the Nazis are getting these very large donations from wealthy businessmen so these two things are working hadn't had that money means the Nazis can now campaign in quite um a large-scale organized way so he flies over over Germany and he tends loads and loads of rallies in the bullet 2 election so Hitler is speaking directly to hundreds of thousands of people in these election Cycles so they're making best use of their best asset which is Hitler himself um they also make really prominent or he's a prominent part of their poster campaigns as well so posters typically tend to have Hitler on them or you know aspects of his personality as well as using radio broadcasts to further promote him as well so Hitler himself is used extensively to promote the party and they're able to use him quite effectively as well Additionally the style and propaganda again we mentioned previously that Goebbels perfects this over the course of his years in Berlin um it's just very very effective so you first of all have the sheer size of the rallies that Hitler is attending and and having people attend so the energy of the rallies the scale of them just looks very very impressive and therefore gives the impression of a person who's very popular and therefore that gets off with popularity but also the key thing is that propaganda for the Nazis mentioned beforehand is really simple okay the Nazis have these very generalized slogans um that do not go into the specifics but their policies will actually entail this makes it very difficult to criticize them because they're not actually proposing very specific policies which could be unpicked um and basically you know shown to have um significant issues or drawbacks with them um yeah so that's that's that's that's a big part of it um additionally I've mentioned it here within that they also get this very negative um campaigning tactics as well that go in terms of these very subtle messages you know blaming the Jews blaming Communists Etc um you also get the essay now it may seem a bit strange to think that the essay this private military can help the Nazis win um an election but they've got several benefits in terms of the selection Cycles number one that um confidence of the Nazis can deal with the Communists comes from the strength and size of the essay so the essay is very large in size and they also are relatively disciplined yes they do can commit some you know violent acts here and there but it's generally under command and Order there's not random violence mostly um but as a consequence the Nazis seem quite strong and capable of maintaining order so when you've got violence in the streets and Chaos this group that has this large private Army who seemed quite organized and disciplined seem like a group that can keep the country under control and restore order Law and Order rather as a consequence this also gives the impression that they can deal with the Communists so it's got a dual effect they can deal Law and Order and also again it creates this impression they're quite strong and are the ones who can match the Communists and crush them as well now that's the more legal side of things I suppose you can say the less legal side of things is that the Nazis also use the essay to heavily intimidate opponents and disrupt their actions that can be things like tearing down posters disrupting rallies and you know yeah things like that basically the essay is also used by the Nazis to run some charitable activities so the Nazis run soup kitchens and also hostels they're able to do that because they have this large Force the sa who can be used to do that for them so again the essays plays quite an important role in terms of getting the Nazis some support so as a consequence the Nazis are able to massively grow and support and take over what become the largest party in the reichstag so if you had a general terminal question about why they were able to gain support those are the things you could talk about so either the outside factors so the depression the government's failures the rise of Communism but then also the the parts the party's Own Strength itself he becomes Chancellor however is a different question okay so part of the reason why becomes Chancellor is because of course he has largest path in the reichstag however again if you go back to the first video the very start of it we discuss the Constitution becoming the largest party in the rack stag does not automatically make your leader the chancellor the chancellor is chosen and appointed by the president who can also sack a Chancellor as well and so in 1932 this is the situation Hitler is Hindenburg Hitler is surrounded by these two fellow right-wing generals okay one of whom is member of the rack stack guy called friends from popin and that was called Kurt Von Schleicher okay and these two individuals like Hindenburg are also they they are skeptical about Weimar democracy not least because these struggles have been having and suffering from after the Depression so there's scheming along with Hindenburg to try to form a new government and you know solve the crisis in particular Schleicher is really quite um particular in terms of suggesting ideas to Hindenburg and coming up with things which they can possibly do so their first idea is they need to remove brooding because they think is basically has to be has to go um and they make Von pop and the chancellor instead okay now having no majority in the reichstag um Von Poppin cannot um do a particularly good job um and so after Bruning resigns um elections are triggered two months later in July 1932. what these three are not we're not predicting is those elections would return a significant um Nazi Victory so this is the election where the Nazis go from having um 130 seat ish I think that's number to 230. well I think it's 103 so I like that um and so as a consequence of this election Hitler gains 230 seats he's the largest Party by far he expects to be appointed Chancellor however there is no chance of Hindenburg doing this and part of the reason is the background stuff we talked about at the very beginning so I discussed it as background because it helps it helps to understand why the events go the way that they do Hindenburg from his name Von Hindenburg is a rich Aristocrat he is a former Army General okay Hitler is a Corporal he's from a very kind of lower class family he's uneducated he's a former homeless individual Etc and so there is a class element to this Hindenburg despises Hitler as he thinks of him as basically what he calls this is the phrase he often uses behind closed doors a lowly Bohemian Corporal okay so Hindenburg in his mind there is no way in hell he's going to appoint this upstart as chancellor of Germany even if they have quite a few shared ideas he personally detests Hitler because of his social background because of his terrible views but in case you're thinking about the hero nothing to do with that it's because of his social background well largely because of social background um so Hitler is demanding that Hindenburg sack Von puppet and replacing popping with him with him himself hinderberg refuses so hinderberg allows Von papin to continue in his role however obviously he struggles to kind of control um the ragstag and do anything really and so elections are once again triggered in November now this is actually by Design Hindenburg and verbena Schleich are think to themselves that actually if we wait a few more months we can trigger a new election the Nazis will fall off in support because they're not doing much in terms of their position of the reichstag but that gamble actually works and the next election the Nazis lose quite a few seats they drop to 196 however despite that they are still the largest party in the reichstag by a big distance so the problem has not gone away Hitler's main case has not evaporated he still believes that he should be the child so that he is the only rightful um choice for Chancellor and so what happens next is you get this series of agreements and negotiations between different individuals so in December like 32 Schleich convinces Hindenburg that Von Papa has failed and he should instead make Von Schleicher the chancellor instead Hindenburg is outraged and feels betrayed because he basically is by Von Schleich who appears to have been scheming essentially against him to get what he wanted um and so he's now out but now really upset like Von puppen by January Schleicher is struggling to control the reichstag and he cannot command any support in there and so Schleicher actually tries to convince Hindenburg um to suspend the Constitution and declare a military dictatorship so Schleicher is based in his own little world suggesting all kinds of crazy ideas and beliefs and suggestions um Hindenburg does not go along with this at the same time Hitler makes a deal of unpopping Hitler realized that when puppin's basically been scorned and sees opportunity to you know get ally in the government and he basically makes a secret deal with him with Von papin and as a consequence Von papin goes to Hindenburg and convinces him that he can appoint Hitler Chancellor if he makes fun pop in the vice Chancellor Von papin will be able to control Hitler and therefore yeah he's Chancellor but will control him and again this may seem in hindsight like a very silly idea but in if you if you think back to the situation in January 1033 with this agreement Hitler Hitler in the Nazis are only given three roles in the cabinet or the government so they only get three ministerial positions including Hitler himself um so the bulk of the government is still made up of non-nazis so it's not unreasonable to think that they could have controlled Hitler and so on the 30th of January 1933 Hindenburg appoints Hitler the chancellor of Germany he takes over Germany through purely legal means okay he's elected leader of the he's elected as the large part in the reichstag that gives him a platform to then become the chancellor of Germany so up to this point in time this is all legal okay have this is the end of the story so as I mentioned in 1933 The Starlight 33 you could have been you could have reasonably thought that Hitler would not be someone who would last long and that he would eventually be removed and fail as a leader potentially he is in a very weak position arguably firstly the Constitution still strictly limits the powers of the chancellor so there's not much he can do without getting through the right stag he is still well short of majority in the right Stacks he cut whatever he wants to do because the part the Nazi had the Nazis handle the numbers in the racksack to do that and as I mentioned beforehand only three of 12 members of the cabinet are Nazis however over the next 18 months Hitler is presented with opportunities to gradually increase his power which he does over the course of the next 18 months and So within 18 months he has made himself an all-powerful dictator who has completely destroyed via mod democracy so the other big 10 mark question you can get is what is the main or most significant factor in Hitler's um consolidation of power basically so we call this we call this process becoming a dictator the consolidation of power be over that phrase because you can you can get a question asked in a range of different ways with different phrases to refer to this um so this all begins in 1933 or 37th of February with the reichstag fire now if you look at it this event seems all too convenient but for what we understand it was a genuine event there was no conspiracy here this genuinely happened but Hitler was given a chance and he took it with both hands and basically used it to significantly increase his support across the country so a young communist um supporter young gut communist supporter um burns down the reichstag building or sets on a fire and burns it down um he gets captured he's found on the scene of the crown of the matchsticks basically and he confesses to the crime he's tried found guilty and executed and he probably didn't do it to be honest however what appears to have been the case is this was just a lone wolf um attack and that actually there was no greater conspiracy however the Nazis obviously seized the opportunity to claim that a communist conspiracy was in fact under unfolding and as a consequence the Nazis arrest 4 000 Communists that same night as a consequence of the rack stack fire burning down but more importantly this is the real significance of the rack stack fire Hitler convinces Hindenburg to declare a state of emergency which means that Hitler can now rule by decree and is given crucially two Powers as a consequence of this new emergency um state number one he can arrest his political opponents without trial or charge and he's also um able to ensure as a consequence that the the police ignore any sa violence okay so he's got emergency Powers he uses that to make the police ignore his own supporters you know violent actions and he also starts to arrest and round up his opponents as well he uses this to give him an advantage At a next election so Hitler convinces Hindenburg to call a snap election a week later on March the 5th and because the emergency powers that Hitler had from the ragstag fire Hitler is able to give himself massive advantages in that election so he's able to arrest all the Communists basically and the the essay are able to violently campaign and intimidate opponents and things like that which means that the dancers are able to do quite well at this election the Nazis then secure 288 seats in the reichstag just short of a majority but it's their best result yet you couldn't say it's a free and fair election because they basically what's not basically they've used intimidation tactics and arresting their opponents to undermine them but he gains significant support as a consequence again of his emergency Powers Hitler is able to then ban the Communist Party from taking up the 81 seats they had won in the reichstag so hit last 288 60 short majority the Communists have 81 but he bans them from attending meaning he now de facto has a majority in the reichstag because there's 80 on MPS or seats that are not being taken up he now finds himself as a consequence of the reichstag fire in a position to radically alter the constitution of Germany why is that if you wanted to make a fundamental change to the constitution of Germany you needed to have a two-thirds majority in the reichstag okay Hitler is not a position to achieve the two-thirds for a variety of methods and measures he passes this this change as well as the enabling act that's got a different name but we call it the enabling act and it's an act which basically or a lot allows Hitler to pass any law he wants without consulting the reichstag and he can even overrule the Constitution so to clarify the enabling act means Hitler can pass any law he wants without anyone else's prior approval okay it's giving him massive effectively dictatorial powers how does he pass this and why does it link to the right stack fire so let's say neither do those majority to pass this act and he does this through a variety of methods so if you exclude the KPD who he's chucked out of the rack stag and basically arrested all of their members that then gets them close to the majority he then convinces um one of the parties that was sort of like more Centrist for like writing called the Catholic Center party to support his law he does this by making a deal with the Catholic party where essentially he will allow them to keep control of their schools and basically you know when he gains his significant Powers their schools can stay independent um and in exchange they'll vote for his law bear that in mind because later on we will collect religion in the next topic and the church that's why the Catholics initially get a good deal because Hitler made a deal with them at the outset of his rule which is why he kind of Waits a few years before betraying them so initially he keeps that deal in addition so that this is up until now technically all legal in addition what he also does is he has the sa and the SS present during the vote to intimidate members there are people shouting outside the chambers threats against um rack stag members so that if you dare you so you say you're going through this rack September to vote for this law or against this law potentially but you're doing so with the shouting and intimidation of SNS members outside the chamber um and so despite that it is still technically legal because they're not being forced to vote um the other methods are technically are technically legal so the law ends up passing by 444 votes to 94. and this basically ends Democratic rule in Germany for good hitter is now a dictator as a consequence of his dictatorial powers Hitler is able to then significantly increase his um support and also weed out opposition very very quickly so he goes about using his powers removing all potential sources of opposition um the main three being the following the first are the trade unions okay so the trade unions this collection of workers who collectively come together to try and you know go on strike negotiate better conditions Etc they are obviously a large organization that can potentially be a threat to Hitler but in particular the trade unions tended to be left leaning and often had communist sympathies and links to communist parties and so as a consequence they get banned in May 1933 their leaders are all arrested and Strikes are all now made illegal so he's shut down a massive potential Source opposition to the Nazis if you recall at the southern 1920s when when you had the um the cap put and the raw um crisis it was a common method to try and have the workers go on strike and you know refuse to work so workers can collectively bring down governments so using the labeling act he bans the trade unions which makes obviously opposition much weaker towards him secondly he bans all political parties and declares that the nsdap is the only legal party in Germany okay so the sdp and the rest are all made completely illegal and then no longer allowed to function at all so Germany is not officially a one-party state this is less significant but it's still quite important um Hitler abolishes the regional parliaments in Germany um which had a variety of different functions which could be used against the government potentially so he abolishes the regional governments in January 19 in January 1934 again using his enabling powers of the powers control enabling act and instead they are replaced by Governors who rule over the regions that are appointed by Hitler directly okay so again massively increasing his own support so ultimately the law that makes Hitler a dictator is the enabling act by Knight 34 the start of it even he is a dictator who is all-powerful however this is not the end of the story although he is now all-powerful and dictator he can still potentially be challenged okay not through legal means so he's not going to lose any elections or contest them just because you're a dictator that does not mean you can't be overthrown so he does still have some potential power Rivals and this takes us into the final part of this topic which is the night of the long nights which this is important to stand because it's a it's a factor in that question of why how he takes over Germany you could also get specific 10 Mark questions just about the night of the long nights because it's a really big event and again it might seem a bit strange why is it so important given he's already The Dictator it's all about power dynamics okay so by the limit like 34 he is all-powerful sorry um he's he's a dictator but it's not all powerful because there are still Rivals for power who could potentially challenge him okay there's two main groups here that Hitler's really concerned about the first is He's got potential Rivals within the Nazi party itself in particular the leader of the essay urged Rome I'll mention they'll discuss it in one second he's become an increasingly dangerous opponent for Hitler for a variety of reasons I come onto in a moment the second group that this is really a threat to any leader you could be a democratic country even but any country you're in and basically this way if you're the Army and any country in the world if you're a general you could wake up one day and decide you know what I fancy being president all you have to do I mean it's not as simple as this what you have to do is go into your you know your barracks gather some supporters gather a few generals hatch together a plot you send your soldiers into the street and you arrest the government kick that whatever it is the cluster of emergency you can take over so most countries across the world the Army genuinely has the ability whenever they want to take over the country quite as great what you think about it um and that was obviously quite common in the early 20th century as well I mean as I mentioned beforehand Schleich I've been suggesting to hit to Hindenburg that he used the Army to declare um a state of emergency to spend the Constitution so it's not a crazy idea so the Army is also a potential um threat to Hitler who could overthrow him and this isn't a crazy idea they were suspicious of him and they were technically though not in reality but they were technically under the control of Hindenburg who as president was the head of the Armed Forces so in they were in reality a threat so they know the Long Knives Hitler is able to consolidate his power totally by dealing with both of these two issues okay by the end of this year he no longer has any major power rivals or threats to his power so why is this the case what is the threat here so the reason why they're like almost happened so you can get a 10 mark question about the main reasons why that long lives happens okay so the first reason is basically the threat of Rome in the S8 so why is room a threat so we mentioned that the beforehand that the essay had reached 800 000 members by 1913. over the course next three years it swells even further and by 1933 the sa now has three million members these members are largely loyal to Rome okay even though Hitler's head of the party the head of the sa is Rome not only are they largely loyal to Rome they are also increasingly feeling quite bitter about um the ways which the Nazi party had been changing from their perspective for the worse they thought that Hitler was undervaluing them as a force okay so you have this bitter Force the essay thing although by Hitler loyal to the Lords of Rome Roe himself has also now become increasingly a massive threat this is a person who initially says close I like to Hitler he brings him to the party they're very close friends as well at one point in time will you know say friends close allies um however Rome himself starts to publicly oppose Hitler's policies and criticize him again we go back to Bamberg and we go back to the rich industrialists National socialists the Nazi party has this constant tension between are they nationalist or socialist and in what measure are they are they both of those two things Rome and the sa are these former industrial workers in many cases who tended to believe the party should support the workers and wanted to see more of these socialist leanings instead and so Rome believed that Hitler had abandoned the party's working-class supporters and instead was cozying up to Rich industrialists and army generals and he had also publicly criticized Hitler this wasn't something secretive he had publicly made comments about the way the party was going so he's Clearly Now potential threaten potential enemy as well to Hitler so whether or not he intended to overthrow Hitler we don't know for sure but Hitler clearly had good reason to fear Rome and want to remove him and or the sa as well okay now to add to that we have a second reason that that that long lives happened so you could argue that they were generally a threat but there's also the internal power struggles within the government and the party that meant that Hitler was convinced by other forces to move against Rome so um the first thing is the German army so the German Army had also increasingly been worried about Rome because he but they believed that he thinking he had said this publicly or suggested this that he wanted to intend he saw he intended to replace the German army with the essay so as a consequence their loyalty to Hitler was weaker as a result of the existence of the essay who they believed were a threat to them as the army Additionally you also had leaders of the SS like Himmler who saw Rome as a power rival within the party itself and they wanted to remove Rome because they also they wanted themselves to ascend within the party so I mentioned really briefly the Nazi party for its entire existence is racked by these internal power struggles between groups that are trying to gain ascendancy or Hitler's favor and rise and fought in the party so um the SS oh sorry hit the Himmler rather leader of the SS and heydrich as well both see Rome as a power rival I want to remove him they see the sa as an obstacle to the ascendancy of the SS within the Nazi party and Germany and they want to basically increase their own power at the expense of Rome so the SS leaders basically hydrick and Rome and Himmler and the Army both warn Hitler that Rome is planning a coup and as a consequence they convince Hitler to remove Rome and the essay so if two things happening here on the one hand Hitler is already feeling increasingly threatened by Rome and then the second kind of big overall factor is is that um the the the SS and the Army convince Hitler that Roe is plotting to overthrow Hitler and therefore he should remove him this as a consequence Hitler decides to move against the sa and Roam and remove them this gives us throughout the long lives so alumni it's very simply um Hitler arranges are meeting at a hotel in Bavaria on the 30th of July 34th um and he basically invites this of the essay to this meeting when they get there they are promptly arrested imprisoned and then shot okay um Rome initially when he gets imprisoned is given the option of um killing himself he refuses and then next king afterwards um so they tried to give him the Dignity of you know killing himself instead he refuses um so initially the night long lives is just a removal of the essay to to basically close that threat of the to the to the two threats a rubs ROMs threat himself but also um the threat of the army who are worried about Rome in the essay I'll just in a second however Hitler's eyes to use right along knives as an opportunity to type any loose ends and settle other scores so it's not just the essay leaders who get in prison executed um Hitler basically has a four day the Nazis carry out a series of murders and executions over a four day period where over 400 people get killed mainly essay leaders but other politicians and other figures who Hitler himself either thought was a Potential Threat or a previous enemy so key figures also get killed um so Von Schleicher gets killed in the night along knives um there's also a chap called Gregor stresser who I've not mentioned but quite a senior figure um Strasser was a northern socialist member of the Nazi party quite a senior figure in the party who had very similar socialist beliefs and leanings to Romans so for the same reason seemed to be a Potential Threat or someone to remove that and hit the dislike term anyway um the essay itself continues to exist but it's reduced in significance in size and is now firmly under Hitler's control as a consequence of the night of the Long Knives so how does this contribute to the consolidation of power there's three main reasons the first thing is it removes a wide range of figures that could have been a threat to Hitler or an opponent of him in particular Rome not plus a few others secondly shortly after the night of the Long Knives like I was thinking about a month later in August I think it's August 34 so I might be just a month later Hindenburg suddenly dies of old age he was in his late 80s he was quite sick so he dies when he dies Hitler declares himself the fuhrer but as a consequence he merges the president and Chancellor's position together into one role the pure basically means the leader but as a consequence of the night of the Long Knives so we mentioned that he has two Rivals to power the sa but also the army removing the essay gives or gains hit of the trust of the army who now are more comfortable with having Hitler in charge and therefore the threats of their Rebellion or potential overthrow has now been reduced significantly having done that after hindenburg's death he then requires all soldiers to swear an oath of loyalty to Hitler to protect him and serve him whatever else okay so you now have Hitler being a a dictator but B he's also now removed any Potential Threat or serious opposition or opponent to him so the consolidation of powers in two stages becoming a dictator and then a moving on position so I've heard by 34 he has now become all-powerful and he'll remain that way largely until the end of his role at the end of the second World War invested in that topic um so if we um go so if we go about the top goal over again so the main things are so in terms of 10 Mark questions you can get a wire Ranger topic so it could be about um the Munich put you could get um something about like the Long Live specifically but these are less common the two that are most common are ultimately something about the consolidation of power in terms of why it happened or the main significant most significant factors and also the reason why the Nazis were able to take over and hit record was able to come child support by 33. um in terms of 40 mark questions those are also the two big ones okay so it's either going to be something about the Takeover of Germany just in general or the consolidation of power okay um I hope that was useful that was all really clear and kind of Fairly straightforward um if you've got any questions about anything that I talked about want any further clarifications or kind of particular questions you can get um just leave a question in the comment section below um and I'll hope to come back to how to get back to you soon as soon as I can um and look out for the next video that I should hopefully be dropping as well and the final part of the topic in the next few days as well on the markets in Germany thank you