hello ladies and gentlemen and welcome back to our final ap world reading of chapter 9.9 and remember i have videos for chapter one two three four and five already as well as six seven and also eight out as well so if you guys would like please make sure to go watch those as well but let's dive right into today's video on chapter 9.9 continuity and change in a globalized world where i hope that a continuity and change here is that you hit the like button and hit the subscribe alright quote today no country can ever truly cut itself off from the global media or from external sources of information trends that start in one corner of the world are rapidly replicated thousands of miles away end quote francis fukuyama political scientist born in 1952 essential question how did science technology politics justice transportation communication and the environment change and stay the same after 1900 one perspective shared by many scholars is that the 20th and 21st centuries were periods of unprecedented change one factor in bringing about this transformation was the pace of discovery in science and the number of technological advancements made since the turn of the 20th century these scientific and technological advancements led to changes in society politics economies culture and the environment while many outcomes of these advancements were positive they also include some unintended consequences that had negative impacts responses to these outcomes were varied advances in science and technology people made significant advances in understanding the universe and the natural world these included the origin of the universe several scientific theories tried to determine how the universe began one of the best known and best supported theories was the big bang this theory that the universe started with one single cosmic event led to a better understanding of the universe as well as atomic and subatomic science wave science discoveries extended human knowledge and the use of radio light sound and microwaves these breakthroughs led to improvements in radio and cellular communications as well as faster internet service medical science experts made discoveries about germs viruses diseases and the human body these discoveries led to cures or vaccines for common diseases such as polio tuberculosis and tetanus and tendonitis experts pioneered new treatments for chronic diseases such as cancer and arthritis the discovery of antibiotics such as penicillin helps people to recover from or prevent infections reliable methods of birth control allowed women to control the size of their families these and other medical advancements meant that people could live longer and better lives energy technologies inventors and entrepreneurs made advancements in extracting and producing oil nuclear power became a significant source of energy renewable energy sources including wind solar and thermal energy became much cheaper to produce in 2018 the international renewable energy energy agency predicted that renewable energy sources would be consistently cheaper than fossil fuels by 2020 the increase in sources of power led to increased productivity greater production of material goods and faster transportation communication technologies in the 20th century radio and television technology was further developed and telephone coverage increased so that must people eventually had its telephone in their homes internet communication and cell phones had had replaced the older systems of communication as a result the amount and extent of mass communications increased as did the global transfer of information and as you can see by this image the left image comes from wikimedia commons meanwhile the right image comes from getty images with the caption technology advanced from voice communication over wires to mass amounts of data available almost everywhere you know as we can see here we have an older version of the automatic telephone which seems to come from illinois tunnel company you know on the right we have your modern day smartphone transportation technologies airplanes were invented in the first years of the 20th century later jet airplanes closed the distance between regions of the world shipping technology improved with faster and larger and cheaper and larger ships carrying pre-fabricated shipping containers these ships and planes could transport more goods farther and faster than ever before improved transportation and technology resulted in the expansion of the global trade network and interactions among cultures agricultural technologies scientists produce genetically modified crops that are more resistant to drought and disease and at higher yields the more significant effect of these advances known as the green revolution was higher population growth rates especially within developing countries another effect was the decline in biodiversity as these genetically modified crops began to be cultivated at the expanse of local crop types changes in a globalized world partly as a result of the advances in science and technology the world experienced a number of significant changes to societies economies politics cultures and the environment social changes during this period the world's population grew faster than at any previous time in history the increase in population meant increasing challenges to existing social orders the greatest growth rate in population occurred in developing countries while developed countries saw a slowing of their population growth in the developing countries the population growth rate was the largest in the lower socioeconomic classes improvements in communication and transportation made it easier for people to migrate from less developed countries to more developed ones that led to a brain drain in some countries as more highly educated and skilled people left their home countries to find jobs elsewhere girls and women in this era began to experience an increase in socioeconomic status especially in the more developed countries women there in these societies began to enter careers traditionally reserved for men their right to vote in elections was finally legalized and in some cases women held the highest political offices in their nations because birth control allowed women to make choices fertility declined in developed countries some women chose to put off having children until later in life or decided to not have children at all in some countries though women saw a little improvement in their status as societies resisted the change that was happening elsewhere economic changes the trend toward economic globalization that started in the 19th century intensified during the 20th and 21st century more more developed nations continued to exploit less developed areas of the world harvesting their raw materials and using the less developed areas as markets for finished goods however significant changes in the world economic order took place while the west and especially the united states was still a dominant economic force in the world economy its superiority was being challenged by new sources of economic strength governments in japan hong kong south korea taiwan and singapore began policies that led to economic growth these policies started the trend of asian economics and which relied on inexpensive labor and high quality manufacturing competing against the western economies to make good good consumer goods and high-tech products because of the modernization policies established after the death of neo-zangdong relaxed government control china eventually became the second largest economy in the world after the united states and a major exporter of goods to the rest of the world india became an economic powerhouse by developing a labor force that's specialized in software development and engineering and then here we have a table that shows economic policy initiatives let's start reading from its program soviet union lends new economic policy 1921-1928 increased farm production and e goal was increase farm production and ease the transportation to a communist economy results peasants could own land small businesses were allowed the soviet economy began to recover from the russian civil war program soviet union stalin's first five-year plan 1928-10 goal rapidly industrialized the soviet economy results industrial output grew farms were collectivized instead of having individual owners and then massive famines had occurred program channel mayo zangdong's great leap forward 1958-1960 goal rapidly industrialized the china economy results peasants on collective farms were forced to produce steel using crude furnaces and then massive famines occurred program china dang zeopings for modernizations in the 1970s goal attract foreign investment and move toward a market-oriented economy results china opened its economy to foreign producers industrial output increased and china's economy grew rapidly program united states roosevelt's a new deal 1933-1941 goal stimulate the economy and provide jobs during the great depression results the government hired millions to work on infrastructure projects enacted social security and regulated investments and banks united states reagan's economic recovery of tax act 1981 stimula okay goal stimulate the economy out of recession with supply side econo economics results the economy came out of recession stock market and income inequality rose program great britain expansion of with a welfare state 1945-1951 goal reduced income instability and inequality and provide a social safety net results the government provided citizens with health care pensions free education and help for the poor it also created huge bureaucracies program great britain thatcher's privatization of industry 1980s goal stimulate the british economy and reduce inflation results the economy grew and inflation was reduced but unemployment rose to record levels political changes mass protest movements held to bring about political and social changes demonstrations in india showed how to effectively use non-violent and resistant and win social and political change activists champion civil rights in the united states northern ireland canada and other countries women's rights after right women's rights emerged in the western democracies and spread across the globe protest against the system of apartheid brought an end to racial segregation in south africa democracy movements led to a political protest and revolutions in north america and middle east called the arab spring as you can see by this image source from wikimedia commons you with the caption tahir square was at the focal point of the 2011 egyptian revolution against the former president osni mubarak and his policies of police brutality over one million gathered into hero square on february 9th 2011 demanding the removal of the rem and for mub barak to resign governments were sometimes slow to respond to these calls for change in some cases they persecuted imprisoned or attacked the protesters during this time period governments also began to play a larger role in managing or regulating their nation's economies this instead increased government intervened in the economy was a change from the free market or laissez-faire economics practice in the previous era cultural changes once information and people could quickly spread across the globe the pace of cultural interactions and exchanges intensified people all over the world consumed western culture particularly aspects that originated in the united states in the form of movies television shows and music fashion styles that appeared in one area of the world quickly were imitated and adopted in other regions a consumer culture spread one significant change in the process of cultural exchanges from the previous era was that these exchanges were often a two-way street for instance while global audiences watched hollywood movies cuisine from china japan india and latin america often found its way to the plates of americans and europeans music and art from east asia found a loyal fan base in the united states the internet helped increase the rate and scope of these transfers and advances in cellular technology made even the most remote areas of the earth accessible to these cultural exchanges environmental changes in the 20th and 21st centuries humans attempted to overcome the challenges of their environment in many new ways with jet airplanes travel between boat points on the globe was measured in hours rather than in days months or years new technologies and petroleum extraction meant that sources of energy were cheaper and more abundant than previously imagined the space age broke the terrestrial limit placed on humans by their environment and space exploration became possible however although humans overcame some challenges he also harmed the environment airborne pollution increased as factories automobiles and homes got their power from carbon-based fuels water pollution also increased as people and companies dumped waste in rivers lakes and oceans debates about the sources and causes of climate change developed as average temperatures around the globe increased dollar ice caps began to melt and more intense and catastrophic weather events occurred and that's it for the final chapter of ap world