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AP Human Geography Unit 2 Summary

May 3, 2025

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AP Human Geography Unit 2 Review

Overview

  • Comprehensive review of Unit 2 for AP Human Geography.
  • Importance of using the study guide in the Ultimate Review Packet.
  • Study guide includes unit review videos, practice quizzes, answer keys, full practice AP exams, FRQ resources, vocab lists, and exclusive videos.

Distribution of Human Population

  • Four Major Regions: South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe.
    • South Asia: India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka.
    • East Asia: China, Japan, Korea.
    • Southeast Asia: Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam.
    • Europe: People cluster around natural resources due to the Industrial Revolution.
  • Physical Factors: Climate, landforms, bodies of water, and natural resources influence settlement.
  • Human Factors: Economic opportunities, cultural acceptance, historical events, and political stability affect where people live.

Population Distribution vs. Density

  • Population Distribution: Spread of people across an area.
  • Population Density: Number of people in a specific area.
    • Arithmetic Density: Total population divided by total land area.
    • Physiological Density: Total population divided by arable land.
    • Agricultural Density: Number of farmers divided by arable land.

Consequences of Population Density and Distribution

  • Political: High-density areas have more political power.
  • Economic: High density offers more goods and services, lower density relies on urban centers.
  • Social: High density offers more educational and healthcare services.
  • Environmental: High density leads to urban sprawl, affects carrying capacity.

Population Composition

  • Demographic Characteristics: Age, gender, ethnicity, education, income, occupation.
  • Population Pyramids: Used to understand demographic characteristics.
    • Age Categories: Pre-reproductive (0-14), Reproductive (15-44), Post-reproductive (45+).
  • Ratios:
    • Sex Ratio: Males to females.
    • Dependency Ratio: Non-working (0-14, 65+) to working-age (15-64).

Population Dynamics

  • Key Terms:
    • Crude Birth Rate (CBR): Live births per 1000 people.
    • Crude Death Rate (CDR): Deaths per 1000 people.
    • Natural Increase Rate (NIR): CBR - CDR.
    • Total Fertility Rate (TFR): Average number of children per woman.
    • Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Infant deaths per 1000 live births.
  • Influencing Factors: Healthcare, education, gender roles, economic development, political policies.

Demographic Transition Model

  • Stage 1: High CBR and CDR, low NIR. Subsistence agriculture.
  • Stage 2: High CBR, declining CDR, population boom. Transition to commercial agriculture.
  • Stage 3: Declining CBR and CDR, moderate NIR. Increased urbanization.
  • Stage 4: Low CBR, CDR, and NIR. Women's active societal role, specialized medicine.
  • Stage 5: Low CBR, low CDR, negative NIR. Population decline.

Epidemiologic Transition Model

  • Stage 1: High mortality from pestilence and famine.
  • Stage 2: Fewer deaths, improved sanitation, and food production.
  • Stage 3: Rise in degenerative diseases.
  • Stage 4: Fight against degenerative diseases, longer life expectancy.
  • Stage 5: Resurgence of infectious diseases.

Malthusian Theory

  • Malthusian Catastrophe: Population surpasses food production capacity.
  • Neo-Malthusians: Concern over depletion of natural resources.

Government Influence on Population

  • Pronatalist Policies: Encourage more births, larger families.
  • Antinatalist Policies: Reduce birth rates, e.g., China's one-child policy.
  • Migration Policies: Impacted by economic needs, security, cultural values.

Women's Role and Demographic Changes

  • Economic Development: Leads to increased opportunities for women.
  • Impact on TFR and IMR: Educated women delay childbirth, reducing TFR.
  • Maternal Mortality Rate: Improved with better healthcare and opportunities.

Migration Patterns

  • Ravenstein's Laws: Migration is often for economic reasons, usually over short distances.
  • Push/Pull Factors:
    • Economic: Job opportunities, cost of living.
    • Political: Stability, freedom.
    • Social: Healthcare, education.
    • Environmental: Climate, natural resources.

Types of Migration

  • Forced Migration: War, political oppression.
  • Voluntary Migration: Economic opportunities.
  • Transnational Migration: Settling in a different state, maintaining home ties.
  • Chain Migration: Family sponsorship.
  • Step Migration: Migration in stages.
  • Guest Workers: Temporary migration for work.
  • Transhumance: Seasonal movement of livestock.
  • Rural to Urban Migration: Search for economic opportunities.

Impact of Migration

  • Political: Immigration policies and debates.
  • Economic: Increased talent pool, brain drain.
  • Cultural: Acculturation, assimilation, syncretism.

Use this guide to study and prepare for quizzes, tests, and the AP exam. Review concepts and practice with available resources for enhanced understanding.

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