[Applause] [Music] chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or just COPD for short think of the double C's C for chronic air trapping resulting in reduced gas exchange due to inflammatory damage to the lungs and C for CO2 that is high patients can't fully breathe out due to the limited air flow and the inability to fully exhale so we get air trapping and high CO2 now COPD is not asthma the big difference here is that asthma attacks are reversible they're momentary flareups that come and go and usually resolve with age now COPD is irreversible damage to the alvioli and the bronchi of the lungs that progresses over a number of years typically caused by smoking now for causes and risk factors the number one is smoking this is the number one primary risk factor on the enlex and most nursing exams so the memory trick just think chronic destruction of the lungs for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease now some other causes are from other long-term exposure to respiratory irritants like being a car mechanic where we breathe in chemical fumes or even being a Wildland firefighter from that dust and smoke but again smoking is considered the number one primary risk factor secondary to chemical exposures like car mechanics now Kaplan mentions a risk factor for COPD a client that has smoked for more than 30 years now for the pathophysiology there are two types of COPD empyema and chronic bronchitis commonly called the pink puffer and blue bloater now most enlex questions don't really focus on the patho here you like that did you well click here and get access to over 1,000 fun visual videos 300 study guide cheat sheets and a massive quiz Bank loaded with detailed rationals to test your knowledge neatly organized in our new app click here to get started for free but it may come up on your nursing exams so again think C in COPD as C for chronic air trapping and lung hyperinflation because air cannot get out of the lungs so for empyema or pink puffer these clients are typically well profused they're pink but they have difficulty breathing so just think puffer this results from damage to the elvi which results in loss of lung elasticity and loss of inflation of lung tissue due to the loss of surfactant that helps the lungs stretch so we get a loss of lung tissue recoil and end up with air trapping in inside the lungs and on the other side for chronic bronchitis think blue bloater because they are usually cyanotic which turns them blue and this happens due to inflammation of the bronchi that smooth muscle hypertrophy and contraction within the broni itself as well as excessive mucous production resulting in a chronic hacking cough and reoccurring infections now in terms of signs and symptoms for empyema think pink Puff so we use the acronym pink P for pink skin and Pur lip breathing the very earliest sign is that they are huffing and puffing so just think puffed out cheeks and pursed lips for pink puffer I is for increased chest known as a barrel chest n is for no chronic cough or very minimal cough and K is for they keep on tripoding to get air exchange so Kaplan mentions a client with enyma you'll find hyperresonance when percussing the lungs so yes think high air trapping for hyperresonance there and on the other side for chronic bronchitis we get that blue bloater so just use the acronym blue b for big and blue skin known as sinosis this is hypoxia so just think big and blue typically our patients are obese and have a blue body L is for long-term chronic cough and sputum which cough is the earliest indicator for chronic bronchitis U is for unusual lung sounds we typically hear crackles and wheezes and E is for edema that shows up peripherally thanks for watching for our full video and new quiz Bank click right up here to access your free trial and please consider subscribing to our YouTube channel last but not least a big thanks to our team of experts helping us make these great videos all right guys see you next time