Overview
This lecture describes how the attack on Pearl Harbor transformed American society during World War II, focusing on the home front, the mobilization of the population, and the resulting social changes.
The Attack on Pearl Harbor
- On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, causing over 2,000 American deaths and destroying much of the U.S. fleet.
- The attack shocked and horrified Americans, ending the nation's sense of security.
- President Roosevelt called December 7 "a date which will live in infamy" and rallied Americans to prepare for war.
Mobilization and Unity
- Roosevelt stated that every American would need to help in the war effort.
- The U.S. Army in 1940 ranked 19th in the world, but expanded from 300,000 to 15 million personnel during the war.
- Men enlisted or were drafted, leaving families behind and uniting the country toward a common cause.
- Fear and uncertainty prevailed as the U.S. also faced war declarations from Germany and Italy.
Home Front Efforts and Production
- Americans tracked war developments using maps and followed news via radio and newspapers.
- The government emphasized continuous and increased production to supply U.S. and Allied needs.
- Factories converted to war production; Detroit was called the "Arsenal of Democracy."
- Citizens worked long hours in factories; production expectations were met and exceeded.
The Role of Women
- Women entered the workforce in large numbers as men went to war, making up a third of the civilian workforce by 1944.
- Initially, factories resisted hiring women, but later relied heavily on them for war production.
- Women took on jobs such as riveting, welding, and assembly in aircraft and shipbuilding plants.
- Their efforts were vital, accelerating production of tanks, planes, and ships.
Social Changes and Impact
- The war restructured American families, as women left homes to work in factories.
- A spirit of patriotism and unity permeated society, with everyone urged to contribute to the "war effort."
- These changes had lasting effects on gender roles and the American workforce.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Pearl Harbor — U.S. naval base in Hawaii attacked by Japan on December 7, 1941.
- Arsenal of Democracy — Nickname for Detroit due to its role in war manufacturing.
- Home Front — The activities and efforts of civilians in support of a war occurring abroad.
- B-17 "Flying Fortress" — A type of heavy bomber produced in large numbers by American factories.
- War Effort — Collective civilian and military activities to support victory in war.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review the impact of the Pearl Harbor attack on U.S. political and social dynamics.
- Study the role of women in wartime industry and its consequences for postwar society.
- Prepare for discussion on how World War II reshaped American identity and family structure.