Overview
This lecture introduces the origins of the Progressive Movement in the United States, focusing on its response to the problems of the Gilded Age and the emergence of reformers known as progressives and muckrakers.
Background: Gilded Age Problems
- The Gilded Age (late 19th century) brought economic growth and wealth, but also exposed major social issues.
- Major problems included urbanization, immigration, corruption, poor working conditions, unchecked corporate power, and lack of women's rights.
- Despite economic gains, deeper social and political inequalities persisted.
The Rise of Progressivism
- The Progressive Movement began around 1890 aiming to improve society and correct the problems from the Gilded Age.
- Progressivism is a broad term for groups seeking reforms to create a better and fairer society.
- Progressives were mostly white, middle class, native-born, and Protestant Christian.
Muckrakers and Exposing Problems
- Muckrakers were middle-class journalists who exposed societal problems, corruption, and abuses in Gilded Age America.
- The term "muckraker" was popularized by President Theodore Roosevelt to describe those who exposed "muck" in society.
- Muckrakers sometimes used "yellow journalism," exaggerating stories for greater emotional impact and public attention.
Notable Muckrakers and Their Work
- Jacob Riis used photography to reveal poor urban living conditions in "How the Other Half Lives."
- Ida Tarbell investigated and exposed corrupt practices of John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company.
Features and Goals of Progressivism
- Progressivism aimed to increase democratic participation and reduce political corruption.
- Efficiency in government and society was a key goal, with faith in the ability to enact positive change.
- Progressives believed government regulation (laws, reforms) was essential for solving social problems.
Development of the Progressive Movement
- Progressivism started as a grassroots movement at local and state levels.
- Over time, it grew to national prominence, with Theodore Roosevelt becoming the first Progressive president.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Progressive Movement — A domestic reform effort to address problems from the Gilded Age.
- Gilded Age — Period of prosperity and corruption in late 19th-century America, marked by surface-level wealth.
- Muckrakers — Journalists who exposed corruption and social issues.
- Yellow Journalism — Sensationalized reporting intended to provoke strong public reactions.
- Grassroots — Movements that begin at the local level and build upward.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review main problems of the Gilded Age and their connection to Progressive reforms.
- Read about key figures like Jacob Riis and Ida Tarbell for their contributions to reform.
- Prepare for discussion on how progressives influenced national politics, starting with Theodore Roosevelt.