India and Pakistan have been bombarded by both sides with littering ammunitions. India operates the Russian-made S400 air defense system while Pakistan has acquired the HQ9 from China. They're quite similar as the HQ9 was a reverse engineered by China based on the Russian S300 missile defense system. We'll also explore the role of the S400 which is designed to counter high-speed high alitude threats such as jets and ballistic missiles while the shorter range of cashache system is intended for engaging low-flying slower moving targets like helicopters and drones. More details all in the video ahead. Following operation Synindor, Pakistan reportedly deployed swarm drone tactics in a strike targeting an Indian military installation. The assault extended beyond a single site with key military installations and several strategic cities coming under attack including Aantipora, Shinagar, Jamu, Path &ot, Amritsar, Lugjana and even as far as Boug Pakistani forces orchestrated a coordinated multi-wave offensive that involved both drones and missiles, marking a significant escalation in crossber hostilities. In response to the growing aerial threat, India activated its advanced Russian-made S400 missile defense system which is specifically designed to intercept high-speed long range missiles. Complementing this was the deployment of India's indigenous akash missile system engineered to effectively target slower moving threats such as loitering munitions and drones. These two systems worked in tandem, creating a layered defense network capable of responding to a wide range of aerial threats. While the S400 is tailored to neutralize larger and faster ballistic or cruise missiles, the Aash system serves a critical role in countering lower speed targets, including swarming drones and lowaltitude ammunition. Together, they underscore India's strategic focus on maintaining versatile air defense capabilities amid an increasingly complex threat environment. A cash is a supersonic missile capable of flying at speeds up to Mach 2.5. That's more than 2 and a half times the speed of sound. With a range of 25 to 30 km, it can engage targets long before they pose a threat. Pakistan, on the other hand, uses the Chinese-made HQ9, which is essentially a reverse engineered version of the Russian S300, not the S400, as sometimes mistakenly stated. Let's take a look at the primary differences between the two systems. The S400 features an impressive tracking range of 600 km, approximately 370 mi, and an engagement range of 400 km, which translates to around 250 mi. In comparison, the HQ9 has a tracking range of 250 km, about 155 mi, and an engagement range of 120 km. This is roughly around 75 mi. As mentioned earlier, the S400 and the HQ9 come from a similar lineage. So, let's take a general look at how these systems work. A typical S400 system is made up of six main parts. The missile launch vehicle, a mobile command and control post. the long range surveillance radar known as Big Bird, the engagement and fire control radar called Gravestone, an all altitude acquisition radar, and a mobile mast system. Each component plays a vital role in the overall functionality of the system. Let's take a closer look at each of these elements. The missile itself is of course central to the system. The missile itself is of course central to the system. The launch vehicle that carries these missiles is typically the Baz tractor truck. These TEL vehicles house up to four launch tubes which can carry a variety of missile types designed for different ranges and target profiles. There are four primary types of missiles in the S400 system. First, a short-range missile with a reach of around 40 km. Second, a medium-range missile capable of hitting targets up to 120 km away. Third, a long range missile that can strike at distances of approximately 250 km. Finally, the very long range missile which can engage threats up to 400 km away. These missiles allow the S400 to create a flexible and layered defense envelope. Now, let's move on to the radar systems which are key to the S400's advanced targeting and tracking capabilities. The first and most prominent radar is the 91 N6E Big Bird, NATO reporting name Tombstone. This acquisition and battle management radar is mounted on an 8 by8 trailer. It can detect and track a wide range of aerial targets including aircraft, rocraft, cruise missiles, ballistic missiles, and drones up to a distance of 600 km. It can simultaneously track up to 300 targets, making it one of the most advanced mobile radars in the world. Next is the fire control and target tracking radar, also known as Greystone. This multifunctional radar has a range of about 400 km and is responsible for guiding missiles to their targets. It is sometimes referred to as an allalitude detector due to its ability to track threats at various elevations. There is also the 40 V6 unit which is used to detect low-flying targets that try to evade detection by using terrain masking. Some experts argue that the 40V6 is not a radar itself, but rather an optional mass tower that can elevate radar units for better line of sight coverage. Either way, it enhances the systems ability to detect threats flying close to the ground. The entire operation is managed from a mobile command and control post, typically mounted on a truck. From here, operators control the entire engagement sequence from initial detection to the final missile launch. Let's walk through the basic step-by-step process of how the S400 system operates in a combat scenario. At the first step, the Big Bird long range surveillance radar detects incoming targets. As mentioned, it can track up to 300 targets simultaneously. This information is relayed to the command and control center. At this stage, the system determines whether the target is hostile or friendly. Once a threat is confirmed, the command center decides whether to engage and if needed receives authorization from higher command. Once engagement is authorized, the command post instructs the launchers to fire the appropriate missile. The type of missile used depends on the range and nature of the target. Notably, the system typically launches two missiles per target to maximize the chance of a successful hit, one primary and one backup. The missiles are guided to the target using the engagement radar. This radar works in real time with the surveillance radar, continuously updating the missile's trajectory based on the target's movements. At step five, for low-flying threats such as cruise missiles or drones trying to avoid detection, the mobile mass system comes into play. It can detect these targets even when they're flying under radar coverage and allows the command post to initiate a missile launch with mid-range interceptors to neutralize them. In terms of capacity, the S400 system can track up to 300 targets at once, engage 60 to 80 of them simultaneously, and guide up to 160 missiles in flight. Considering it usually launches two missiles per target, this capacity makes it highly effective in highintensity combat environments. Of course, no system is without limitations. While the S400 is formidable, especially against poorly coordinated or unprepared attacks, its effectiveness is still influenced by the weapons mix deployed alongside it. One key limitation is the curvature of the Earth, which restricts radar line of sight and can create blind spots, especially for low-flying objects. This means cruise missiles or aircraft flying close to the ground might not be detected until they're dangerously close, sometimes as little as 40 km away. Despite these drawbacks, the S400 remains one of the most advanced and versatile air defense systems in the world. We also make original engineering content, so please subscribe and hit the notification bell for more videos.