hi guys good afternoon in some places and good morning in others I hope we're all doing well and I hope we're not nervous about the exams I hope we are ready to get some information all right so so far we have a couple people ADA Megan Jamelia Hewes Heusen Tyrone Veronique Dukie and Desmond all right so it is uh it's not one of our regular pass paper marathons that we would do it is more of a small crash course or trying to go through natural systems I'm not sure we will make it through all of it but we will cover as much as we can based on the votes on Instagram most persons wanted to do physical geography first so we will look at that I wanted to show you what the syllabus looks like if you have already seen the syllabus just let me know for the ones who have not seen the syllabus let me know as well so I just give you a small schnapps is of what the syllabus looks like so that you know exactly what you're working with all right all right good so I see that a couple people have this Scylla was that's nice good morning Alton so we'll just look at the syllabus to see exactly how it works and how you can use it to your advantage all right so destiny does not have the syllabus but you can get a chance to look at it now okay so on your screen you would have natural systems that is basically or physical geography that section is physical geography you have general objectives then you would have these specific objectives what you need to be paying attention to is your specific objectives these basically tell you everything that sex is asking you to cover on your exam for your exam within those two years so your specific objectives when my students are revising I normally ask them to turn these specific objectives into questions so all of these specific objectives that are listed out by ciexi are actual questions that you can answer on your own so if you are able to stay at home and answer all of these questions by yourself that means you're good for the exam and you don't need to worry about anything at all okay so students should be able to and it gives you a list of things so it has described this explain that describe explain define etc so all of these I figure when your teacher is teaching they would have given you some objectives or they would have they would have written on the board what they plan to do for this session so these are some of the things that you would see written down not only that when you're doing an exam these are some of the same questions that you would see for your exam for example define whether in explain the process of weathering explain the process of mass ways or soil prep etcetera so all of these are things that are listed in the syllabus for your teacher to cover with you okay so we are going to try to run through a bit I'll just skip over the specific objectives because there's another section that is called content the section that is called content no it gives you a deeper explanation of what CXC wants you to know so it's a lot of stuff so it is hard for you to just get a topic and know what on the topic you are required to know so this is the content section for the physical part of geography so they want you to know the internal structure of the earth including continental oceanic plates crust mantle and core if you know that you're fine you would have covered that objective they wanted to know this as well theory of plate tectonics global distribution of plates movement of plates and the types of plate boundaries so we're going to look at those a little it would be good for you to just get out your textbook so we can just run through some of these just as a refresher the occurrence and distribution of earthquake island arc volcanoes fold mountains major faults and ocean trenches so that would have been for the plate tonic plate tectonics side of things for these three objectives here okay if you're understanding what I'm saying let me know if you don't understand what's happening on the syllabus let me know as well so I can try to explain it a little clearer for you characteristics of intrusive and extrusive features we have seen these on multiple choice papers a lot a lot of questions like these maybe they'll give you a diagram maybe they'll give you actual questions that you need to pay attention to so these are the specific intrusive features that they to look at our or they want you to know sills dikes plugs and baffle eats there's laccolith as well we're not seeing them asking you to know that specifically extrusive features that six is asking you to know caldera shield volcano composite volcanoes and lava platoon so i know that when you go in the textbook there's a whole lot of information that you see so when you're studying it's best that you use the syllabus with your textbook so you look for exactly what CXC is requiring of you and then you look for that information in the textbook so you don't spend the entire time reading through the entire book when it is not every single thing that is there that you're required to know and then the next section would have been the rock cycle igneous sedimentary and metamorphic a lot of persons would have done this from what we call lower school or grade 79 or form one to three so most teachers would not be covering it when you by the time you get to form four or form five what we can look at that as well so we are going to just look at the top section first just a small run-through before we actually move on alright so the first one says internal structure of the earth including continental and oceanic plates crust mantle and the core the first thing you need to know regarding this section is the diagram of the earth structure so that diagram of the earth structure based on the path papers that we have seen they don't go into a lot of detail and ask you a lot of questions about it it's maybe two or three questions that we have come upon so far about the actual structure of the earth a lot of the detailed information on it is not necessarily asked so things that you need to bear in mind are the two types of crust which is continental crust and oceanic crust you also need to know the specific layout where the crust is where the mantle is where the core is for for seasick you are required to know inner core and outer core as well you are required to know the makeup of the crust so we know that continental crust another word for that remember it's your only doing multiple choice this time so we don't need to go into a lot of detailed explanation about some of the stuff since the multiple choice would require you to know the more specific things for example what is another name for the continental crust that would have been CL and what does SIA stand for it's real talking about the makeup which is silica and aluminum another name for the oceanic crust is SEMA which is also talking about the makeup which is silica and magnesium oceanic crust is between six and ten kilometers thick and continental crust can be up to 70 kilometers thick regarding plate tectonics the syllabus requires you to know the global distribution of the plates in other words they want you to know in other words they want you to know where the plates are be able to name the plates tell what type of plate it is what kind of what kind of feature is associated with that plate that would basically cover the second section that's number two there the theory of plate tectonics including global distribution of plates movement of the plates and the type of plate boundaries so global distribution of plate if you are looking on the Caribbean map you should be able to figure out where the Caribbean plate is a very easy way for you to remember that is by looking for your specific island because your island would have been on the Caribbean plate so when you look for your island you would see the Caribbean plate around that island around those islands once you figure out the Caribbean plate you know that above the Caribbean you would have North America so you would know where the North American plate is and then you can figure out the other ones around it so that's the easiest way for you to remember the actual plates where they are and how they are distributed so once you know that map that that map that shows where the plates are situated the next thing that you need to know is the movement of plates we know that the plates have three types of movement they move beside each other parallel to each other they move towards each other and they move away from each other so the plates that move towards each other just like the word suggests hyah chillon just like the word suggests those place that move towards each other they're called convergent plate margins so the definition of the word converge means to come together so convergent plate margin means that the plates are moving towards each other when the plates are moving towards each other think of two trucks driving towards each other on the road right into each other when they drive right into each other obvious and they're gonna hit up they're gonna crash and then things are gonna happen right all sorts of different things are gonna happen so that would have been the plate movement for convergent first we're gonna go back to the things that would happen for the divergent plate margin just like the word suggests to diverge means to move away or to go apart so divergent those two plates are moving away from each other if you are moving away from each other it means that you are creating space in between the two things so those space that you're creating in between the two things they would not lead to a collision it would create other things okay and then the third movement would have been parallel to each other if you're parallel you're moving beside each other the thing with this plate margin is that they actually touch from time to time and it is these small touches or glitches or itching any hitching on each other that would give us the earthquakes so those are the three plate movements for the convergent plate margin because they're coming together they're converging the another name for that is destructive plate margin because things are going to get destroyed for the for the divergent plate margin because they're moving away and then you have new material that is coming up new land be informed that one is called your constructive plate margin because things are being constructed so those are our three plate plate movements for the parallel or otherwise called passive or the transform plate margin they are just moving past each other so it is passive because a lot of things are not happening we can look at it in that way they're not colliding then I create a new land so we call it passive or transform plate boundary so those are the movement of the plates and the type of plate boundaries that they create what we see sometimes on the exam as well are diagrams which show you the movement that is happening and you are asked what feature is expected to be formed at that area or they show you the feature that is formed and then they ask you what type of plate margin it is that is there those are the types of question it's at multiple-choice questions that we have seen already relating to this specific objective so for objective number three occurrence and distribution of earthquakes island arcs volcanoes Ford Mountains major faults and ocean trenches so occurrence is basically asking you where is it that it happened distribution is asking you how they are spread out across the world that's what occurrence and distribution is talking about so to know the occurrence and distribution you just need to know where where each plate is what is happening at each plate what kind of movement is happening for example we know that all three plates give us earthquakes because the earthquake is as a result of the movement and all three plates all three plate types sorry are moving as a result of that all of them will give us earthquakes so we can look at this and say relating to occurrence and distribution of earthquakes the earthquake is going to be at every single plate boundary it can happen at any single at every single plate boundary simply because all three plate margins will give us an earthquake in terms of island arcs island arcs would have been basically a line of volcanic islands these like this line of volcanic islands would is most likely found along a convergent plate boundary so when the plates converge what we normally see in a textbook is really just a cross-section of it so just what it would look like from under day from if we were to cut the earth in in pieces then if we were to cut it in two what it would look like from that end but the plate is a big thing so it would stretch all the way across it means all of the one plate would be going towards the other plate so when the subducting is supposed to happen all of that one plate is subducting so along that boundary where the subducting is taking place it means there is a potential for volcanoes to be formed all along the boundary so that is all you would end up with that island arc where you have a line of islands or you have a line of volcanoes as a result of the plate boundary that is there so if you are asked about an island arc it would have more like more than likely been at a convergent plate but a convergent plate boundary for the volcanoes the volcano is formed wayna well to put it simply once you have magma that is escaping the Earth's surface the Earth's crust and it is coming on to the Earth's surface where it is going to be now called lava then you would have a volcano based on the three types of plates plate boundaries you would have volcanic activity at convergent and at divergent plate boundaries the Mergent and the convergent plate boundaries they would have they would message they would produce different types of volcanoes generally so at a convergent plate plate boundary you are more than likely to see more destructive earthquakes more more destructive volcanoes more violent volcanoes so these would have these would have a stronger silica content these would have magma that is acidic acidic lava is thick it cools quickly and it is very explosive when we have the acidic lava that is coming up onto the Earth's surface the fact that it cools quickly it means that the type of volcanoes that would have been created I'm gone I'm gone into number four sorry about that we will get back to this specific description of the the volcanoes when we get to number four here we're still here we're just talking about the distribution of volcanoes so in the distribution of volcanoes it is basically wherever you have convergent plates boundaries and wherever you have divergent plate boundaries you would not have the volcanoes where you have just a transform plate boundary for the fold mountains fold mountains that would have been where you have the convergent plates look at the fold mountain in this way if you have two large towels that you have folded you have two large towels that you folded you place them on top of a flat table and you gently push them up towards each other the folding is going to take place at the area where they both at the area where they both meet and that folding is exactly what would have happened when you have two plates that are colliding with each other folding is going to take place and that is how you would end up with your mountains okay major faults Falls are just the crack in the Earth's surface so we can have faults we can have faults at any of the plate boundaries and then we would have the ocean trenches as well so for four characteristics of intrusive volcanic features so intrusive means just like just like that you have to pay attention to prefixes so you see intrusive it is suggesting inside so intrusive volcanic features are those features that have been formed inside the Earth's surface where the magma has cooled and hardened inside the Earth's surface so that is how you would end up with your sill dikes plugs baffle eats and luckily it's the syllabus does not specifically ask you to know about laccoliths based on this it asks you to know about sills dikes plugs and baffle it's extrusive volcanic features are the opposite the fact that it is called extrusive it means that it happened outside of the Earth's surface so the lava would have cooled and hardened outside of the Earth's surface to create these features so we have a caldera shield volcano composite volcanoes and lava platoon for the for the intrusive volcanic features we have the seal silly is when sillies form when the magma lies along the bedding plane so the seal is going to look almost like a line of latitude so it is lateral it's going across the bedding clean the a lot of persons mix up seals and dikes sometimes because dike the definition for die is when magma is moving across when it cuts across bedding planes the difference is that for Dyke it cuts across the bedding planes but for sills it moves along the bedding plane so facilities going in the same direction as the bedding plane for Dyke it is cutting across the bedding plane so it's moving from one bedding plane to the next one bedding plane to the next that is the difference between the sills and the dikes so the Dyke is like a weight sill is like a line of latitude and the Dyke is like like an angle probably a 45 degree angle or something that is vertical okay baffle it's no the baffle it's our large it is much larger than the other intrusive features and it's it's the cooling of like a giant magma reservoir so it cools and hardens and that is where you'd get your granite from if you have any questions about those features you can you can let me know extrusive volcanic features nor the caldera pal they are really happens when you have a volcano that has acidic lava it's very explosive and because of its explosivity it it gets to a point where the volcanic eruption occurs and it is so explosive that it blows off the whole top of the volcano after all of the top is blown off then a huge crater is left inside it basically leaves a hollow inside of the volcano and eventually because it is still a volcano there is still a crack in the Earth's surface at that point lava can still come to the surface so inside that crater you may have smaller volcanic cones being formed with that as well there are times when inside the craters would fill up with water so the water that is captured inside the crater would give us a new feature which is called the crater link the shield volcano that one is made up of basic lava the basic lava is runny it is basically gentle it's not as explosive so because it is not as explosive and because it is runny it would come to the Earth's surface and it flows gently it flows gently so it runs over a wider area the fact that it runs over a wider area it means that when it cools the volcano that is going to be created is going to have a wide or a very broad base that's what the shield volcano would look like and it is all as a result of the type of magma that is present so you would end up with a volcano that has gently sloped in sides and it is very very broad at the base the composite corner just like the word suggests composite it is made up of more than one thing it is composed of alternate layers of lava and ash the ash would come from the explosive side of the eruption and the lava would be as a result of the gentle side of the eruption so it's made up of those two things all in one the composite corn because it is made up of those two things it does not have a gentle slope just like the shield volcano was would have it would look a little more rugged it would look like a more like a rugged mountain than what the shield volcano would look like that would look like a gentle sloping hill that you can probably walk up on next one is the rock cycle I'm going to let you look at volcano for a second just a moment let me know if you are seeing the diagram of the volcano all right good so it's taking a little while all right so intrusive and extrusive volcanic features that is what we just explained a little not all magma that moves through the Earth's crust reaches the surface some cool then solidifies in lines of weaknesses such as bedding planes faults and joints features those features are called intrusive volcanic features so once it cools inside the Earth's surface it is intrusive whenever magma escapes it is called lava once it cools outside of the Earth's surface it is called extrusive volcanic features we have here a diagram that would just show you what it looks like so we have the baffle it just like I said it is a large reservoir where it cools and hardens this would have been over volcano where the magma is actually escaping you can see the difference between baffle eat and luckily for the laccolith it is closer to the Earth's surface and for the knuckle if it actually pushes up the bedding plane so you will actually see a bulge from it whereas for the baffle it you would not see a bulge in the bedding plane from it any at all this is are still here which goes across along the bedding plane and the dike would go across the bedding plane here okay if you have any questions you can let me know this is just a PowerPoint that we would have used in class so here is a better view of the two types of lava so it will help you to picture it in your brain the differences between the two so we have acidic lava also called and acidic or basic lava also called basaltic lava acidic love is viscous it is thick and it is sticky and it is rich in silica because of this one it is explosive and very violent the fact that it solidifies on contact with air it means that it will not run very far so once it comes out of the Earth's crust it is not going to run very far before it cools that is why these volcanoes that have the acidic lava they will not have gentle slope in science besides will be very very steep because once the magma comes up once the lava comes up it is going to cool so you would have rugged side and it would be very steep for the basic lava no it is non viscous so it is very runny so it will just run off the land so it would float like a sheet low silica content it is a lot less violent it may not even be violent any at all you can actually watch it running it flows along way before solidifying that is why those volcanoes would have those gentle sloping signs that it would look like something that you can walk up like the one that we have used for the diagram here so that would have been your gentle sloping signs this is an example of a composite cone so you are seeing the different layers one of ash and one of lava and you are able to see lava flow the crater itself as well as a dike this is one of a shield volcano here it's a little blurry but you can get there you can get the idea of how wide it stretches across for the shield volcano here and then you are seeing a lava flow - so the lava comes up on the surface it just stretches across in some text books it calls it a lava flow it just stretches across and it hardens and it happens again happens again so it starts elevating the area just gets a lot higher caldera so this would have been our caldera this would have been a volcanic cone in general then with the very explosive eruption this area the top here would have blown off when the air at the top blows off some of the materials would fall inside here but you still have this magma reservoir at the bottom so there is potential for love what is still for magma to still escape onto the Earth's surface for all those areas that it is going to escape you would have small volcanic cones formed inside the crater itself if you had water settling in here as a result of rain or ice melting etc that would have been a critter linked that would have been formed syllabus does not necessarily ask you to look at ashen cinder cone that is why it's important for you to use your syllabus as well you will not be using this fast paper because you're doing paper one which is great for you so this would have been if you're doing paper two questions like these account for the nature of the eruption with the aid of a diagram explain the formation of a caldera so you would explain how the caldera is formed and you would use your diagram to assist you in your explanation and then you are accounting for the nature of the eruption so you're accounting for the type of eruption that would take place so you would talk about the type of lava that is present and then you account for the shape of the volcano so you would tie in the type of lava the type of eruption that occurs and then you tie that into the shape of the volcano exactly how we just discussed minute ago okay that's it for the volcano section let's just look back at the syllabus here for the rock cycle formation of igneous sedimentary and metamorphic rocks so igneous rock igneous is from the Greek word Ignace bigness means fire so that alone can assist you in knowing what how the rock is formed the rocks are the rocks are classified based on their formation so that is what so that is what is used to classify the rocks that's how we ended up with the three types of rocks in the first place which is based on how they are formed so one is formed by fire one is formed by the compilation or compaction of sediments and another one is formed from change so igneous is from igneous Ignace means fire that tells you that it is formed as a result of something relating to fire so the magma wants the magma cools and hardens that is what would have given you the igneous rock the through the process of crystallization when you have the igneous rock now it goes through the process of weathering and erosion and all sorts of things happening to it when the weathering erosion takes place you would have small pieces or small small parts of the rock that is falling apart as a result of the weathering and the erosion so you would end up with these small pieces which are sediments these sediments would over time remember all of this takes hundreds of thousands of years these sediments over time would settle usually where water is close to water water aids in the compaction of it so these sediments would settle on top of each other and this said settling and compaction and building up on top of each other would have created the sedimentary rocks so the sedimentary rocks they are basically four in layers and it's often near water sources and you would find things like fossils the the dead animals and plants etc those would assist in the creation of these sediments and the formation of the sedimentary rocks so that is where the sedimentary rock would come from then now you have the metamorphic rock you're young I think most of you would probably watch Power Rangers one time or the other if you have watched Power Rangers let me know just just comment which which one of the Rangers you are or which one of them you liked I liked white Ranger but I was like a long time ago but yeah the point I'm trying to make is metamorphic you can see a word in there when the Power Rangers are about to change they say that it is morphing time so the morphing is relating to the change that is going to happen so just the same in this word the metamorphic rock is suggesting that the rock is changing from one thing to the next all right so we have some pink ranger yellow ranger - yellow ranger that's very nice so nobody didn't like white ranger alright blue red and green cool so when they say it's morphine time you know that the change is going to take place so once you see the morph in your word it is telling you that this rock was created as a result of changes these changes would have been as a result of chemical pressure and heat so the igneous rock that you have already the sedimentary rock that you have already it would undergo pressure changes or chemical changes or heat changes and then it would create a new rock type which which would have been the metamorphic rock so that is all you get from one Rock to the next Rock to the next Rock and that is basically your cycle so you have one that is formed by fire the it cools and it hardens after cool and Harden winner weather in an erosion break it down a little that breaking it down give you some sediments little sediments fall off the sediments with the assistance of water the compact together kind of like cement they compact together when they compact together it gives you it gives you the sedimentary rock now with those two rocks they can undergo changes as a result of heat or pressure or chemical when that happens that's how you end up with your third Rock so all of what I just explained is how you have your rock cycle okay let me know if you get that so we can move on to weathering and mass wasting all right so the next section is weathering so the syllabus asked you to define weathering okay somebody's asking me to go over one more time I'll just run through it real quick so three rock types the first one think about the starting of the world or the earth the first one would be created as a result of magma coming from the Earth's surface magma cools and it hardens it creates a rock which would have been your igneous rock remember Ignace from the word fire would have created your igneous rock for example your granite granite or your igneous rock goes through the process of erosion and weathering so something is wearing it away whether it is wind or water or whatever something is wearing it away from that wearing aware of the rock you're gonna end up with small pieces of rocks falling off which are we call sediments these small sediments that fall off they are going to basically group up with each other and they are going to start compacting on each other once you have them all in the same place what a common is right what accommodate they start compacting with each other that process of compaction would have created the sedimentary rocks these two rocks that we have known sedimentary and the igneous rock anything can happen to them they can go through any form of changes so you usually have things relating to pressure heat or chemical that would cause them to change this change is how you end up with your metamorphic rock so just look for the word morph in it and you will remember that that is the one that is as a result of changes taking place okay all right let me know if you're good now so we're at um weathering so we define weathering weather in itself is the breaking down of rocks there's a there's a cool very cool song on YouTube this gentleman I don't remember his name but he's wearing a black glasses this white guy this song goes something like you know about where the rain break down that rock with weather in something like that and then there's a dance for break it down break it down so that song can help you to remember exactly what weather it is it is the breaking down of rocks full-stop right the next section that they asked you to look at is the location process and the results of chemical weathering they ask you to look at physical weathering again and they ask you to look at biological weathering so there are three types of weathering chemical physical and biological or some textbooks call it biotic weathering so we may use the terms interchangeably so chemical weathering it means that the rock is being broken down as a result of a chemical process physical weathering means that the rock is being broken down as a physical as a result of a physical process so something physical is causing it and biological weathering or biotic weathering so the word bio the not the word the prefix bio means life or living so that one it is something that is living with a plants or animal that is causing that rock to break down in situ means in place in its in its own habitat at its own area without being moved so we have read so somebody else is responding in its original place so we have those three types of weathering so we can look at for chemical weathering they ask you to look at carbonation and hydrolysis so at one point in the syllabus it was carbonation and oxidation this is the last syllabus that sexy had put all this is 2015 one so I think of some of your teachers would have done oxidation if your teacher did oxidation you can let me know there is carbonation and hydrolysis that they are asking you to pay attention to though so for hydrolysis look at the word again look at the prefix hydro relating to water so we know that that is as a result of that chemical breakdown is as a result of the substance in the rock combining with water so for example feldspar which is which is found in granite it can change to clay when you have the process of hydrolysis taking place I haven't seen any response relating to oxidation from your teachers but oxidation is relating to oxygen that is where you would have the rock would be rusting you would see that that like a orangish film over the rock that would that rusting would have been the oxidation for carbonation no I'm gonna show you a small PowerPoint on carbonation as well all right so never did oxidation cool so it used to be on the syllabus but it is not there anymore so figure that is why your teachers did not touch on it any at all so we have chemical weathering um for chemical weathering no just as it suggests the change is as a result of a chemical process so it's taking a little while to actually load so we're not going to go into oxidation but we will we will look at what's the one we have left carbonation if you are seeing it you can let me know all right so what is chemical weathering and how would you define it based on what we just discussed we pretty much would have been able to answer this question so I like to inject English language into geography so once you combine the two words together what is chemical and what is weathering then that would assist you in answering the question so chemical weathering chemical means working by means of chemicals and weathering means breaking down the action of the weather conditions in altering the color texture composition or form of exposed objects such as rocks so when you put both of them together you would end up with chemical weathering is the altering of color texture composition or form of exposed rocks as a result of chemicals from released released from weather conditions I'm just skipping through this because we don't need oxidation as I said it's just um just powerpoints that I would have used already so we are now act carbonation so carbonation is a process of carbon dioxide dissolving in a liquid so over here we have a diagram of a rock surface you can see little shapes here if you can already identify and name the shapes you can tell me what they are I'm hoping someone can tell us what they are for this you can do this at your home if you still want to find out or you can just think about it in your brain we would normally just run this experiment in class to see exactly how carbonation works so you take some chalk chalk would be representing the limestone and the limestone is a form of sedimentary rock and the Pepsi yes the Pepsi that you drink that is literally burning out that does things to the inside of your body let me say that that Pepsi would act as our carbon dioxide just a side note if you look on the your Pepsi you will see the level of carbonated beverage that is in there so that's why we would have used Pepsi for our carbon dioxide because that's what you're drinking anyway let me stop bashing Pepsi now so we have chalk for the limestone Pepsi for the carbon dioxide and then once you place the limestone inside once you place the limestone inside your Pepsi you watch it for a couple minutes doesn't take very long for the Pepsi to literally destroy the chalk when it destroys the chalk you will see that it falls apart similarly to how carbonation would take place so the carbon dioxide that is in the Pepsi it acts on the chalk the chemical process takes place there the iron reacts to the oxygen and it form iron oxide which weakens the iron rainwater when we look at it in terms of geography no rainwater contains carbon dioxide which produces a weak carbonic acid the acid reacts with rot those are rocks that are composed of calcium carbonate so that's especially like the limestone it causes the limestone to dissolve and then these dissolving that is taking place it creates different features in the rocks so the diagram that we saw first with the little shapes inside the surface of the rocks those would have been our twins and rikes it would have been as a result of carbonation where this is happening so that would have been one form of our weathering that is taking place this is an example of it being done with sugar cubes and you would see how it creates a hole in the top it's the same way that the rainwater would react with limestone all right so we can go back to our syllabus it's taken a little while for physical weathering there are two things that they the sexy wants you to look at that's frost action and exfoliation if you have been with us doing any other past papers you will realize that there's a lot of X well not a lot of exfoliation question but there is a exfoliation question that keeps repeating that is just an example of how these questions would be set up for weathering and for mass wasting so they would basically explain one to you and ask you which one of the process it is so frost action just like it suggests frost means it's from freezing so that is the continuous freezing and thawing of the rock that that is what would have caused the breaking down of the rock so it is actually from a physical process that causes the rock to break down so you have small cracks in the rocks in the daytime they the no in the nighttime the rocks would fill up with water hold on I'm a little mixed up just talking from my head here for the frost action right another name for that is frost shattering or freeze anta so it is the constant freezing and thawing of the rock that would cause it to actually break apart so in the day time rain feels of the rock or there is moisture inside those little cracks in the rock and in the nighttime it freezes so when it freezes it expands or it gets larger if you've ever put up if you have if you've ever put a bottle of water in your freezer and you leave it in there for too long when you take it back out you will realize that the bottle swells up it expands and the bottle is almost out of shape it's the same thing that happens with the rock the water that freezes would have caused the rock to bulge when it bulges the rock itself is expanding the next day when it becomes warming up again we're not enough again the ice melts so then it keeps expanding contracting expanding contracting so this constant freeze and thaw freeze and thaw will cause the rock to break apart that would have been the physical process for the exfoliation no this is basically removing the outer layers of the rock another name for that is well some persons call it onion peeling so this has to do with temperature just the same so the outer outer layer of the rock expands and contracts regularly because of the heat in the daytime and the cooling in the nighttime heat in the daytime cooling in the nighttime when that happens it causes the outer layers of the rock to start breaking off almost like you're almost like you're shelling off an egg it breaks off and then that is the process of exfoliation so again you see that for this one it is actually a physical process that is causing the rock to break down for the biological weathering or what we call biotic weathering this is as a result of plants or animals that would cause the rock to break down plants can cause a rod to break down by their roots probably growing through their roots probably growing through the rock itself and actually tearing it apart as a result of that so when you look at it even though the plant is doing it it can be looked at as a physical process because something is doing they're ripping apart it is not as a result of the chemical but it is biotic or biological because it is the plant or the animal that is doing it so that is one example of how plants can break the rocks apart then you have then you have four animals you may have some animals that actually borrow through the rocks that causes them to break apart as well that would have been physical again no from a more chemical biological standpoint when you have snails that crawl across the rocks and I don't know if you've ever seen a snail before when you look behind them you see a trail of that slimy thingy that thing is actually chemicals from the snail that has been left on the rock that will assist in breaking down the rock chemically so the chemicals that the snail would put out would react with the rock and cause it to break apart earthworms do that as well so that is the process for biological or biotic weathering I see we are asking is that different from acid rain I don't know which one you're referring to maybe it's maybe it's carbonation if it is carbonation it is not different from acid rain it is when it creates the weak carbonic acid as a result of picking up the carbon dioxide that weak carbonic acid is called acid rain definition cause and result of mass movement so there is soil creep and there's landslides so there are two types that they want you to look at so soil creep just like it suggests is the slow movement it says creep so it means that you're going very very slow and then landslides Lyde is naturally faster than a creep so if you look at it that way you will know which one is fast you will know which one is slow since you're doing paper one again the questions that normally come relating to this they would define one of them for you and they ask you what it is and then you pick that from your answer so it's best for you to know exactly what they are so mass wasting in general can also be called mass movement it is the downhill movement of materials so donal movement of rock debris or soil due to the force of gravity so it means that you have to have a slope it can be a gentle slope can be a steep slope but there needs to be a slope because it is moving as a result of gravity naturally if it is a very steep slope the materials are going to flow faster so you may end up with a landslide rather than soil creep there are factors influencing factors influencing landslide or soil creep one of them is water so the water acts as a lubricant and for soil creep it would have made the soil so heavy that it moves a lot more than it usually does for landslides it makes it slippery plus heavy so that it actually slides away so that is where the landslide in part of it would come from so these would happen in areas where there is wet weather the more water you have dealing with is the faster the material is going to move and a larger amount of material that is going to be moved moved there I think my aunt mar somebody can check it over no man Mar has a had a landslide probably yesterday and it was really bad really really bad there are different types of slow movements so it's not soil creep alone but CXC had asked you to look specifically at soil creep you have rock creep any farmer creep is a slow movement then you have different types of fast movements 60 ask you to look at landslide only but you have rock slide landslide earth slide earth flow rock flow so the the word assist you to determine whether it is fast or it is slow movement for for soil creep there is usually a diagram that you are asked to there's usually a diagram that you're asked to either draw if it was paper - maybe they would ask you to draw it to assist in your explanation to show how to how you can show evidence that soil creep is taking place evidence of that is tilting of the poles maybe you have that happening in your yard or tilting of certain trees that you have planted you'll see that they tilt down the slope more soil on the back end of a wall rather than on the other end so you will see that it is basically banking up you can see that movement is taking place red is asking what is rock creep rock creep is the slow movement of rocks just the same the same way that you would have a soil moving but you're unable to see the movement of the soil because it is a creep similar to rock creep the Rock is moving it's being moved as a result of maybe the water that is below it or just the pressure itself that movement once it is so slow that you're unable to see it's happening that would have been your Rock creep um for paper 2 as well you would be required to look at effects of each one of these things more more than so landslide landslide Effects of landslides you can just think about that one almost for everything that is going to affect something in geography one effect that you can always write is loss of life loss of property or disruption of property or destruction of farmland or loss of flora and fauna all of those things are basically general effects that you can use for anything at all you can use them for earthquake you can use them for flooding you can use it for landslides volcanic activity any of those for those you can always say that an effect is loss of life loss of livestock loss of disruption of services those things are general it can always use those as an example number seven the characteristics of limestone and the processes leading to the formation of limestone features created and on the surface so you have clean sand Greg's surface depression cockpits swallow holes and underground features so we just spoke about carbonation and how carbonation occurs so after you have the after you have the rainfall taking up the carbon dioxide mixing and creating that we carbonic acid when it falls on rocks such as limestone it would wear away the limes limestone is made up of approximately 50% percent calcium carbonate that is why the limestone is so easily eroded by this weak carbonic acid so the limestone is what will form will have most of these features forming there so they cleanse and the greg's those are what we saw in the diagram before where you it looks like little gullies so the cranks would have been the ones that are lower and the clint's would have been the ones that are at the top say it looks like huh it almost looks like a block and the part that sinks down would have been your Gregg's and the part that is at the top of the block would have been your Clint's surface depression just like the word suggests depression means a little sink it just means that you have a sink in the surface as a result of the acid rain that is falling cockpits in Jamaica we have the cockpit country the cockpits are basically just sinks lots of different sinks up and down areas so this area you have a sink and then the next area you have looks like a little cone so it's like it's an area of almost all mini mountains that's pretty much what it looks like but they are very very close to each other for the cockpit and then you have swallow holes which are large large sinkholes those are your surface features those are the ones that you can see from on top those are features of limestone that are formed on top of the Earth's surface the underground features know these are the ones that are underneath the Earth's surface so you have the caves stalactites stalagmites pillars underground rivers so we know what kids are stalactite the these are the ones that are at the top the one that has a tight Tifa top and the stalagmite the G in it for ground that's how I tell my students to remember it so you know that the one with the T in it is the one that comes from the top and the one with the G in it it comes from the bottom so when both of these are growing down and up if they meet they would create a pillar somebody's asking if the cockpits would have steep slopes no they would not it is like a do you know those little bonds like the rules that you serve with dinner dinner rolls the dinner rolls that are not broken apart yet they say you have mmm six or eight six or eight or so beside each other where you have just a gentle raise and then a sink and another reason I think another reason I think so it would look like a bunch of rolls all close together that's what the cockpits would look like so pilars is when the stalactite and the stalagmites actually join together another word for pillar is column that's what it would have created and then you have the underground rivers that is where the water actually flows underneath the Earth's surface so you can actually have you can actually just an example you can have limestone in your backyard and there's a cave under there and there is pillar and stalactite and stalagmite under there and water is flowing under there and you don't know about it because it is an underground feature yeah because it is an underground feature since we've been doing the past papers though I have not seen any question at all relating to limestone I have seen not even one question relating to limestone since we're already on water let us just look at coast instead of vegetation and weather first so we're going to look at flooville and coastal processes since you're already talking about water let us talk about the hydrological cycle this the ones that they want you to pay attention to is evaporation condensation precipitation transfer a runoff infiltration through flow percolation groundwater flow and if those features are right so we know how the cycle works from from let me say primary school perspective just you know all right Tyree says he's seen a limestone question before you can tell us about it give us an idea I don't remember seen one but it can give us an idea of what the limestone question is like evaporation means that the water is leaving the Earth's surface as a result of the Sun when the water leaves the Earth's surface as a result of the Sun the higher you go the cooler it gets so that water is going to cool so when it cools it condenses and this condensation once the clouds form clothes and once the clouds become full then we would end up with our precipitation so our precipitation can be in the form of snow rain sleet etc but in the Caribbean we would just have our rainfall then transpiration is in essence similar to evaporation but it is from plants when you have evapotranspiration it is the water being evaporated from land or water sources plus from plants together runoff just like the word suggests the water is actually running off the land I think I have a PowerPoint on it let me try to find it I think I have a PowerPoint on that I don't know we can we can go on without it alright so um the run off it is actually the water is actually being carried off the land in the in the hydrological cycle you have inputs outputs transfers and storage okay Terry so that question asked what limestone is made up of okay yes so we said that in our explanation awhile ago that um limestone is made up of approximately 50 percent calcium carbonate so if you do see a question like that you should remember the calcium carbonate part okay so the hydrological cycle is made up of four different things are happening there's input-output transfer and storage so the input is what you're putting into the system so you're looking at it as a system input would be from the rainfall that is what we're putting in in the Caribbean we would only have rainfall other places they would their snow would have also been an input the output snow would have been when things are leaving so that is the transpiration and the evaporation or the evapotranspiration all right so somebody saw a limestone question paper paper 2001 oh that one that we went through which one is not a limestone feature hmm okay cool I remember it but okay all right cool so the output would have been trans and evapotranspiration then no we have our transfers so the transfer is the when the water is moving from one place to the next so that is where we get the runoff the infiltration the through flow and the percolation and the grown water flow from so these are our movement or our transfers through the system and then our storage now would have been places that are holding water so the places that are holding water would have been our groundwater or our aquifers or our Springs so those are the ones that are actually holding the water so runoff we spoke about runoff already runoff itself is kind of self-explanatory another runoff can also be referred to as Overland flow so there were several questions on the not several questions the same question I repeat in a lot of times relating to deforestation what happens after deforestation something relating to how deforestation would lead to soil erosion and flooding an overland flow etc if you remember that question you can tell me but something something in relation to that so that is how the Overland flow would come in so when you remove the trees remember that the trees assist in the water flowing through and getting to into the surface the water would have been intercepted by the vegetation and then you would have the stem flow and it would flow down this stem from the stem down the bark and it would flow onto the roots and it would actually go under the Earth's surface so that would assist in letting the water infiltrate but if you have removed the trees then there is not much infiltration taking place nothing is there really to assist the water in going into the soil instead it runs off so that is what gives you the overland flow or the surface runoff so you would just have to apply the knowledge from the hydrological cycle towards a question like that that is asking about deforestation and how it would lead to flooding so then you have the well we said infiltration there was another question as well that kept repeating relating to I think it was percolation it was a diagram that asked ask you to find probably name X or something like that it was right it was a hydrological cycle diagram so then you could see the area for evaporation the area for condensation etc and then the area for percolation was labeled X so you would just have to pay attention to the area where the water is actually going into the Earth's surface so infiltration and percolation is different well generally water that is flowing through the soil is called through flow once it is flowing through the soil but when it is flowing through the soil it is flowing laterally right and then infiltration no is the passage of water into the soil that is just the passing of the water from under surface to go down into the soil then percolation even though percolation is going down as well percolation is the downward vertical movement of water within the soil or also within the rock so it is percolation that would take the water that was just on the surface take it all the way down to the grown water storage so it was it is percolation that would do that answer that question we have seen it a lot so it is something that you need to pay attention to grown water flow node so we have done evaporation condensation precipitation transmission runoff infiltration through flow percolation so now we're at groundwater flow so for grown water flow know that is the water that is actually moving through the rocks inside the rocks so remember that we had through flow where you had the water that is moving through the soil that is a lateral directions as going across and then the groundwater flow is the water that is moving through the rocks and it is in a lateral direction just the same right when you have when you have the water passing through the water doesn't remain at one point the water flows don't soap or underground downward the when it reaches the groundwater the upper level of it the top part of the water is called the water table the water that is held inside the rocks that is what is called the groundwater so when that water is moving through the rocks it is called groundwater flow right and these rocks generally that hold the groundwater they are what are called aquifers so that would take us to here they are what are called aquifers and then know the springs so these same aquifers that we have that is holding the groundwater there are sometimes small cracks in the surface of these rocks that would allow the water to come through onto this surface so where that groundwater comes through onto the surface through small cracks that would have been called a spring so that is why we say the spring water is clean and bla bla bla that's where the spring water is coming from and we also did the water table a while ago if you have any questions about that one just let me know I was asking what about groundwater I know how I know how that's a new name hello let me know if you understand for all the persons who are new and you have not subscribed yet please ensure that you do so it makes things a lot easier so that we can actually do this live stream from a cell phone so we can get to show you some pictures I can show you the drawings I can actually draw it and show you etcetera it's a ensure that you subscribe and ensure that you like the video as well so Chelsea is asking run off through flow and grown water all flow laterally yes they all flow laterally so they run or like you say it's as if they're running off the land very good alright so no other questions we go to the next one which is 21 drainage system so we have been seeing hi Adil ooh Ram Gollum nice name I'm assuming that you're from Trinidad that's a trinny name I will try to post it after sometimes we have challenges you know this is certain you but I'll try to post it after just ensure that you subscribe um drainage system fluvial processes that is erosion transportation and deposition alright so for the drainage system we have seen quite a number of drainage questions we have seen a lot actually on the past papers we have seen questions asking us about drainage basin to identify drainage basin to identify watershed questions about different parts of the river that we should label most of the questions relating to rivers our questions that have a diagram that you are supposed to label something so drainage system um we explain the drainage basin thing already we spoke about the pun the basis that we Caribbean people call it and that we use so that would have been your catchment area the actual basin is the catchment area that is in the middle we have been through that in quite a number of papers because it's almost as if it is always there and we posted that we posted that a picture of one of those questions on the Instagram page as well so you can check that out if you are not following on Instagram you should go ahead and do so we post questions daily so you keep your mind in check you can post your answers and then we like if it is if it is correct okay so drainage basin that is basically your catchment area or the general area that is drained by the river the boundary no the top part of the pond we referred to it as top part of the basin that little area on the basin that would have been called your watershed so that is dividing one watershed from the other we know that River starts at the source we've seen a question like that as well and we know that river ends at the mouth we know that the smaller river that is going to join a larger river is called a tributary we know that the point at which the smaller River joins the main river is called the confluence so those are just terms that you have to ensure that you actually remember okay um so for this one how the syllabus is set up so you have a drainage system here relating to rivers and then on the 22 you have the landforms relating to rivers that they wanted to pay attention to and then under 23 they have the drainage patterns that they wanted to pay attention to so we'll go back and forth for these then you have a coastal system here what they wanted to pay attention to then on the 22 they have coastal landforms that you should pay attention to and then they jump into coral reef here so we will go between 21 22 and 23 so in relation to the drainage system we are talking about the river where is it that this river comes from what is the source of the river the river is usually started at a high point that comes in handy when you get a diagram where you are required where you are required to tell where the river is flowing from or the direction of flow of the river or something like that so river is usually started as always from at a high point and it flows under the influence of gravity so it would be flowing from high to low so the starting point it can be you need the water to be coming from somewhere so usually it is a spring that is starting the river or we can have a upland lake or you can have melting glacier that's in other other countries so this spring which is usually the case in the Caribbean this spring would be the source of our rivers and that is where all water is coming from and then you would have a lotta rainfall etc that adds to the volume of water that would have been inside the river in the first space so the river has three fluvial processes that takes place there is erosion transportation and then there is deposition they are basically listed according to the stages of the river stage one you have more erosion taking place stage 2 you would have more transportation taking place and stage 3 you will have more deposition taking place so they are basically listed according to what would be happening in each one the processes though they are related they're specifically linked to the energy that the river has so I think I've told you already that relating to rivers you try to well I asked my students the flink rivers to a person and how they are when they are young when there are middle-aged and then when they are older so your think of your level of energy as a young person versus the level of energy as a middle-aged person probably your parents and then think of your level of energy of your grandparents so that's how we're looking at it yourself as a teenager the second stage your parents and then the third stage probably as your grandparents so we're looking at their energy levels I know that some persons will fall outside of the box a you know some old people are just really energetic and you wonder where they get it from but I'm talking in general in general so energy is needed for these processes to take place the amount of energy that a river has is determined by the amount of water that is in the river as a volume of water as well as the speed at which the water is flowing so amount of water we call that volume the speed of water we call that velocity so those two things are very important in determining which one of these processes will be taking place so we have seen a question already where it asks you based on the feature that is formed I think it was a I think it was an interlocking spur it said based on the feature that is formed in in the diagram what what type of process what process of a rope no what process is taking place in this section of the river and then they gave the option of choosing erosion transportation deposition etc so that gives you an idea of how the question would have been set up so rivers are known for erosion they are made basically four types of erosion that we look at the acronym for you to remember that is cash that is CAS hc4 Coeur agen a four attrition as for solution and eight for hydraulic action so once you remember the cash then you will be able to remember the four types of the four processes of erosion okay so corrosion another word for creation is abrasion this is the wearing away of the bed and the banks by the river load so the river load know is what the rivers carrying think of a load that you are carrying in a bag or something the river is carrying its own load so the Lord can be clean and bold as pebbles etc yeah so that would have been the Lord that the river is carrying so for corrosion the load that the river is carrying that is what is actually doing the erosion it's doing the wearing away so where is only the bed and the banks of the river and this is the main type of erosion in most rivers so in the upper course of the river you would see a lot of corrosion that is taking place that's for sea for a no attrition this is when pieces of rocks are broken away from the bed and then because they are broken away they're usually sharp so they will hit on the banks and they they will hit on the edges they will swirl and they heat up inside each other and that hitting or colliding with each other plus with the sides it creates smoother edges if you've ever if you've ever been to the river before you would realize that the stones in the river are very very smooth they're almost all nice little circles they're almost so perfect that you want to take them home this is as a result of attrition well all of the erosion processes what attrition helps most where this is concerned because when they break off and they are they have jagged edges they collide into each other which assists them in smoothing down the edges that is where that is how you would get thee the smooth circular shape the next one for s is solution so solution no is dissolved material so some rocks like the limestone for example they would dissolve in the river water and remember that the limestone come the limestone may have as a result of the carbon the acid rain it has the carbon dioxide so that water no it causes the rocks inside the river to start dissolving so that is through the process of solution that that would take place that is for the s and then we have hydraulic action hydraulic action no for the H that is just the water itself that is actually heating or acting on the bed and on the banks of the river so the water itself is causing erosion to take place just the force of the water if you have a outside pipe for example if you turn on your outside pipe and you will realize that the the earth beneath the pipe it will wash away rocks and it will wash away dirt and litter soil particles etc just from the force of the water itself that is what hydraulic action does is just the force of the water that causes the erosion to take place so that would have been the four processes for erosion no for transportation remember that erosion what was important for erosion was the volume and the speed of the water for transportation volume and speed is just as important when you are transferred when you're transporting things remember we spoke about the load that the river is carrying when you're transporting things you transport them based on the amount of energy that you have so go back to yourself your parent and your grandparent um the amount of load that you can carry as a teenager would be a lot more than what your parent can carry or a lot more than what your grandparents can carry so they would not they would not be carrying so much they would end up leaving them along the way but that is for deposition we'll get to deposition soon how you carry the load no depends on the amount of water that is inside the river channel so we have traction saltation suspension and solution again so let's look at solution first we just look at solution in erosion and we said that solution is when materials are when when the chemicals assist in dissolving materials in the water so since we said that the materials are dissolved it means then that in terms of transportation it is that same dissolved material that you're carrying so the material is it is dissolved in the water so you are not seeing it but it is still being transported so that is the first one the second one no is suspension so when we have the word suspension we can think of materials being suspended suspended materials are lifted up so they are within the water flow they are just moving along with the water um if you've ever been to the river before you may well after you go in the river and you do what you're doing and you swim and whatever when you go home you will find very small pebbles or very small pieces of rock you know inside your bath suit or inside your whatever the boys wear so you'll find those little things and you know that you didn't dig up anything but yet you still find them inside your clothes so that is as a result of the suspended material so they are basically floating around in the water and they are very very small so this would be like your suit and your clay sized particles and they are just carried within the flow of the water so these you can actually see what the ones for solution you cannot see them so these are the materials that are suspended in the water so they are floating then you have saltation saltation no these are a little bigger for this one they bounce along the bed so they would be it's almost like they're hopping they hop along the bed from one point to the next one point to the next because the river can't lift it up entirely to just bring it along the way it's not it's either not they either don't have enough volume of water or it is not flowing fast enough to have these materials suspended just the same bear in mind like I said before that the transportation of material depends on the transportation appear depends on the volume as well as the velocity of water so if you have a think about if you are if somebody of the street is washing a car somebody up the street from you is washing a car you will have the water that is running down the street and it will take little stones with it and little soil particles etc but if you have a big like a fire hydrant that has burst off of the street you will have a larger volume of water that is coming not only would you have a larger volume of water the speed at which the water would be coming would have been a lot heavier so you would realize that larger materials are being transported as a result of the fire hydrant then know if it is some flooding that is taking place let us say you have sudden showers of rain and it's a lot of water is coming it's very very fast then you would have a lot more materials being moved and the bigger materials would have been moved so that's all the transportation works it depends on the amount of water that you have in the river it depends on the speed of the water that is inside the river as well so that takes us to the next one which is traction for this one I like to think of it like a tractor like a big tractor so for tractor no you know that you would only get a tractor when you have a really big things to move and these things are so heavy that you can't lift them you would have to roll them so that is where the traction one comes in that's the other press transportation process for traction for traction no it rolls the stone along the bed this one needs the most energy so you need to have a lot of water for this to happen and then you need to have the water to be flowing very fast you may go to the river again and you realize that if you are very very large boulder somewhere and then you probably ask a friend um how would I reach near so or what I've come from but that would have been as a result of the rolling that is taking place when the river had enough energy to actually move it so for river transportation just to recap but for attraction these are the largest material and they would have been rolled along the bed saltation these are a little smaller than the big boulders these are like sand sized particles so they bounce along the bed in a leapfrog motion suspension that's like silt and clay so they're actually suspended or they are lifted up into the water they are flowing with the water and then you have solution where some minerals dissolve in the water and this one needs the least energy because you won't see it any at all so solution is always taking place okay let me know if you get the process of transportation and let me know if you get the process of erosion just leave a comment so we can move on to deposition for the positional deposition takes place when a river does not have enough energy to carry its load anymore so all of that load that you were carrying all along you're no older that grandparent stage so you start putting down the Lord okay so it means think about yourself your parents and your grandparents again it means the older you get the less things you're going to carry so that is suggesting that the youthful in the youthful stage when you're doing the erosion and all of that a lot of material is going to be moved um then when you get to the middle course or the middle stage or your parents which were using to refer it to us you can still carry some material but you may not be carrying the very very large material anymore you may not be carrying the very very big ones anymore so you keep leaving things along the way that is the deposition you deposit things when you you don't have enough speed you don't have enough energy anymore in order to carry the load with you so this can happen when the river is not so steep anymore or the channel is very very wide no so you have a wider area to cover so the water basically spread out they can move a lot of things anymore it's not so deep anymore either um or you just don't have enough energy or the river enters a larger larger body of water so it would end as all of the material would have been deposited so in terms of deposition because you're doing it based on speed and volume the larger materials will get deposited first so the first thing that would be deposited would have been those big stones that we had that were rolling those things would have been deposited first so you deposit them based on their sides so you deposit the big pebbles first bit big boulders first then the ones that we're going through saltation then you will deposit those then you deposit the ones that are suspended and then the ones that are soluble the ones that have dissolved in the water they would just go all the way okay so that is it for deposition so we'd be the erosion transportation and deposition for the drainage system for coastal system we're not doing them together we're gonna separate them but just to see if a coastal system it is the same thing for erosion same cache processes that are used for deposition it's a little different of a transportation it is similar for transportation but how materials move along the course would have been through longshore drift but we'll get to that one so land forms we have river valleys waterfalls meanders braided channels oxbow lakes levees flood plains and the deltas so I had given my grit in my current grade team an assignment and they were supposed to create a PowerPoint for the processes I'm going to try and find that for you all right I got it let me know if you can see that all right so this was like a group assignment and the students were just supposed to put it together information on the different features it's taken a little while alright so for well the first one that I started out with is meander and then the diagram actually shows us how the meander would turn into an oxbow lake here so the meander is basically just a curve or the bend that is inside the channel and these curve or bends the river basically gets lazy from time to time and as a result it would seek the easiest channel to flow so when the river curves here it is still trying to find the easiest channel to flow so on the inner bends here erosion is taking place lots of erosion would have been taking place and on the this section here deposition would have been taking place so soon enough the the river will continue eroding both sides until they're close enough together once there is a storm or flood or great volume of water then the river would cut across the channel here once it cuts across the channel here this area where the deposition was continually taking place more deposition would take place here and then you would end up with a straight River and the Oxbow leak that is left off next one is a river cliff it's just a snap sis of what the features are and what they look like this is also known as a river cut cliff outside bank of the water channel which is continually under growing erosion so that one that I showed you a while ago where the erosion is taking place that Bank that is continually undergoing erosion that would have been your River then you have your point bar so on the outside you'd have the river cliff and on the inner part you'd have the point bar that's the inner bank of the meandering stream here they set up in your point bar but out here would have been your River cliff so in this section this is where your deposition would have been taking place but in this section you would have erosion taking place so this is basically showing you what the meander looks like so you can see the river cliff on this section and then you see this lip of slope or the deposition taking place on this section here and this is what your meander would look like in real life so these are actual rivers that have the meander we already know how a meander is formed if you want me to go through it you can let me know but we already know how the me ander takes place so we don't necessarily have to go through that but if you want me to you can let me know and this is how our River cliff is formed as well since you are doing paper one you're not required to delve into the formation of each thing but well the questions that you would get would be generally diagrams that ask you to label different sections v-shaped valleys we saw a question relating to v-shaped valleys this was well v-shaped valleys and interlocking Spurs together we saw a diagram and we were asked to identify what feature was formed in that area and there was another question relating to the type of erosion that is taking place in the upper course of the river so though since it is a multiple-choice exam those are the questions that you are going to be asked so in terms of being able to explain every single detail about the formation of each type of feature you're lucky this year you will not have to do that so that's very good you don't have to delve into those since you're just doing the paper one pay attention to the diagrams ensure that you know the diagrams ensure that you are able to label the diagrams ensure that you know your definitions as all of these will come in because it is only the paper one that you're doing so diagrams like these you have to be able to identify what the things are but it's very good that no explanation is going to be necessary so just look at the diagrams so that you are able to see what they can potentially look like and then it is easier for you to identify them on your exam we saw we saw a picture like this and then it asked what is the name of the feature that is there they did not have v-shaped Valley but they had interlocking Spurs so you can see the interlocking here that is taking place so as again just pay attention to the diagrams so you are able to see where the things are what they look like so it is easier for you to be able to identify them and label them on your exam all right if you get a diagram like this and you're probably asked to identify the different areas so you would have the Lord here the riverbed the riverbanks your channel you have a little me under there Valley side your v-shaped valley and as well as your interlocking Spurs we saw I I can't say a couple but we saw one diagram or one question that was repeated a lot relating to a delta it asked about it pointed to one of these and then it asked for you to identify for you to name the feature that is there a lot of persons I think I posted it on the Instagram page as well a lot of person said tributary confluence etc and they were not familiar with what a distributary was so this area here this is a delta so this would have been right at the mouth of your River where your River is actually depositing into a larger water body there was another there was another question related to braiding here where it asked I think it defined it and you were asked to tell what is taking place there and that was braiding as well that was also on the Instagram page and these would have been your distributaries where you have the river separated as a result of deposition that is taking place in between this area so if you're not on the Instagram page ensure that you go and follow the page so you can see the questions when you post them it is usually ones that repeat so you get a good idea of what to expect on the exam again if you are watching the live and you have not yet subscribed please do so so that it can make things easier for us at the next time that we plan to do one you'd be helping us out a lot this is another picture of a delta it's just showing you what it looks like so this is where your River is and then it is entering into a larger water body and we're seeing the extensions for the Delta there are three different types of Delta that's what that was explaining this is showing you a fun Delta so it it actually shapes like a fan so that is why it is called a fun Delta yeah more Delta's I think we did a potholes in one of our one of the life that we did were going through all the pass paper no it was a 2015 pass paper that we were going through and we were there was a question that we met upon that required us to explain what potholes were and how they were formed so these are pictures of potholes you can actually see the holes inside the riverbed and you can see that they are very circular based on the erosion processes that we spoke about earlier this would have been the small rocks or small pebbles that would have broken off the sides that fall in and once they enter into one of these little holes the swirling around or the motion as a result of the river itself the water that is rushing it would cause it to swirl around and erosion would take place on the pebble itself as well as on the around the sides of the pothole so it would basically score out the hole here while it is smoothing out itself this is a clearer diagram this is a nice diagram again we don't have to go into the specific explanations since you're only doing paper one you will not be asked any questions like this it's just for you to identify different things so it is a whole lot easier for you this is showing you how the patrol is actually created so you have the bold or the pebble that falls inside it goes down here and then you have the circular motion or the grinding motion that is taking place and that is what creates the deep hole that is inside of the pothole again this was made by my current grade 10 students they were supposed to do a presentation as a group so they created this follow point together you notice that some potholes are large very very large and some are extremely small look at this one here you all right so these are Rapids I have not seen a question on the on the path papers relating to Rapids but again it is something that you should pay attention to because once it has a diagram the potential is there that they will show you the diagram and then you will be asked to leave something on the diagram or to identify what something is or or you may be asked to identify what stage it would have been found in so this large banda here for example that is just left in the middle when the when you have enough volume of water again you can see that the water is fast but when you have enough volume of water then it would have been moved if you have any questions just let me know so we go back to our syllabus here so we would have looked at the landforms river valleys waterfalls I didn't see one waterfall but um four waterfalls those are usually at the upper course they can also be found in the middle course though they occur when there is a sudden change in the course of the river or a difference in hardness and softness of the rocks so that is where you would usually find thee the waterfall I have seen waterfall questions on on the past papers that we have looked at so far as well the waterfall I think we went into an explanation about it the waterfall it can usually there would have been horizontal hard rock and then below that whole horizontal hard rock there is a softer Rock that is exposed just a little and it erodes quicker so because this softer Rock is eroding it causes a overhang Soran almost a little cliff and this overhang that it causes the water still flows over this hard rock so once the water is flowing over the Hard Rock it is going to keep because of gravity it's going to be a lot faster and it is going to keep eroding or wearing away this soft rock that is underneath that wearing away of the soft rock that is underneath would create a plunge pool that area if you're diving off in a river your dive off the cliff area but that area below is like a big pool it is very very deep that is what we're referring to as we plunge fool over time the area would erode even more so the top part of the waterfall would break off and then you would still have that overhanging rock but it would cause the waterfall to basically retreat so that would have been it for waterfall we did meanders we saw the braided rivers oxbow lakes we didn't see the levees flood plains but we did see the deltas so for the levees or the flood clean this the floodplain would happen in area of almost flatland that is flatland on both sides of the river so you're seeing the river in between but you have a wide area of flat land on both sides that area is what is called your floodplain when when you have a high volume of water in the in the river channel it may overflow its banks and then flooding will happen so that low-lying area that is around it that floodplain is basically the area that would become flooded for the the last one no for the levees the the materi when you have the river overflow in its bank you will have some material that is dropped near to the river on the bank of the river so the heavier or the coarser material it is dropped closer to the river and basically each time this happens it builds up on each other so this natural embankment along the river is called a levee so we have seen a question like that as well where you were asked to identify you were asked to identify something on the on the day in the diagram they asked if it was a floodplain I think a levee and I think River Terrace I'm not sure about something related to that if you remember the question you can you can let us know the syllabus does not ask specifically about River Terrace but it has shown up on the exam just the same the terrace is basically say you have a floodplain and the volume of water are they ready the river has fallen it went down somewhere because they the channel is eroded a little more etc so as a result of that you would have been left with a high floodplain and when it went down some more you have created a new floodplain or you're creating a new embankment so those all floodplain that is left perched above the New River channel that would have been known as your River Terrace so we have seen it pop up already on questions but again because it is multiple-choice it is only for you to label so that would have been it for the landforms relating to rivers next thing relating to rivers would have been drainage pattern we there is a video on the channel relating to drainage pattern where we go into detail about dendritic trellis and radial pattern so you can look at that as well it is asking about this one is asking about these patterns and their relationship to the rock type and the geology of the area that was explained in detail in the video specifically for this objective so I have not seen a drainage pattern question on the papers yet either if you have seen one you can let me know as well just type a comment and let me know but you should know what they look like because if drainage pattern question is going to come it may be where you need to label a diagram or look at a diagram to identify what type of drainage pattern it is so we're going to go back up and we are going to look at coast let me know if we can take a little ten-minute break I'm not seeing anybody I'm not hearing anybody let me know if you're there all right so we're going to take a little ten-minute break and we'll come back to cover cost and coral reef are we ready to continue let me know if you're ready all right so we're going to be looking at cost we're just starting off with waves again but since it's a multiple choice you can be asked I can define something and ask you what it is so the definitions are definitely important just as important as your diagrams this is important as well I have not seen a question relating to it but you never know so the distance between two crests that would have been your wave length the measurement from your trough to your crest to the top of your crest that would have been your wave height so it's just giving you wave characteristics here um so the crest is the high point trough is the low point height a vertical distance from crest to trough and the wavelength is the horizontal distance between crest to crest or trough to trough waves are formed as a result of the wind the wind carries the water until it reaches its maximum that is how you would get your waves there are two types of waves there's constructive and there is destructive waves characteristics of each constructive we've just let the word suggest it is helping to construct the beach there is a strong swash and there is a weak backwash relatively flat and occur where beaches are gently sloping they have a long wavelength small wave height and the crest are over 20 meters apart and this is usually operating in calm weather so they are less powerful than the destructive waves and if you look at them this is the type of wave that you would actually want to walk in the water when you see this kind of wave now for the destructive wave I certainly would not want to walk in the water when I'm seeing this type of wave because it looks like it would kill me um so high wave in proportion to the length there is a tall breaker so this is where wave breaks there is a weak swash and then there is a strong backwash going down so the destructive waves just like the word suggests again it is actually destroying the beach so it is taking the material with it so you see how small this arrow is it's not bringing a lot of material to leave it it is taking a lot of material with it so that is what this strong backwash is referring to all right differentiating between the two we basically just did that but you can look at it the main process related the constructive way would have been deposition and the main process related to destructive wave would have been erosion the beach gradient for constructive wave is flat and the beach gradient for destructive wave is steep this is what both of them look like so you can see for the destructive wave where it actually takes out the material and removes it and take it back into the ocean whereas a constructive wave it just takes it up and it leaves it on the shore yes backwater if you well the good thing about this exam is that you won't be writing anything you want me explaining anything you will be just shading so you won't be able to say that waves are formed as a result of the breeze okay um these are the coastal processes so we looked at them already relating to rivers but this is how they would act on a cliff face since we're doing cost so we have abrasion here where the rock is being thrown at the cliff and this assists in the cracking and the erosion of the cliff face we have attrition here where this is scoring out the base of the cliff that is how your wave platform would have been formed solution no this would be the particles that are well the chemicals that are acting on the cliff in the water that's a solution and then you have the hydraulic action or the hydraulic pressure where it is the sheer force of the water that is actually acting on the cliff face so these are our four coastal processes factors affecting coastal erosion on the type of rock the type of wave rock structure as well as the shape of the coastline if you don't understand that part you can just let me know and I'll come back to it I'm not expecting to see this on the exam on the paper one but so if you don't understand this section you can just let me know these are the factors affecting coastal erosion coastal transportation transportation movement are the materials in the sea and along the coast so movement along the coast is called the longshore drift movement in the sea remember we did transportation already for rivers so the transportation for rivers would have been the same transportation for cost in the sea but along the coast it is called longshore drift so what is longshore drift that is the movement of materials along the shore by the wave action this is usually in a it takes the form of a zigzag pattern this is what the zigzag pattern looks like the zigzag pattern is as a result of the wind direction so somebody's saying I don't get it if I'm gonna come back to it alright so coastal erosion there are some things that will make a cost erode faster one course erode faster than the other so that these are the four things here so the type of rock can make a coarse erode faster than the other tab so we have hard rock and we have soft rock the harder rocks will take a longer time to erode where the softer rocks will take a shorter time to erode so that is one factor that is affecting coastal erosion so if for example your Rock e at the coastline is or shale then those rocks will erode a lot faster and you will have your features forming faster whereas if your rocks are more resistant then it will take a longer time for it to erode in terms of the type of wave remember we're talking about the factors affecting coastal erosion so based on the two type of waves that we just discussed the constructive and destructive if that area that we're looking at has mostly destructive waves then that would have been a factor that caused that area to be eroded faster than other areas whereas if we have an area that has mostly constructive waves erosion would not be so high in that area the other one is the shape of the coastline so if you have areas that have a headland because the headland is out at sea it will be basically attacked first and attacked by most of the waves so all of the wave would come on hit on the headland whereas if it is a sheltered bay the bay because you have the erosion on the out in the ocean the bay is sheltered so the wave would basically break before it gets into the bay so that that area would not be eroded as fast as the headlands per se right so that's another factor that would affect the rate of erosion for for coastal areas and the final one is for Rock structure so depending on how the rock is set up the structure of the rock say if you have hard rock then soft rock then hard rock then it would be protected longer because the hard rock is at the front on the contrary if you have a soft rock at the front then hard rock it means that all of the front or the face of the cliff would have been eroded because the rock is soft so those are the things that would affect how fast an area is eroded along the coastline so that's what it means and we sell factors affecting coastal erosion so if you understand it just let me know if you don't understand it let me know as well all right so we are at longshore drift we were looking how longshore drift works so this is the pattern that it would create it is normally like a 90-degree angle and that the wind direction is extremely important when we are talking about longshore drift because longshore drift takes the well it mimics the shape it mimics the the direction of the wind so if we pay attention to where the wind is flowing blowing from here when the wind comes in this direction you will notice that all of the arrows going up let's picture materials going up on the course all of the arrows going up here they are all in the same direction as the wind direction and after the materials are pushed up then they come back down but not not in the same direction that they came up in so that is how you get that 90 degree angle up down up down so as a result of that because of the direction of the wind that is why the materials are constantly being able to move along the coast alright good so I see that destiny and ok you guys are good great alright umm so this is what the process of longshore drift would actually look like so materials move up the beach along an angle so based on this we can see that all right the wind direction is coming from here so because the wind direction is coming from here remember that it is the wind that carries the wave so it would blow in it would come in the direction that the wind is blowing so if the material comes up here it's push back down but the wind push it back up push back down and it continues and it moves all the way down along coastline okay um movement of material inside the ocean oh we still have our same processes from rivers that's attraction saltation suspension and solution so if there is a large if there are large materials they'll be rolled along the floor smaller material smaller than the large ones they will bones and some materials will be suspended while others will just be dissolved in the water so that is similar to the river processes deposition no is when the eroded material is dropped by the constructive wings so it happens when the wave has less energy so there's a lot of similarities between coasts and rivers and the deposition would create a lot of landforms similarly the coast would the destructive waves would also create a lotta landforms as well these are features of coastal erosion blowhole headland stack stomps arcs caves bays and beaches alright so this is a diagram that is showing us all of them together we've seen questions like this we're you are asked to label these things I've seen questionnaire as to label this we are asked to label this we asked the labor well every one of them I've seen a question where you're asked to label every single one so you need to know this one so this is how it works so you have line of witnesses inside the cliff face from these line of witnesses those same processes of erosion that we just looked at awhile ago those processes of erosion would have been acting on the cliff face and eroding it at different areas this erosion at different areas will start causing features to be formed so let us say we start off with this line of weakness here first now this line of weakness right here we have the wave that is throwing stones at it and it is scouring all that area and the water is just pushing on it and it is forcing it to open up so the next thing that we would end up with would be a cave as a result of this area eroding out so say we end up with a cave right here well no but now that we have our cave the water is able to enter the cave so the water enters the cave and it hits up on the roof of the cave so some amount of lateral erosion is taking place and it is beating on the back part of the cave just the same similarly because of this headland that we have remember the headline is jutting out into the sea so on the other side of the cliff the same thing is happening so we have another cave er on the other side that is constantly being beaten upon by the water then eventually those two caves are gonna open out into each other they're going to meet from the erosion going from one end to the next they're going to meet that is all you would have ended up with your arc so this section here that is your arc once you are able to see through the cliff face that area becomes your arc okay so where the arc is no with the constant erosion through this area and the weight that is being placed above it this area is eventually going to crack so you may have little cracks forming this way going up and over time with the crack and the way that is being placed on the top here section will fall inside the water so in this section falls inside the water you would end up with a large tall piece of rock here which is called a stack um you can remember stuck well when you're stuck in things it means that you're putting it up high so that's how I remember stuck and now that we have this stack standing out in the water all alone think about it it is going to be constantly attacked by the water and this attack is going to be closer to this section here where wherever the water is hitting on so wherever the water is hitting on here eventually it is going to erode it and it is going to fall over its gonna topple over so now you would end up with a stump okay so that's how we would get stomped stuck art we would have had the headland already and we would have the the cave and the lines of weakness now the blowhole usually it is formed above the cave so you have the cave here you have lateral erosion the water is coming in the water is hitting up on the roof of the cave etc it keeps eroding you have little cracks inside then you end up with a small hole that is at the top what could also assist in eroding the top would have been it can be chemical weathering process or it can be physical weathering process but weather usually acts on the top and then the erosion is acting on the bottom so eventually you end up with an opening both of them meet and that's how you get your Blue Hole if you understand this diagram let me know because it comes on we see it a lot where you are required to label one thing or the other but it is usually there for you for some amount of labeling to take place we can see that this area here is where our original headline once [Music]