[Music] control and coordination animals and plants produce responses to stimuli shivering to cold weather here cold weather is the stimuli and the response is shivering a plant bending towards sunlight in this case sunlight is the stimulus and bending of plant is the response mouthwatering to an ice cream in this case ice cream is the stimuli and salivation that is mouth watering is the response School principal sudden visit to the classroom if this is your stimuli what would be your response write it in the comment box but why do organisms produce responses to stimuli most of the responses produced by the organisms protect them from the dangerous stimuli but which systems help the organisms to produce responses to stimuli nervous system and hormonal systems help the organisms to produce responses to stimuli nerve cells play an important role in detecting the stimuli nerve cells are also called as neurons each neuron has different parts like cell body nucleus dendrites axon and nerve endings the neurons that are present in the Sens organs have specialized tips called as receptors these receptors detect the stimuli and converts it into electrical impulses so we have different types of receptors in our body some receptors detect the smell some receptors detect the pain some detect the temperature some detect The Taste The receptors that are present in the nose are called all Factory receptors they help in detecting the smell The receptors that are present in our tongue which helps in detecting The Taste are called as gustatory receptors the information that is collected by The receptors is carried by the neurons to other parts of the nervous system so the neurons carry the information to different parts of the nervous system this is called as nerve conduction the neurons collect the nerve impulses by their dendrites and pass them to the other neurons by their nerve endings so the collection of nerve impulses takes place at the dendrites and passing of nerve impulses to the next neuron by their nve endings but here the nerve endings of one neuron and dries of another neuron are not directly attached to one another there is some gap between them this Junction is called as synapse if the endings of one neuron and the starting of another neuron if they are not directly connected then how the conduction of nerve impulse takes place how the signals pass from one neuron to another neuron if there is such Gap see at the end of the nerve terminals of a neuron the electrical impulses are converted into chemical signals this chemical signal is in the form of a gas it crosses the Gap and reaches the den Rites of another neuron there it is again converted to electrical signal the neurons that carry the information from sense organs to brain or spinal cord are called Sensory neurons Sensory neurons usually carry the information about the stimuli the neurons that carry the information from brain or spinal cord to musles or glands are called motor neurons so these neurons they bring the orders from the brain or spinal cord to different body parts here is a question for you which neurons are called eer neurons Sensory neurons motor neurons interneurons none of the above if you know the answer write it in the comments there are two Pathways in which responses are produced to stimuli in our body in one pathway information about the stimulus passes to spinal cord and then from spinal cord to brain now the response is generated in the brain that means the processing of information about the stimulus takes place in the brain now the brain processes the information and it produce some response it gives some orders which are passed down to the spinal cord and again from spinal cord they are finally reached to the muscles this is a long pathway and it takes considerable amount of time to produce responses because the information has to pass first to spinal cord then to brain again from brain to spinal cord and spinal cord to the Target tissues but in some situations organisms need to produce very quick responses to protect themselves from the dangerous stimuli for example When We Touch in hot object we should remove our hand immediately there is no such long time to think and take the decisions in such cases our body takes a short pathway in this pathway information about the stimuli passes to the spinal cord where it is processed quickly and the responses are produced in the spinal cord itself now these responses directly reach the muscles and it cause immediate movements and protects us this kind of quick responses are called reflex actions so the pathway by which a reflex action is executed is called reflex arc now let's see the different parts of this reflex arc it has got receptors which receive the information about the stimuli and sensory neurons which carry this information from receptor to the spinal cord and relay neurons so these neurons they process the information about the stimuli and produce the responses and these responses are carried by the motor neurons so the motor neurons they carry these responses from spinal cord to the affector affector means it can be either muzzles or glands that is the final organ where the movement takes place so these are the components of the reflex arc and this is how a reflex arc functions here is a question for you which of the following is not a reflex action withdrawing hand from a hot object knee-jerk response blinking when an object approaches the eye and reading a book if you know the answer write it in the comments the nervous system is divided into central nervous system and peripheral nervous system central nervous system it consists of brain and spinal cord whereas the peripheral nervous system it consists of nerves brain is an important and delicate organ of our body it has to be protected from injuries and shocks and blows our brain is covered by a fluid-filled balloon-like structure this structure is made up of three layers these layers are called meninges and between the meninges there is a kind of fluid the fluid present between these layers is called cerebral spinal fluid so these meninges and the cerebral spinal fluid protects the brain from shocks and injuries brain along with the meninges is protected by an outer bony case called as Cranium in general terms it is called as skull it is a hard bony structure that protects the brain from shock and injuries brain is the main coordinating center of our body it receives the information from all parts of our body and integrates it the main functions of our brain are thinking decision making storing information producing emotions and controlling body functions both voluntary and involuntary the functions that are under our will are called voluntary functions examples like writing talking dancing clapping these are the examples of voluntary functions which are controlled by our brain the actions that are not under our control are called involuntary actions like digestion heartbeat sneezing these are the some examples of involuntary actions which are controlled by human brain and spinal cord now let us see which part of the brain controls which functions the brain has three main Parts namely the forbrain midbrain and hindbrain forbrain the thought process takes place in the forbrain it has reion which receive sensory impulses from various receptors the for brain has different centers for hearing smell sight Etc the information from different sense organs is analyzed and compared with the information already stored in our brain based Bas on the analysis the forbrain takes a decision and sends it to the area of the brain which controls the movements of our entary muscles for example if we are playing football our eyes sends the information about the position of the ball to the area of the brain which analyzes it after analysis a decision is taken and the information is sent to the area of the brain which executes it it causes the necessary movements in our musles and makes us kick the ball in right d Direction with right Force the sensation of hunger and feeling full is also controlled by a separate area of forbrain next we see midbrain midbrain controls the visual and auditory reflexes that means it controls the reflexes related to vision and hearing it also has Center for controlling the movements of our eye and eyelids hind brain hind brain has three parts namely pawns medula oblonga and cereum these parts control the involuntary functions of our body pawns controls sleep and wake cycle and breathing medula controls heart rate breathing blood pressure and more involuntary functions cerebelum it is responsible for precession of voluntary actions and maintaining posture and balance of the body like walking in a straight line riding a bicycle drawing an art all these are possible because of cereum here is a tough question for you if you answer this you are a legend which parts of the brain of a juggler should work properly to perform his job frontal lobe cereum parial lobe temporal loobe the options 1 2 and 3 1 1 3 and 4 2 3 and 4 1 2 and 4 if you know the answer write it in the comments coordination in plants do plants respond to stimuli yes plants respond to stimulate like sunlight water soil touch chemicals Etc but most of these responses are in the form of movements that means plants should movements for sunlight water soil TCH and chemicals for example stems bending towards sunlight we observe this phenomena plant stems Bend towards sunlight and roots of the plants they grow towards the soil or water and tendrils of the plants which have weak stems like creepers we can observe that the tendrils of the plants coil around this support and we also observe the closing of leaves of touch me not plant when it is touched so all these are the responses that are produced in the form of movements then how do plants produce movements we know that animals produce movements with the help of nervous system and muscular system but plants do not have neither nervous system nor a muscular system like in animals to produce movements the movements in plants are caused either by growth or by changing the shape of the cell now let us see which movements in plants are caused due to growth the movements in plant parts like stem moving towards sunlight Roots growing towards soil and tendrils coiling around some support and the Poland tube from the poen grain growing towards the ovule all these are caused due to growth in fact these movements are the responses for different stimuli the directional movements that are shown by plants in response to environmental stimuli are called Tropic movements movement of plant parts towards sunlight is called phototropism example stem bending towards light so this phenomenon is called phototropism and movement of plant parts towards the soil is called geotropism example Roots growing towards soil and movement of plant parts towards the water is called hydrotropism example Roots they grow towards water they move towards water and movement of plant parts in the direction of an object that it touches is called thigmotropism here the example tendrils coiling around the support and movement of plant parts towards a chemical stimulus is called chemotropism so this is observed in Poland tube the Poland tube it grows towards the ovule when a poen grain reaches the stigma of a flower the poen grain germinates and it grow the poen tube now let's see what causes the Tropic movements in Plants Tropic movements in plants are caused due to some special compounds called as phyto hormones means plant hormones for example if a plant tip has to Bend towards right that is right side the cells in the left side part of the tip get elongated so when the left side cells are elongated the right side cells are in the normal size what happens it makes the plant Bend towards right the elongation of cells in the left half of the plant tip is caused by a fight hormone called as oxin this plant hormone oxin help in the elongation of cells in one side so it leads to bending of the tip in this way the movements are caused by the hormones here is a question for you which of the following is not an example of chemotropism growth of poen tubes towards ovules Roots growing towards nutrients in the soil growth of tendrils around the support Roots growing towards water if you if you know the right answer write it in the comments let us see some major phyto hormones and their functions the five major phyto hormones are oxin giin cyto minines ethylin and absc acid first we see oxin oxin stimulate the cells to grow longer they make the cells grow longer and they are responsible for Tropic movements in Plants we have seen some Tropic movements in plants like phototropism geotropism this kind of Tropic movements so oxin is responsible for that Tropic Ms and these oxin they are mostly concentrated in the young root and shoe tips so oxin are found in the root tips and in shoe tips next giin giin helps in the stem and root elongation in Plants they also help in the plant growth they help in the elongation of stem and root cyto cyto minines promote cell division they help in the cell division cell division means formation of new cells so when new cells are formed that is called as growth the weight the mass of the plant increases the size of the plant increases and these cytokinin are mostly found in fruits seeds in fruits and seeds rapid cell division takes place the size of the fruit increases day by day till it come completely grown so how the size of the fruit increases by repeated cell divisions so the cell divisions are promoted by which hormone cyto and next abscissic acid this hormone acts as a growth inhibitor inhibitor means which stops so abscissic acid stops the growth so this hormone helps in the wilting of leaves when the leaves become old they turn yellow in color finally they get detached from the stem and falls down so this process is initiated by this hormone abscisic acid and ethylin ethylene is a phyto hormone it stimulates ripening of fruits once the fruit is completely grown then the fruit it gets ripen the ripening of fruit takes place and it is activated by the hormone ethylin so this is all about the plant hormones here is a question for you which of the following is a function of giin phototropism seed germination ripening of fruits cell division if you know the right answer write it in the comments now let us see the hormones in animals we have seen that control and coordination in animals is done by the nervous system but there is another system that helps in coordination in animals so what is the second way of control and coordination in animals in animals the second way of control and coordination is done by endocrine system that is hormonal system the endocrine system is composed of various endocrine glands like pitutary gland thyroid gland adrenal gland pancreas testes and ovaries these are endocrine glands we have some other glands in our body like liver salivary glands those are not endocrine glands those are exocrine glands these are endocrine glands so the glands that secrete the hormones are called endocrine glands so all these glands they secrete some special chemical compounds called hormones now let's see what are the functions of hormones and how they are supplied to different parts of our body hormones help to control many body functions such as growth repair and reproduction hormones are secreted by GL in very small quantity hormones are produced in very very small quantities then how these hormones reach different parts of our body these hormones reach different parts of our body through blood circulatory system but here we are learning that the hormone is secreted in very minute quantity if it is secreted into the bloodstream then it gets supplied to all the body parts how does it work like let's see once a hormone is released into the bloodstream it is supplied to all the body parts but it acts only on the target tissue or organ that means if the hormone it has to work on kidneys even though it is supplied to all the body parts other body parts will not accept it only the target organ which organ needs that hormone it accepts it so in such a way hormones are supplied by the blood circulatory system how do hormones help our body in producing a response towards a stimulus let's understand the functioning of hormones with an example if a person is attacked by a dog then he should either fight with the dog or run away from the dog so here the dog's attack is the stimulus and the man running or escaping is the response in such a situation a hormone called adrenaline is secreted by adrenal glands in our body adrenal glands are present on the top of the kidneys so this kind of situation is called as fight or flight situation so when we are in such a danger situation fight or flight situation that means we have to fight with the dog or flight run away from the dog so for both the processes either to fight or to flight our muscles need large amounts of glucose and oxygen then how do the large amount of glucose comes to our musles to do either fight or flight it is done by the adrenaline the main function of adrenaline is to increase the supply of oxygen and glucose to our skeletal muscles so because in such a situation our muscles need lot of glucose and oxygen either to fight or flight so the supply of glucose is stimulated by the adrenal hormone even though adrenaline is supplied to all the parts of our body only few organs accept it and functions accordingly adrenaline mainly affects our eyes blood vessels heart lungs and muscles due to the action of adrenaline our heart beats faster and supplies more oxygen to our muscles so when we are frightened we observe that our heart beats fast why it is beating fast because to pump more oxygen more glucose to the musles and also the blood from the digestive system and skin is taken and sent to the muscles so the blood in the digestive system and skin is reduced and it is diverted to the muscles so our muscles will be rushed with more blood more oxygen more glucose because they have some emergency adrenaline also increases the breathing rate by increasing the muscular movements of diaphragm and Rib muscles so adrenaline increases the breathing rate not only the heartbeat the breathing rate is also increased we breathe a lot so this breathing rate is increased by the muscular movements of diaphragm and Rib muscles that is also done by the adrenaline so this is how adrenaline helps us to produce a response during a dangerous or harmful stimuli so this response is to to protect us from the danger here is a question for you which of the following is not a function of adrenalin increases heart rate dilates pupils promotes digestion increases blood sugar levels if you know the answer write it in the comments so why is it important to have iodized salt in our diet and how is it connected to our endocrine system so we see the ads it is advised to consume iodized salt in place of normal salt because iodin is an important mineral required for our body do you know why iodine is necessary iodine is essential for making a hormone called as thyroxin this hormone is produced by thyroid gland which is present at the neck region the main function of this thyroxin is to control the metabolism of carbohydrates proteins and fats so these are the nutrients that we obtain from the food so the metabolism of these nutrients is controlled by this thyroxin hormone so that means our food intake and body growth are well balanced by this hormone if we do not have sufficient iodin in our diet it may lead to low production of thyroxin and causes a disease called G so the main symptom of this disease is swollen neck next which hormone is responsible for our growth growth hormone secreted by pitutary gland is responsible for regular body growth the growth of skeletal muscles and bone is under the control of growth hormone so we say when a person's muscles and bones are growing and he is becoming tall then we say he is growing so growth is absorbed in teenagers they grow very fast in their body we can see the growth of skeletal muscles and bones growing their height increasing this is all happens because of a hormone called growth hormone the deficiency of this growth hormone leads to a condition called dwarfism so if the growth hormone is not produced they do not grow at a normal rate and they become very short so their growth is stunted this condition is called dwarfism in some people over production of growth hormone takes place the over production of growth hormone leads to a condition called gigantism so gigantism means zint he becomes a zint more than the normal height usually people grow up to some 6 feet or 6 point some inches but some people may grow beyond that 7 ft more than that so it's all because of over production of growth hormone so this condition is called as gigantism so low production of growth hormone dwarfism over production of growth hormone gigantism next which hormone is called the male hormone and why is it called so testosteron is called as male sex hormone it is called so because it helps in the development of secondary sexual characters like growth of mustache growth of beard development of testes and production of sperms in boys which hormone is called female sex hormone and why is it called so estrogen is called as female sex hormone it is is called so because it helps in the development of secondary sexual characters in females like development of breasts beginning of menstruation development of ovaries Etc why do doctors suggest some people to eat less sugars and starchy Foods in their diet doctors suggest some people to eat less sugary and starchy Foods because they are suffering from a disease called as diabetes our blood contains glucose the normal level of glucose in our blood is 99 mg per 100 ml of blood if our blood glucose level rises then a hormone called insulin is secreted by our pancreas this insulin controls the raising blood sugar levels but in some people due to the Mal functioning of insulin producing cells of pancreas less insulin is produced which leads to a high level of blood sugar such a condition is called diabetes high levels of blood sugar causes harmful effects on our body diabetic people are more prone to the diseases related to Heart kidney eye and now thanks for watching please like the video please share this video with your friends please subscribe to Great booster Channel press the Bell icon to get all the latest updates check the description to find Links of other useful videos check the end screens for our new videos [Music]