Transcript for:
Biology Review for ENEM

A good night to all of us starting the transmission I will appear soon the kids making fine adjustments to the start don't forget if you are here and depending on your internet it is important is very important you select there in the little gear full HD option which is the best then the Live is being broadcast in Full HD is interesting that you select this option Let's start in a minute, everyone. I'll be there in a minute And there it is We are ready to start traditional Live that we always have before the second day of the Enem exam before the Natural Sciences test to review Biology in a way deep But it's a review, right? how can we get there and talk about 100% of the biology so what is a big class the day before ENEM we take what more falls and how it falls and transforms into access for you to transform information for you right thank you so now I I kindly ask you to give a take a look at the image, look, don't forget go to the little gear down here more or less clicks on the little gear put full HD on this one because sometimes Live starts depending on the your internet speed starts there in 300 and a few you know pictures and stay pretty bad then you putting it there it will be in a very good resolution I'll look at your comments now As I told you, I made a coffee because my chimarrão ran out of weed you believe me if I traveled I was in Pelotas there last week was a rush when I got there I had a little bit so I guided and I said to the old man, he was free on top it was even expired I said no Let's go to the cafe today then guys, let's go let's read a little boring from you I want to thank you, we are almost 350 People here, feel free let's talk about biology let's talk about ENEM I'm going to read a little bit in the your comments are very comment is personal but in the end I I will answer questions so if you want send later super chat stays there stored away it is much easier for I can answer now I will try also answer general questions you guys throughout the Live The idea is to next guys we are going to talk about everything Biology then you will see that I I scheduled the Live of everything that most often appears in biology from the beginning in the end it is obvious that we do not can speak 100% content but that that really matters to you beginning to end of biology So we will make a hook because the Biology guys, Biology is a science fully connected I do a analogy with you as if it were a spider web you know those webs beautiful this is the biology content all of them in different locations if you swinging spider webs on this side will shake the other side too then too everything is connected and this idea of this big class so participate a lot and leave a like fluffy How can we only be 400 people There aren't even 300 likes here. So let's go. like this is important for the Teacher, this is the work I do 100% volunteer the big class then we do it here a complete student will have some two hours, oh teacher, that's a long time No, don't come for a long time Gustavo come on come on it's an important test for you then without laziness in this at the moment we have many ways of staying ah is difficult I won't be able to I'm tired, don't stop there, guys, get on a mate gets a coffee get some water, get whatever talk to yourself like that, man, it's mine the future is my life, let's go, I'll go study I will learn biology and I I will pay attention, get material from note take colored pen those stabilo of life to notice everything I I'll tell you, take a print, save these prints and review if you are sleepy Put more nonsense there in the chat you know but come back here The kids don't lose focus. Not long now time for Enem don't give up on this straight final Bah I'm tired that I did of course which is difficult of course you must be I'm tired, everyone stays tired at this time of year especially those who are taking the test of Enem but I'm going to do something for medicine almost impossible, okay, but it's almost impossible is not impossible you can there is a vacancy there, you will get it, oh but my dream is medicine but I'm going to do it biology because biology is similar no you will study medicine because your dream is medicine so the idea guys is that you connect and vibrate will vibrate together to destroying in biology is not like that I'm going to cut the second slide so I can I'll sleep, I'll go to bed tomorrow I watch it, I won't watch it, kids, go firm up this idea of yours teacher my role what the teacher does in life teacher, come on, let's do one analogy with medicine, that's the course most competitive in Brazil what is the doctor does after format goes there and want to give a diagnosis want to save a life right beauty is the great objective of doctor is to help in the health and well-being of people save videos etc and from a teacher letter teacher do you students build the bricks to approve the course of your dream so that I can make it easier for you content that is there right then get one content that credit cycle I don't know this is impossible for me is not old calm down then my motivation is to see you motivated to see you approving you when you send Direct there Instagram tells the person to take advantage and go good in a test This is my gas This is the my goal and there is no meaning to me not to imagine that all of you who are here you have every chance of approving the whatever course it is, it is obvious that there are people who are studying more others less others have more ease in terms of time of financial conditions of everything however I want to truly believe that although you may be at the moment difficult part of your life you can pay pay attention in this class now and get out of this level here I guarantee you that the content that I will pass on to you know there are 15 16 questions of biology is on the ENEM so I guarantee it that approximately 5 to 8 questions they will put it in a longer interval it will be sung here because it's always the same thing if I come to you and say take all the biology classes I I guarantee that 100% of the content will be removed Here I take what falls the most so I I guarantee five to eight questions or more Okay, I don't want to be too optimistic here, but sometimes we give if I didn't say so It's not exactly Ah, I say like this, fall Exactly that, I'm not saying that. example of a food chain is a chain feeding will fall a question that you need chain knowledge feed to be able to answer it obviously with context of the question So This is the personal idea I want really rooting for you guys This is it a personal family YouTube is my flagship is my love my passion education teaching here on the internet is my passion so I'm here with all my heart press open chest stay here for the time necessary In the end we will talk to you we will get it out doubts and let's go together Let me take my little coffee So come on kids, let's get started. Here you go, you'll see that I appear here obviously At some point I will disappear for a while to show what is behind me I brought mine too scanning friend in which I will write some things in the presentation So let's get started guys very simple way I will sing to you here what is Biology of start to finish with what we call levels of organization, see well One of the things that I notice most are called just confirm here guys sorry before to continue with the content I will I will increase my audio to see if it's good Here just a little bit [Music] beauty I tested good audio clean audio so now because it is very important Guys So look at this moment great difficulty that a student has with this I see clearly that you can't connect the contents when I talk about levels of organization is something very basic ok guys let me decrease it a little here speaks duck if you are just that you have to understand how they connect the levels of organization studied in Biology So let's take it easy Here let me get my pen, okay? let's go here guys so it all starts with the atom atom is the basis of everything the atom knows that all living beings all matter is made per atom But the atoms we in Biology does not study whether atoms will be chemistry in chemistry teachers take the entire periodic table classifies the electron atoms beauty this is not from biology now we have to know that molecules are formed by atoms so when I arrive and say therefore studying there in biochemistry the water H2O Man, we're studying the union here of these atoms and how this union forms of women this molecule in this case and how she interacts for us imagine old man Can you imagine science not can you imagine today obviously you can even imagine, but it's not enough likely that there are living beings independent of water on earth it is obvious that water is essential when we study in biochemistry Obviously the molecules a We are studying biochemistry then we take the organic compounds we take the inorganic compounds we study are very important although nothing looks good within the Enem It is not likely to drop clean issues of biochemistry speaking Ah what is the function of water, it is biochemistry, falls together with a little question of physiology along with a little question of cytology and we will review today now that happens a molecule is not alive yet that's why literally even we studies biochemistry that wants the chemistry that forms living beings, but a living being starts from the cell then connects you coffee is already getting cold here so that's why I'm speeding up good that what is it here guys pay close attention to the basis of a living being is the cell, look at you are now looking at your arm imagine in your mouth imagine when you kissed the your beloved your beloved you kissed them when you kissed them you exchanged saliva with them is obvious but in addition to the saliva you exchanged cells because the our body is full of cells then calling you and I'll tell you that this here they didn't end up kissing my crush kiss because everything is fine every moment cells are flaking off your skin if it were possible I have microscope here look now at my faith on my skin it was like this, it's falling cell to fall to the ground when we take a shower and apply the exfoliating doll skin cells are falling off and others are if forming this is completely normal So when you're talking to someone you can right here I'm not seeing I spat but obviously droplets these droplets of saliva are coming out saliva has my cells then when you crush when you kiss your beloved when the priest speaks you can kiss the engaged in all that business you are exchanging cells there too this is even romantic you can get to Crush talk let's exchange a cell but besides your cells you are exchanging bacteria you are exchanging fungi that are present in your mouth and that is It's okay they don't do much harm right? Well then we study the cell in cytology here in this class we let's review what's important cell but the cell organizes a little league the other with a fabric material extracellular, that is, there is a cell here she links to another in another series let it come here and there in another cell here and what's between these cells forming what we call fabrics then we here the science that studies the cell is cytology the science which studies tissue is histology then we have four basic fabrics fabric muscular tissue nervous tissue connective and has been epithelial each one of them is subdivided then our body is formed by these four tissues that in turn are made up of numerous cells we have trillions of cells in the our body the cells each of the cells of our body contain here inside the nucleus genetic material whole Then if very interesting guys I'm not going to go in a lot on this subject but it is very interesting that you later delve deeper after Enem that you don't even appear in ENEM but if you take a series of yours and take it a saddle of your liver Marcelo of your kidney inside that profit is yours entire genetic material but there are hygiene regulators who say no to your kidney the active genes are this yours geneative liver are those in your pancreas the active genes are others and so on now the tissues form the organs right the organs form the systems and the systems form a right organism then call you guys living beings exist as a single cell are called unicellular bacteria archaea protozoa some fungi and such and also There are the multicellular organisms that they can be very simple as is the case with a animal called porifera that they don't even have true tissues do not have organs there is none of that but it is a cluster of cells remember Zoology or can be more complex organisms such as case of vertebrates As is our case good an organism It's already there so I'm I live only that we have to know that be it a single cell mechanism or many cells it interacts with others organisms and we enter Ecology Here we are already in Ecology which is the that appears most in the ENEM staff at 3:16 pm biology questions approximately 6 of them refer to are referring to Ecology then calls you so the young population the population is the union of organisms of the same species living in the same place and in the same period ok guys if the audio has bursting because sometimes I give some shouted moves and you tell me ok I'll leave it a little further away here the right microphone right then organisms of the same species for example, today I live in Curitiba so I am part of the population of Curitiba obviously we delimit the people could say that I am part of the population of Brazil or even the world so we in ecology we delimits a city, a local neighborhood or a region it is obvious that our species is a pretty bad example for everything only that let's imagine I'm not part of the same population of Curitiba that lived 200 years ago because they lived in a different time than mine then to be from the same population It was worth reading what the Keilane is good too, Paulo is good perfect then to be part of it population has to be in the same place in the same period call you this is It is very important that you know that We know that in life it is not like that we don't just interact with the organism of the same species And then comes the community when we talk about community means we are talking about certain organisms of different species living in the same place and in the same period very well imagine that now you Sitting there or with your cell phone or in the in front of the TV or in front of the computer and you may even be alone in your room but at this moment there is bacteria, fungi, and some mosquitoes flying some flying bugs all these organisms of different species in this location forms the community community study is very important within ecology the ecolic can study only the population of course but you can also study the community as it is that they interact, but we know that there are not only living beings that exist something that is not alive there we have the ecosystem that is the ecosystem is the union of all communities of that region of that region together with the non-living components for example radiation, solar incidence, wind rainfall relief everything that is not alive that interacts while it rains what is the temperature of that moment then when we are talking about ecosystem you take the community that is all beings living from that place at that time but the environment is ok and obviously personal along with all this I will leave a little bit to appear here there is the biosphere the biosphere is the sphere of life Oops the biosphere sphere of life, that is, the union of all ecosystems forms the what we call the biosphere sphere of life realize that together with all this here has a very important line that evolution right along with all this all these components here of course evolution occurs at the population level but everything undergoes changes throughout evolution and this is the basis of biology nothing does sense in Biology if we don't understand what evolution is ok we let's talk a lot about evolution today is a a very strong bet for me in what I I put it in ENEM because for example we we have very recent viruses there that people say oh it has undergone mutation, what is it? mutate mutated is to evolve right you have to understand the What is this for the Enem exams? of the entrance exams coffee is gone, now it's time for water very well then let's go now that we you understand how everything is connected, right? All Biology we will understand that are environmental impacts that Enem loves personal environmental impacts drop a lot remember that environmental impact is within Ecology because for the people can understand what a environmental impact we need understand how organisms interact between them and how organisms interfere with the environment, let's go reflect together here something very important this week in the last today is Thursday It was Monday or Tuesday the land planet earth reached 8 billion people ask you what's the problem from that You can even say it, right, teacher, it hasn't changed? nothing for me but the more you agree with me the more people there are on earth more resources need imagine in your house there you lives on a farm, plants crops, livestock and milk, everything, and I don't know your family there are 10 people and there is food left over for you they sell and such, it's a beautiful time, but suddenly 10 more start arriving 20 arrives 100 people in your phase he He said, "Oh, and if you eat, it's not working." old people will have to produce more but the land is already running out here people produce everything how are we going to make you realize what is missing resource and there are already a thousand people what will happen to these people they will start competing there will be a lack of food and there is still a big problem today thanks to various institutions research various agriculture thanks to there is no lack of technological advances food in the world then you ask me ah Professor, but how many people pass by? millions of people are hungry in Brazil with food security The problem is not lack of food today The problem is politics and distribution right then we could never it can be some kind of society like civilization as human beings that we we consider ourselves to be like homo sapiens sapiens that we declare to allow there to be some person is starving then it's like if we were it's as if we was still learning to live in society I think we will only be firm and strong society when not there is a person going hungry That's the big The big question So what's up? teacher and the more people there are Which the problem is the pressure of the station natural resources is greater and believe me we have a planet with resources finite for more than a large part of this resource are recyclable by the nature decomposition and everything else is not not all resources are one example is oil which is an energy fossil So just look at the impacts environmental changes occur when when conditions change of the environment or its components as a result of human activity Ok so just pay attention to the environmental impacts and generated by humanity affect the ecosystems And that's where the problem comes in accelerating the extinction of species and threatening the balance of nature This is the concept then what are they saying here just pay close attention to extinction of species something natural they are distinguish the species at all times distinguish totally normal however as for action of man anthropic action begins to destroy the environment in such a way that a acceleration of this extinction, that is, a mass extinction because not the balance of the planet begins to suffer a problem is as if you took away all an important an important species of that place or several that was part of other things, for example species that interacted with others species consequently these others species that interacted with these paints will also suffer and there will be an effect on Chain a cascading effect that harms other and other species and obviously Coming back to us then is a shot that the people think it backfires because of that that we have to talk about this and we're going to talk a little about impacts environmental but first How do the organisms interact this image is very basic ok guys notice that I could ask you what you ate today you would say a steak eat a lettuce and rice with me Oh, I'm eating bread Now I've had my coffee, now I'm going have some water, okay? Very good. All right. you did all this Ok but all the food that you ate today for lunch at breakfast morning philosophically speaking we have to understand that this energy came from the Sun because Professor, what do you mean it's not good? ecosystem it is not an ecosystem There are producers these producers within the chain food that we make parts of them they do photosynthesis, okay? photosynthesis are plants for example there are also chemosynthesizers that they provide a basis for others ecosystems that is not the example that we are giving here at this moment always People, these producers will be within a food chain in first trophic level we call first NT trophic level good these organisms they can capture solar energy that travels eight minutes and 19 seconds light a long trip right? for you to turn on the light in a second of the 6 laps and a bit in 6 and a half laps on earth imagine that it is 6 minutes 8 minutes and a bit of this light traveling then let it go far away, right then? organisms can absorb radiation solar convert this energy here energy light into chemical energy So this energy that is in what hits our skin when it hits the plants on the leaves of the plants they take and convert it into for example glucose and if photosynthesis hours part of this energy the plants use and some of them remain in their tissues in the leaves for example there comes a organism and feeds on these leaves this organism that feeds on these leaves he is already a consumer if the consumer feeds on a producer he is called a primary consumer and here comes the crux of the error primary consumer kids he will being at the first trophic level does not first trophic level of the Producer primary consumer is in the second trophic level notice this one is a herbivore who feeds on the herbivore will in this case be at the third level trophic right the example and it is the consumer too, but it is secondary who feeds on the Consumer secondary is tertiary but it is not at the third trophic level he is in fourth trophic level and so on jumping jumping jumping the arrow always indicates where the energy is going transferred and the decomposers do not have a fixed trophic level in the chains food however they decompose all organisms including own plants and when decomposing them return nutrients to the cycles nutrient centers falling into the plants and returning to the food chain very well guys let's see how everything is here Okay guys, how do you get questions? food chain well there is a question typical of Tigre where he is trying to feed on a human being human being is trying to be fed tiger has a vulture if tiger can feed on the human being that level trophic he will be and the human being will be previously fed on non-fruits I know what it is, just you call whoever is eat fruit Think carefully if you eat an apple although the apple is a pseudo fruit What trophic level are you at, man? you're here at the second trophic level because if you eat an apple or a banana or any other plant-based product you fed from a producer So you are at the second trophic level that that would feed on you would be in the another trophic level in the third So it is just you make this Association now this is a simplified representation in nature that happens is that which is a food web so what is a food web web gives a name to notice that the arrow goes to the side for the other it's full, it's all she that's why it's a web I formatted it feed And this is what happens see with me remember I asked you So, what did you eat today? lunch maybe I couldn't read the chat Here people comment that always after when I watch I read the chat after class, right? From time to time I come here to read But you can comment on I want there that I leave saved what you commented and it stays there forever running then they can participate a lot bioaccumulation is very good I can say later for you but very well we have here's a food web, right guys? I asked you what you ate at lunch maybe someone had answered like this Bah Professor I would eat lettuce tomato beans rice Wow you just ate things from plants So you are being a primary consumer but you still ate a steak from a herbivore I don't know bovine or if you eat a steak of life Now you are not in the second level primary consumer trophic you are a secondary consumer third trophic level Oh but I'm fine crazy and I accept I don't know without an alligator can't even be here, people but Bah, with me, alligator, the guy is with you pretty crazy, right, like my alligator and the alligator I had eaten something like a snake before who ate finally thinks about Potter and you it's there at the fifth or sixth trophic level that is, organisms in nature they do not occupy only one trophic level with exception of the producers who are there always at the first tropic level that they do photosynthesis The others they can Of course strictly a herbivore will always be at the same trophic level but some animals they can occupy different trophic levels and therefore that we have here, how is it that a question of entrance exam the money nor can charge for food, just imagine I don't know, it's here This grasshopper here is very beautiful good imagine that due to an anthropic action a human environmental impact it was extinct There is no more that will happen in food web they will give you the hypotheses there, well, one of the hypotheses if you don't have this one here that will happen to the plant, notice that if feeds on these plants here one of the consumers of these plants herbivore disappeared oops there is no predator natural then they may grow much more then they refer to is a another effect if it is no longer here this amphibian that fed on him there is no more food or rather not one part of his food is gone So this amphibian will start feeding exclusively here in this example of this praying mantis or whatever it is happen to the population with Praying Mantis it may have fallen a lot because the frog in this case here it is amphibious will eat too much of them because there is no one else to eat and give Ah but what will happen good it will decrease too much if it decreases this one can also harm other species and so on day then you will always analyze what that happens one of the species for style for example a top-of-the-chain species for extinct Wow this one here that served as feed this species that you live on food will increase if this wants increase, it was fed by so much of praying mantis as the grasshopper put praying mantis grasshopper now how has more of these here will suffer greater action but predation too so that's the imbalance to take a species but that's it a butterfly or is it just an insect No but it is part of a food web and others will be harmed too then stay tuned for this but let's move on here we will talk about some some of the things that can cause species extinction environmental impacts one of them is the introduction of species exotic an exotic species a species that is not local an example is a Golden mussel this Golden mussel was brought by the hulls of ships and today they spoke out too much because has no natural predator and consequently brings a great one big impact a big problem environmental young people because it is clogging of pipes it ruins ecosystems and such Because they prophesied too much without having natural predators other loss of habitat mainly by the hair increased expansion of our species see if you look at the map of Brazil The Atlantic Forest is practically in the coast of the entire Brazil it almost doesn't exist anymore because big cities grew there and that's when what's happening you created a city here go into the middle of this forest right here and then you fragmented this forest by fragmenting this kills species that are inland of forests no longer exist because because suffers a big problem with what he has here in this little corner that we call edge effect the edge effect is a problem because imagine what is the edge effect an internal forest there in bottom there does not suffer from the edge effect only that if you get too close to the edge this can be meters or hundreds of meters this edge Wow has an effect of environment outside it and some species cannot survive this effect So what do you do besides that? species that are on one side many sometimes they cannot interact with species on the other side What is the measurement there is a little question about doing this Ecological corridor, that is, connect species on both sides here very well barbarity other problems here guys climate change and pollution this here I'm not even going to get into thermoelectric plants, right? thermoelectric or nuclear power plants all this is a big impact now many sometimes we say that hydroelectric plants are clean in clean energy but the controversial, right guys, a hydroelectric plant does not necessarily have an energy It's clean, although it doesn't release directly these pollutants to the atmosphere hydroelectric plants they made flooded one very large region right and there is a lot of organic matter that is being decomposed it releases gas to atmosphere the impact of Rio itself because but the we made a huge dam there then so every way of getting energy or almost all of them have some impact there are solutions for example wind energy that has a much smaller impact on solar energy that I believe in your great future world at home and solar energy that today sometimes the person is healthy positive it sends energy and sells energy distributing to other houses this is also energy of the Future Let's go think like this other extractivism disorderly is taking things out disorderly disorderly from the environment remember the Planet Earth is one, kids are one so the more we extract things the bigger the problem, the bigger it could be the impact but very well we will solve it I'm going to take this little issue water here and I had a look there is to answer Gabriel Santos talks about the hydroelectric plant from Balbina I had the pleasure of going there to clean Alpina during graduation to know hydroelectric power plant made of string, a beautiful thing already It was in the so-called Ai puta merda de Balbina speaking of disaster they didn't succeed not even close to the energy they imagined at that hydroelectric plant over there almost in the middle of the Amazon rainforest Well then it's a big disaster, so much so that today they try to do solutions so they try to decrease the environmental impacts by putting the Center there of Preservation of manatee chelone and everything else I worked there for a while very important internship people do not forget who didn't leave a like, leave a like like is very important there so let's go there the fragmentation of inhabitation is characterized by the formation of islands we talked about this look here we are talk about this in the previous slime secondary by transformed areas that want an area transformed ours city there's a jaguar here walking around the city Well guys, we created a city there that before that was a forest, okay then It's not them, it's us who are wrong thinking coldly about the thing anyway interferes with the environment, threatens the biodiversity Imagine that a population of jaguars was isolated in a small area So imagine there is an area here, a forest and this forest was continuous, but we destroyed it and a fragment of Woods here and a fragment of Woods here jaguar is here and there are other populations of jaguars on this side here very well she distinguished even without having been various components of the Island of able to as size is heterogeneity the your surroundings your connectivity the effect edge are decisive for persistence or not of species originals a measure that helps in conservation of island biodiversity mentioned in the text includes the straight to the correct answer then imagine a fragment here, an island let's say and another fragment of Mata here good if you did this fragment What is one of the solutions is to do what the we call it the Ecological Corridor connects this environment this fragment with this another fragment so that the insects, birds, jaguars can migrate here and back to the other side so that they can reproduce to get to do gene flow and not isolation because one of the ways new things emerge species is reproductive isolation When you put one on one side the other populations become reproductively isolated when over thousands or even millions of years are different species or They can until they were extinguished then the construction of ecological corridors is a way that reduces the environmental impact right Rio spoke Professor Explain what it is made of edge edge effect is the next imagine that there is a forest here right ok then the edge effect is something negative is imagine that all this little region here that I'm going around out here is this is what we Bohr call Oh my God Wow this here is the Edge of the Forest all this Borda da Mata suffers what we call ok edge effect which is made of border the conditions of the inner forest are obviously different from the conditions from outside the forest this edge here suffers this effect why Because you are in contact with this external part so some species do not can survive in this region are the forest interior species for example so the edge effect would be this Well, let's get to work, we already have 830 people. Here, will we beat a thousand people? live if we reach 1000 people It's the channel's record, you see, we've already arrived last year at the big class very close of a thousand if we beat a thousand people Kids, let's have a party here but finally let's go ahead guys succession ecological including It was in Enem year last year or the year before last one little question about succession since I once again it is important that you pay attention ecological succession is already talking about this succession is something that follows another this is natural in nature and we have two types of succession what we calls it primary succession and the session secondary what is the difference between it is that you are primary that place never there were living beings there like that Teacher, do you imagine that a volcano erupts in the middle of the Ocean and forms an island there never had living beings on this Island then there will be a primary succession Now imagine a region, I don't know. Amazon rainforest they cut down a lot from the Amazon rainforest there were already beings alive there right then there will be succession again will return what the we call it secondary selection or whether there were living beings before the impact the difference between them is that the primary is much slower and the secondary is much faster Ok regardless of whether she is Primar or secondary she will obey some paths then for example it always goes happen that the first living beings that arrive in the ecological succession to us calls it the Pioneer community that are generally small organisms very resistant organisms that reproduce very quickly and when they install here they make a change in that micro ecosystem changing the humidity making it possible to reach other living beings and then other living beings come that give rise to others and in what we call it an intermediate community that is, they are living beings, a little bit larger generally shrubs shrubs is insects small mammals and these here modify that environment a little more giving possibility to other species arrive forming the climax community climax community is that landscape of an ecosystem that we see and say that That's it, it doesn't change, that's it, imagine Those images that we have on top from the Amazon rainforest, you know, like a lot of weapon that has climax community now if you deforest the Amazon rainforest Amazon, you will see that it has changed and the succession of that one there will be quite different very well we continue Look how interesting this question is guys [Music] Enem 2019 in the table are presented information about two strategies survival that can be adopted by some species of living beings, okay? pay close attention that this is a question that many people get wrong is speech about ecological succession and there is another concept within Ecology that here you will learn then realize that in the frame we have the habitat the potential biotic lifespan The descendants and population size and we have two strategies of living beings here some living beings adopt the first strategy that we call strategy one and other groups of beings alive other species have strategy two for example the organisms that adopt evolutionarily, it is not a question of Ah I prefer strategy or normal strategy you have the strategy one or have the two in one strategy their habitat is more unstable and unpredictable people support more than others there must be more stable environments predictable the biotic potential that is the biotic potential is the capacity of reproduction of a species, that is Imagine us, how many children do you have? children do you have, how many children and how much is that? grows over time now compare we with insect with an expensive bacteria biotic potential of an insect is very bigger than ours they reproduce much more okay then ok elevated and here below the length of life that is normally lived very little is reproducing a lot quickly then it's time to put people in world people let's put it like this put it organisms in the world while the strategy two lives a long time reproduction is very late, imagine the our species is good only with these information here I can already say that the bodies of Strategy 1 perceive the In-depth ecology here they have what we call them R they are species R strategists while the strategy two are strategists are to be memorized remember of fast strategists is but it is not that means insects then example are R strategies we mammals we are strategists here, that is, we we take care of our offspring so that we can reproduce take years we live a long time we have few descendants now compared a extractive species imagine a fly a fly thinks Ah I will take care of the my insects no she goes there and puts 200 eggs if 10 of them hooks Alright then don't take care, you lay the eggs and leave a strategy there you may have spoken Ah but he doesn't have a heart that doesn't even name them children evolutionarily is what worked for that group but when continuing to descend very descendants the size to incorporate is small grow reaches an adult form very fast, right? Here, the size is small. the population size is much larger varies than a much larger size constant right finally we have these two strategies now look at the question guys already putting the answer key You guys are very Good, right, kids here, we are hardcore Oh 850 people watching 150 Let's hit 1000 is the goal, is to hit a thousand, that's it shared bro just to hit thousand after it hits 1000 you can go away again Let's hit 1000 finally in PR in the re- recovery of an area deforested should be reintroduced First look, look at the personal malice in recovery of a deforested area that that would be a deforested area imagine a Amazon rainforest Okay, I'll download it here if you choose a little bit there that was destroyed Look then it has to be restored I will come back here for you if you turn it on it has to be reestablished it is because there were already living beings before then what type of session is this session secondary But anyway, that's not quite it question she will ask should be reintroduced first the species that adopt which strategy you will put there is a species that takes a long time to do you want to read or are you going to put one species will quickly grow will providing that will change the environment Of course that's what you're going to do then you will put organisms that have the strategy is a as soon as you are going to risk the strategy two easily leaving two alternatives that have students who speak so ah I would guess strategy two because because there are three options here strategy two, right, while there is only two strategic options then obviously it's not strategy or not wrong Not always what is most there as an option it is the right thing to do but anyway crazy right I've done a lot of that in my time of Lurdes Bah but finally Will it be that the one yes only strategy we already you know because these species produce small descendants Which decreases the competition What is the size relationship which reduces competition with other species had a bacterium competes a elephant competes So it's not the size as soon as the alternative is left, I will go change here which is right because these species have a high potential biotic remember the other slide there that we talked about very high potential biotic which facilitates fast recolonization of a deforested area So I'm going to come back here and look at these species here they have to reproduce a lot quickly these others take time reproduce slowly and take a long time to warm up very quickly changes an environment and allows the ecological association very well now let's go into this part somewhere else I love the class because it's very calm This part is easy. They'll hit 900. People 873 I'm here excited I am thrilled here with the participation of I'm very happy with you, but let's go people continuing here interactions ecological calls you now is a part of very calm class I'll leave it at that here for you to take a print there who I want to take a screenshot but I'm not going to right now to talk about each of them I brought one image to talk about each of them So just look at the relationship. It could be intra when it is intraspecific of the same quiet species and how much is inter specific species different beauty they can be harmonious when no one loses out or can be disharmonious when at least one of them loses this can be either within the same harmonic disharmonious species as in different species there are several little names here for the teacher is Most of this is boring here, it's very easy but there are some that are boring here and I will not now explain each one of them I will show an image you think about what the answer is and later I will explain each of these here are presented So let's go Let's play here we have here here here something that is this here is the Portuguese caravel you will think that is a mother of water teacher this is a negative living being This is not a living being these are several services living beings interacting the question is a Portuguese caravel this interaction between living beings what type of interaction Is it intra specific or is it inter specific? is it harmonious or is it disharmonious is society the competition is colony, what is this? Here, guys, think about it, the person is very fast This is a colony, what does it mean? that here organisms of the same species or be intra specific are interacting among themselves, each with their role with their function however because they are classified as a colony I can't take an organism from here and say go live your life alone and not would then a colony survive organisms have dependence bodily is physical dependence on others living beings this could also put as an example here Coral reefs corals could also enter as colony let's go to another one cute little bees eating vomit from bee is a little honey, a delicious thing beauty What is the interaction of bees Let's put Rodrigo is terrified, calm down guys They are not very fast, but they have to be quick now the question is shovel 895 We are getting to 9897 guys 103 more people enter we hit if I think I'll hit a thousand here dance guys I'm going to dance here barbaric, I even get emotional barbarity you already said there, oh me I told you at the beginning of the class I I will repeat here the prophecy is as follows who is here we have more than 900 people Now look at that happiness, but who is here at this moment will send a lot well in the Enem test is the prophecy Guys if you are here in a Thursday night inside see Netflix of life that you are here because you are thinking about a note Good, you are thinking about the future of you guys if I'm that person then I don't I can because it's difficult it's not difficult for everyone mine, but whoever goes get the one who gives the little blood to more is the one who fights a little more people have to stop putting us like victims of the study What does it mean Say that, I can't do it, it's difficult of course it's difficult of course for some people it is much harder than some people even have to work but we can all compare ourselves with myself, boy, I'll compare with myself from last year and you better than last year very good is That's what I expect from you guys here Oh, we are already more than 900 people, here we go until a tear falls from my eye left, I'm so excited But then they already talked here among bees we have a society a society What is the difference between colony and society in the colony that we previously the organisms have physical dependence in society is not a bee will fly out here he will be flying Débora can come back, everything is fine well, only in a society that Theoretically We Also Live in society all organisms interact for the greater good then here you can have depending on the types of society right of the organisms that make up societies different castes both soldier and worker queen and everything else so here society is between species organisms of the same species he is harmorica because nobody lose out Here we have something very interesting we have a praying mantis here And this praise to God which in this case is the female fed from the head is on the other side of this I'm going make the praying mantis head here previously I'm not a good artist, okay guys? but here was the praying mantis previously and out of nowhere this one ate you know what the name is praying mantis because the praying mantis He seems to be praising God seems to be praying Actually he has these first part of legs raptorial to hunt right And here you see that the female learned the male and the head of the male ended up why do they do this Well, I'll give you a spoiler black widow spider black widow also makes this type of relationship, that is, the female devoured the male because old good spoiler too, right grandma here Romanticize for you we are already 924 people we will hit 1000 I'm sure of it but hours before this image they probably mated if he reproduced the female caught there the the male's sperm is there in your spermatheca everything is fine and now she needs nitrogen protein energy and what it has to do with it she goes there and bites the head male eats male and male fights against it not because inside we we have to think We always think a lot in our survival only within we there is something that commands our survival that are our genes So are our genes the genes of beings living who demand what that species will do not as an individual and yes as a species we are machines robots put quotation marks there with a big adaptation so that our that our Prove that our species is perpetuated then for these organisms here the female feeds on male It is advantageous for the species to individual male if he dies it is less important than reproduction than perpetuation of the species then he literally leave this here obviously are organisms of the same species devouring the other we have the cannibalism is intraspecific is disharmonious because one leaves losing Whenever one loses it is disharmonious if it were between species different would be predation which is not in this case continuing personal we have here two paired organisms competing This is a competition already is talking and the competition is always disharmonious competition can be between different species or can be between equal species in this case here between same species and probably they are competing for the female for the female Ok continuing we have a little bee and this little bee is taking the Nectar from a plant and when taking this Nectar from personal plant is already producing a lot fast this is very good ok when you get the Nectar comes out with pollen, sometimes the bee it does well because it got nectar from the plant it does well because the pollen that is in the bee can reach another flower and be pollinated so everyone wins we have here what we call mutualism something very everyone leaves happy with life he is optional because if the bee does not go to that plant plant doesn't die and vice versa so it's something optional can also be called filed an operation then the protocooperation is synonymous with mutualism optional depending on the exercise it may come with other nomenclatures is interspecific, that is, between species different and harmonious because nobody lose out remember what determines to be harmonious or disharmonious is that in in harmony no one loses and in disharmony at least one of those involved leaves missing another example lichens we have lichens here is an association between algae and fungi make a good association It's a mutualism, everyone wins. in this case it is obligate mutualism because you can't get them out of here birds separate they would not survive alone which is between different species and harmonious, everyone wins [Music] we have a shark here and I put this image to represent pilot fish So there's a pilot fish here Well, the shark imagines that the shark here I'll even disappear because the shark I'm fine in the shark's mouth imagine here that the shark fed of a fish oh my God spoiler the shark fed on a little fish here And that fish went into the shark's mouth devoured just a little piece of that fish they went back there and the shark gave that little look and said, "I don't even want it." but now the pilot fish that is here deep down there is food for me smiling right And will you eat this food or be for the pilot fish he is happy of the life that He has He lies for free and for the shark it is indifferent, but he doesn't you're not eating because of the fish pilot there picking up his remains then it is an interaction just a little bit is an interaction interspecific between species different harmonics because it doesn't even come out more than the shark doesn't win, he don't lose the pilot fish winning then is harmonic is the so-called of commensalism you know how I decorate this here come eat eat then fish pilot feeding on the remains there here we have a very interaction interesting and that we have to call that we already are 956 people will beat 1000 people 44 people are missing to reach a thousand with We are very happy to be here right now but anyway Here guys we have a petri dish and on this sign for those who don't know is who didn't do this in high school yet You're in college, right? You'll do it if you want. do something in the health area one one one degree that involves the part of microbiology well this is all that is here here whiter are bacteria growing is a culture of bacteria Okay, now notice that there is a region where these bacteria stopped grow up and died in the middle of this region there is a good Fungus Fungus then the fungus is growing here and as it grows it destroys it kills the bacteria that are in this region for the fungus it doesn't matter is growing and as it grows and releases a substance that doesn't matter to the fungus killing bacteria in the deep back So like I told you, it doesn't matter but for bacteria it is bad because they are dying this here is amensalism write this name because it is very difficult to some people are like, "Oh, the person doesn't I know that monthly payments are interspecific between different species is disharmonious why is it disharmonious because the bacteria die in the late 1990s 1920 Fleming the great frame he studied bacteria he forgot about bacteria there he went out for a break, right? When he returned these bacteria had died were dying and where they were dying a little fungus was born a little fungus was growing up if it were any rules mortal anyone I said ah I would be angry, I would be putting everything in trash he didn't he said Wow old man I lost my experiment but I got another one what bacteria is this here or rather what fungus is here that is growing and that is killing the bacteria and the question is what that this fungus is secreting was the fungus of the feline penis genus and the from this curiosity of his part of this enthusiasm for science he discovered penicillin the first antibiotic that saves lives to this day, right? People imagine what would be ours life of our lives without the antibiotic Think with me, guys, today you have a headache throat Something is beating, take it antibiotic imagine today without a guy and we are not talking about a thousand years we are talking about less than 100 years back 100 years ago a person with tuberculosis the chance of dying was huge person with leprosy a person with with bacterial meningitis a person any bacterial infection could imagine a urinary tract infection could be very serious today the person has taken antibiotic and everything is fine let's go let's go to arm and see it's curiosity so just insulin was the first antibiotic life-saving antibiotic So far very good, let's continue here Look how romantic this personal image is I made it with a lot of love This has elephants interaction is this good And this phone is walking and here there is a little ant underneath, maybe not have you noticed there is a little ant Suppose that in the next step of this elephant he steps on the ant the ant die ant now the elephant what is the difference to he but an elephant stepped on an ant the elephant wins the elephant loses head the elephant doesn't matter old the elephant it doesn't matter he doesn't even know he stepped on it ant and for ant it is bad times not it's the same past interaction yes it is the amensalism is between different species disharmony then notice this little name even though it is not a name that we use it all the time, it's not the most famous or monthly fee may be charged in a very beautiful way of you as the example of the elephant stepping on an ant continuing guys oh 155 45 people going live we will hit a thousand vivacious Oh, just joy Look guys, here we have a little paw of dog and here is a tick including the tick that is on the outside It is called hecto parasites There are ectoparasites by apart from the issue of lice, flea, tick exists using parasites that would be the roundworm, tapeworm, schistosomiasis among others, parasitism is very good one species always benefits, which is the parasite and another one is harmed there There is a teacher I'm here with I am with lice but only has one louse and doesn't even notice it that he is in me, leave him there, there is no no problem there is a problem because more than he sweats just a little bit blood you lost resources and he gained so we have a relationship interspecific between species different and disharmonious because I parasite that we call host of hostpedeiro he always leaves losing no matter how small, remember the Jeca Tatu, the story of Jaca is everything great Monteiro Lobato already caught you lived tired lived there with laziness and already and Monteiro Lobato spoke in an exemplary manner So Jeca is not like that, he is like that that is, he is not lazy and tired without he doesn't want to do anything, he's like this because he was parasitized with hookworm with yellow fever and consequently he lived with anemia because it's a worm that sucks blood internally and he lives with anemia lives tired, that is, he is not lazy he is lazy he is very different, right guys? But anyway, let's go continue here next time guys let me see let me see we have lions and hyenas And in the middle there is a carcass very interesting, right? carcass here the lions and hyenas are competing competing then it is a competition the competition also in this case will be between different species and is disharmony then the competition can be between equal species or species different Caraca came 900 people watching Live what a joy 992 989 999 let's go together let's go let's go with everything Following here guys we have another another look how interesting because normally we see I tried to bring here for you some relationships some ecological relationships right I I brought you some relationships more exotic ecological normally the people say Ah, I'm going to show you a lion here eating a zebra no I'll show you a spider eating a fly and look at that interesting guys you know that this here is predation because if it were between equal species would be the cannibalism as it is between species different it is interspecific disharmonious and predation and is not the cannibalism right guys then it can be remember the typical example goes asbestos eating the zebra and such no that's a type only in this case here is a eating a fly also predation because they are between different species no it didn't reach 953 it fell I think an advertisement fell here for me too guys if the propaganda fell for you there don't forget to put there to watch live is click on I live that sometimes it gets late some for me it fell here finally it happens but already we were 990 and a few before falling that's it then let's firm up the carcass and let's hit 1000 keep going guys Now we're going to change the tape a little, okay? change the tape a little, stretch it a little bit Come on, we already have an hour of class we have approximately one more hour guys this is something that falls right into niche ecological bar Professor I don't even know what what are they now you will know because I believe a lot and take note Guys, because this Live is recorded Then you can come back here and charge me forming the person did not fall anything of what you baffice said Thanks, several fell issues you talked about and here we let's talk about ecological niche niche ecological is different from habitat my my people watching until they take a picture Guys, now it's down again, go to me back there before then I will take a print here then I'll take it I'll I'll even leave the cell phone on here but more than 1000 that I saw is me I finally saw if I hit a thousand, do me a favor Guys, take a screenshot later. send it via Direct on Instagram and steal it Professor Samuel Cunha So let's go ecological niche is different habitat of a species Where the species lives for example Ah the fish's habitat is in that River in that ocean that place the niche it's very different because it's trash multidirectional or not serious what I'm going tell you he is an idea you cannot describe 100% of a niche species you can get an idea there you have to for example the niche is the way of life or how a species life lives the giant panda I I can say that he is omnivorous, right? He is. endemic to China is the habitat, right? He is usually lonely and does not go to the bank. he can climb trees I'll download one a little bit he can be aggressive he It may be twilight, it is twilight usually then lives in the most active in Twilight there he I don't know interacts he he fights with those he reproduces with those how many times he reproduces what that he feeds on all this then the niche it is an idea would have to how much the greater the similarity of niches between two different species the larger one may be the competition between these species of way that serious that I will speak species with very niches cannot coexist in the same place for a period of time indeterminate then species that have the niche similar to the nursery in the same place one of them goes to exclude the other this is the principle of competition of competitive exclusion Ok so this is experiment already done experienced within biology and this happens the greater the similarity between two niches between niches of the the larger species will be your competition and they can't these species things type one will exclude by competition the another one, okay guys 990 here I haven't got it yet Let's ask a little question about this this issue of 2018 I saw but I saw a lot of people saying Oh, it's impossible difficult I don't know I am not I'm going to take a picture I'm going to take a picture [Music] oh no it's not wrong I was in panoramic Thanks, thanks, we passed a thousand live, right? live people So don't forget to leave a like in 2018 many people they said that this question of the Impossible I was wrong to complain, Professor complaining we won't go very calmly lots of charm, lots of love if you watch my arthropod class from the part I speak exactly this about insects question because it is something fundamental that you have to know it's a basic question in time to study insects, pay attention attention insects can present three types of development one of them is holometabolia, come on, hit the wire, here it is development is really ugly complete for example a butterfly when we say that an insect is holometabolous those insects that pass by egg by the larval stages by guilt or by chrisária and they make a complete metamorphosis transforming into the adult That is, the caterpillar of a butterfly is completely different from that an adult of a butterfly I don't know look at a lizard and look at a butterfly Dear butterfly, it has wings and it feeds I don't know depending on the while the caterpillar has no wings and keeps crawling sometimes there is a little bristle there to stop scare away the look of any poop thing to do is scare away any predator feeds on something that is completely different from adults Or be the wash the adult They are not so competing among themselves record this information that is important but anyway it is consisting of the egg and larval phases stern and sexually mature adult, that is the adult who reproduces in these species the butterfly the caterpillar does not reproduce butterfly yes that occupy several habitat of insects with holometaboly belong to the most numerous orders or whether insects that are holometabolous are those insects that have the most individuals and there are more species for example, take one collection order is the order that has the largest insect richness comparing all the hours the shells are highly holometabolous butterflies diversified also butterflies are holometabolous debts that are flies and mosquitoes are highly diverse they are olometabolous So if a information by important insects holometabolans try to be larger greater numbers of individuals and greater numbers of species also because the question of this question is because this type of development is related with the largest number of species due to the first protection in the guilt phase protection in the pulp stage what protection is this favoring the survival of fertile adults do not produce many eggs larvae and Pulps increasing the number of adults people but the other insects they also do this not exploitation of different niches avoiding competition between the stages of life, would it be food intake at all stages of life ensuring emergence has to doing this is not what causes this great diversification calls caterpillar not to eat How will she get to the adult? finally, use of the same foods No, right guys, so alternative c Let's change here to ensure for you guys are different explorations, that is both adults right as the larva occupy different niches and feed on different things and consequently they don't compete by doing Ah but why that the fundamental question is why that this generates a greater diversity of organisms hours imagine that it has a butterfly the butterfly caterpillar is in the trees feeding and the butterfly in if you are feeding on another tree from another location is it okay now imagine that something falls, I don't know what happens a plague that kills all the trees that the caterpillars are feeding there you Tell me, person, what's going to happen to you? the caterpillar dies, but the adults that are of the same species guarantee the survival of this species because they are feeding on another tree consequently an environmental impact that destroys the caterpillars does not destroy the species because the guarantee of adults that are there continue because they are feeding on one another from another region then they do not support it the greater the adversities precisely because this now imagine a species if it that a cockroach is a cockroach that both adult and nymph and immature there is feeding the same weapon If that tree in that region becomes extinct by some plague by anything The Cockroaches would die too, okay? I gave one hypothetical example, okay guys, but that's it that happens in nature very well already now we have reached a thousand and we are more than a thousand for a long time ah come on João, that's the dance, right Tchê, that's it little dance I'm going to John I'm going to do the dance in a little while you won't be weak I thought they wouldn't remember but I spoke because I was moved Because afterwards there will even be a speech at I will finally give my speech here, but anyway let's continue the dance in the next question I take a break to get one soda there to have some caffeine But anyway guys Let's continue the dance here, let me see here's one thing Okay guys since we're walking all over Biology lets us get away from it a bit ecology and let's talk now about classification of living beings alive they have to be classified if I ask you are talking about supermarket to speak I was a teacher I went to buy what rice when and where is it that you went to buy rice I went to the butcher You don't go to the butcher's to buy rice. go to the aisle to buy rice where there is grains where there are beans, rice, pasta I don't know what's in that good corridor what is the importance of this the importance that when you classify and put in the their proper locations you make it easier for everyone in science cannot be different then there are people who say Bá biology is very boring because you have to classify everything why classify everything old for What a boring thing to put waiting name imagine that if you here in Brazil they are studying a species whatnot of tetanus clostridium tetania a species of bacteria causes tetanus there a guy arrives there in Japan and is studying the same species but it won't calling it clostritis will call it species B then the guys start publishing articles scientific there another scientist PSB on the other he won't think it's the same organism and will think that they are different organisms will cause a big confusion then science it works with a No classification it doesn't matter if it's in Mandarin or if it's in Portuguese the name of the species in the article it will be the same as the Latinized one, right? a tetanus like cryonia or mini-vorex homo sapiens are all names that do not it doesn't matter where you read it in a magazine scientific will have the same name until I will send it anyway I'm all crazy, soon there will be homos sapiens and blind people bring everything crazy there because it has to be Latinized but anyway continuing here we classify the living beings kingdoms or domains domain is more modern than kingdoms in however for Enem entrance exams important are five kingdoms monera that are bacteria and protist archae which are algae and protozoa fungi are the fungi plants plants animals the animals very well but more recently we can see which is not very well classified in the five classified living beings is very difficult to see with me if he lives evolves change over time Imagine you classify you see will go in a little while you classify by the morphological part what they did before, he wasn't even 100% there by the morphological part but suddenly the biochemical part comes in molecular you see Ah old They are very similar but not so related the example in the repair domains we have three domains the bacteria domain the arquia domain and the domain is the guy the bacteria domain all bacteria or be the bacteria are here inside the domain covers both these and these here are organisms prokaryotes and these here because they are eukaryotic cells are eukaryotic cells Okay, very well, but you must imagine that if archaea have cells prokaryotes They have to be obviously relatives of bacteria more than relatives of eukaryotes hours in the five kingdoms is this because the monera kingdom is both bacteria and arks only when we study the molecular part we delve deeper into this and we see look how interesting the arks are closest relatives of your guys eukaryotes or rather around here than necessarily from the bacteria deposited there from the pocket right but the bacteria have to be them exchange optics for the chests as well, however cows are more closely related to cells eukaryotes like this the molecular part shows us that yes this is true because this is what classifying is difficult but it is a extremely necessary evil then the entrance exam can talk about the domains or can talk about the kingdoms and you have to necessarily know these examples there when as we classify I speak for you that species change over over time calls you we have what we call it evolution and when we look this image gives us the clear impression that we human beings make of the monkey So I ask you with all the humility and affection in the world is true this here guys We really we came from the modern monkey, the chimpanzee I have people who say I don't believe in evolution because I've never seen a chimpanzee turn into a human being and I speak for this person had this person has reason chimpanzee does not transform into being human, that is, this idea that the evolution is linear and that man came from modern monkey is a is a large service efficiency right here guys is completely wrong evolution is not this is how evolution works first is not linear and neither do we we transformed into the modern monkey what is the the difference then is that we imagine that here is a chimpanzee and here we are we have an unusual ancestor of five six millions of years ago because it is very time at that time there was a separation and one of the Branches of origin of our species and other branches gave rise to the chimpanzee who today is Our closest relative Tiririca who is the closest relative even though we are of a different gender we are hominids we are of genera different madness right What is it? evolution then evolution is more or less this here I'll even take over a little bit for you reflect on this graph, okay? first one we have here on this side great Darwin Oops Darwin the great dar here guys Imagine that life arises in the twig and each branch that is here each one of them here that I guarantee to you who are summarized yet, right? different species the large plus the massive most of the species that already existed on earth no longer exist or there have been many more species than have already died even than today there are living species that is interesting to think about, right? It's something that I would like to tell you that evolution records finally guys we are here more than a thousand people watching when we talk about evolution and I I speak in a very direct way to you, evolution does not exclude God exclude God knows why I ask you who are God what do you mean to say person Do you believe in God? Ask now. for you who is yours I am I have the my spirituality Yes I believe in a certain God now if he comes to me don't talk Professor Do you believe that God made all species as they are And these species have never undergone modification and God made both the dog and the bacteria when it made the human being how much did if it was the dinosaurs just did and put here and they don't change I don't believe it this is not the God I believe in the God I believe rules evolution is a God that rules evolution So, all right, old man, our species there is homo sapiens Oops who is here in this little corner here there is approximately it can be a little more but approximately A thousand years, man, that's 200 thousand years ago Earth is 4.5 billion years old the first living being has approximately 3.7 billion of years was an was an organism of a single cell required more than three billion years to reach our species In other words, we say Ah, we we are the owner of the personal world in the great most of the planet's lifespan earth our species did not even exist we we weren't even here we weren't then we are not responsible for everything that happened on earth we are responsible for what happens to some years ago and another Our species came for thousands of years in a way extremely sustainable today we discuss this because we have arrived at a technology so great that we are destroying the environment then these are things to reflect on including us Can you talk about this other moment? but here the focus is Enem But here it's just a reflection now let's go to what can be charged in ENEM referring to and it's already there we are 1,044 people here let me read some of the comments here Camile says she doesn't understand understand now let's understand let's go with very calm is there I showed one cladogram for you I will explain with more details personal development pay attention Well, pay attention here, I'll be here a little bit to the side for you guys to read well evolution today science does not deal with evolution as a hypothesis as a theory we treat evolution as a fact whether you like evolution or not she is a fact she exists she happens and there's an example, right? an example for example is the prohibition of the use of antibiotics without a prescription for some years ago about 15 years ago you went to pharmacy said I want a peniscine he would even give you a ride home and you would take the skin in a discriminated way Why this was prohibited because people they took it in a way that they had a virus they took it antibiotic or even had an infection bacterial but take an antibiotic wrong way and when taking an antibiotic in the wrong way you can be there favoring the proliferation of some resistant bacteria because imagine Here's the doctor, antibiotics for 14 days then you take it for three days, it's better because bacteria began to die but always a population of millions of bacteria some do it, it's bad but I'm resisting the others, they have all died but some resisted, I don't know, but one percent but then after three days say it killed me better I'll stop taking it antibiotic there the bacteria that were there almost dying but they were still firm Resisting give that which oops no There are more antibiotics than they make starts multiplying clones of her now you don't have just 1% of bacteria that are Resisting You have a spine whole because they are clones and from this column whole perhaps undergoing some mutations And these mutations were gave rise to even more resistant bacteria. Here you go. an antibiotic for 15 days if not Go get hit, you're cool, okay? sending me tea and then you come back I've already seen the doctor, but I also have antibiotics. we have to change the antibiotic or be you are forming bacteria resistant this is more evidence evolutionary And then when we talk about evolution We have two big names which is a brand that gives has before and Lamarck he said that the species acquire characteristics in lives in lives that are passed on, right? is called the law of transmission of acquired characteristics Oops is wrong right guys, in other words he said that you what you use in your life in your body But do a lot of weight training at the gym bodybuilder, that is, you are creating a very strong biceps the tendency is that God descendants by the use of biceps have a bigger biceps too right you're welcome I won't even mention that each example that we could talk but here getting recorded is difficult but anyway, that's what we call use and disuse the more you use an organ than your larger body is the tendency of this organ be developed for the next descendants because you pass on these characteristics acquired in life and if you don't use it, it's not passed on look now let's go to Garden right on the fly he took a trip around the world with a ship called beagle beagle then and he was making several notes and when he even passed by Brazil Legend has it that Darwin died due to complications of the disease Chagas that he caught Chagas in the case when he was in Brazil but disease of knowing you can spend your life whole without having any symptoms or can develop symptoms after decades anyway or and he would have died because of of this even when giving passed in the Brazil, he was astonished, he said that we he never wanted to set foot in Brazil again because he saw and heard the screams of slaves at a time were no longer for to have slavery and he heard the screams and people thinking they are superior and people still wanting to have slaves treating slaves literally in the form more absurd, right? Including many Brazilian He carries a bit of that Culture, right? Just a curiosity and Darwin it also passed because we call it Galapagos Islands, right? And there he managed observing the Galapagos finches did comparison Peaks of foods he called two things first within a population as the organisms are different imagine us here we are more than a thousand people here if we manage to gather a hall of thousands of us people a thousand people no one would be the same would be higher, lower, stronger faster a darker skin skin clearer and this variation of the species of individuals of the same species is something healthy for the species we have to be different because why does that exist what we call natural selection nature selects within that population the most adapted organisms for that condition there is no more adapted of all there is the most adapted for those conditions for example we we are not adapted to living under the water a fish is adapted to live under of water then underwater we are less adapted with fish Ok then the keywords for Darwin are adaptation and nature working is selection natural nature selects those who are more adapted to that condition but with technology we saw that Darwin is a brilliant guy because at the time he didn't even know it was Gene I knew that it was the TCG that it was DNA and such however today we know And then we have that the little word is neo Darwinism or modern Darwinism everything that gives me told me we see that he was right today Every time we the more you study the more we see that the guy was right That's why he's just a genius that today we have what we call of mutation and we understand that it is that mutation remembers that DNA has the little letters, right? The TCG, the mutation is when one of these letters by some mistake is separated is modified and has the types of mutation and this can be selected from positive form most of the Mutation It's bad, right? But the ones that are good for some characteristic that are positively selected become common in that population and also the recombination In other words, you can create when forming the planets a number of infinitely gigantic gametes by recombination so when we talk of modern Darwinism you include in addition from natural selection to adaptation to mutation and recombination Here we have the classification of beings alive, if we talk about evolution, we we also talk about classification of living beings remember what I said there to you at the beginning or it is three domains or the five kingdoms then the great name of classification because imagine Darwin showed that species arise as they there are variations in the pieces and on Earth selected over a long period of time time appears in different species is appears in a different species has to classify them and the classification is there it's no longer the dart the classification is Linnaeus then Linnaeus he put some classification rules So take a look life such as living beings only that do not include obviously it's only here but the domain What are the three domains of archaea bacteria? eocaria the five kingdoms What are the I wrote down the five kingdoms here five kingdoms Kingdom monera Protista merges plant animal Teacher You have to memorize this is unfortunately like this, guys unfortunately the kingdoms and the domain you you have to know Biology, that's how everyone is the physics subjects have to be memorized outside Oh dear, unfortunately you have to decorate okay although most of the questions you don't need to memorize it will be there text is ok but you have to know when are you talking about for example are you talking about art Who are the arks talking about bacteria Who are the type bacteria so you know but anyway here ok phylum class order you don't need decorate anything family you don't need decorate families but nevertheless you you have to know that always at the end of the family writing will have the word then if it is a family of animals or animals will have the end a seai if it is a family of plants for example here a plant family is asterace and this asterace writes ok so you know it's a family or if the word ends with dai read if you can ominide and if you write it correctly you know that this is about a family as it is that an Enem or another entrance exam can charge you guys like he goes there put a whole paragraph writing the species name genus name of family, name of kingdoms and everything else there there in the question he talks about that little text how many families are there how many genera how many species are there, man? all me just you count how many there are ending with dayan with Asia ah are five Ok, fine, so you already know what you have Five Families in that text you don't even do you know if the insect family is an animal family? if it is a plant of plant the animal you you know But what is the specificity of that genre Never seen talk about it but if it ended with Day or seazia you know you're dealing with family that is the gender the gender people will always have writing like the first capital letter and the word highlighted then for example homo se inscribed with the first capital letter a o rest lowercase and it is highlighted or underlined means it is a gender and that is a species you know that the species is written as genus but the specific epithet as Sapiens then when there is a species for example homo sapie Do you know what gender this is? species at the time if the species is homo sapiens the genus is homo very well And then you have what you have that you decorate within the nomenclature domains and the kingdom is a decorep and that the whole family has as the final word dayuácia that the genus has the first capital letter and the rest lowercase and the word is highlighted and the specific gender now very important when we write gender gender has the first capital letters and the rest lowercase, right? that the second word of the species that is sapiens sapiens is tiny if you wrote capital S here is wrong And it is highlighted in metallic or underlined call when it is underlined is not continuous continuously underline It's wrong this is boring thing, right? But that's the rules. nomenclature from this here takes in photos there the person you get any right nomenclature question in ENEM in the entrance exams very well continuing here we are speaking of species, how do you write it? species now that is a species that which is a kind of stopping to think Speak Well, we are part of the same species but I'm not part of the same species than a chimpanzee or a cheap one that a fly or a plant then what which is a species we have the concept biological species then call you we have two zebras here species are organisms of a species are individuals that can reproduce and generate fertile descendants, that is biologically speaking we classifies as two two organisms of months when they can reproduce and the offspring they generate are offspring that are fertile, that is, these puppies can reproduce among themselves and generate fertile descendants and so on very good here is the fertile descendant of zebra now we have a hybrid This is a rat trap, guys, call me I wonder if this is a hybrid hybrid we have here half giraffe half zebra this here guys is not a hybrid This is a species indeed it was a rat trap this species called ocap Johnson binds first capital letter the rest all lowercase and written in Italics like If it were underlined then we know that the genus of this species is ocap and the species very good John Stone now look at this this here is an individual, isn't it a hybrid although it seems now I will show the hybrid for you a real book call you there was if only pay close attention if a shark mate with horse we have a hybrid this hybrid here obviously right guys although it is beautiful it does not exist I will not to think that it exists There are students who believe that's why I I have to deny it, we want it put to the test oh once I saw one hybrid between I don't know how they would mate, right aunt, the horse maybe swimming the romantic shark comes there Oh come to Here we go swimming my mermaid, right? No, that's it. does not exist now there are books of true, then let's understand what it's hybrid can charge you for the crossing between different species So if a mare female horse mate with a donkey depending on the region of Brazil calls it donkey in another calls donkey another calls donkey they will generate descendants but they are not of same species The descendants are hybrids turn you on because they are hybrids Because as much as hybrids try to mate with each other they won't can generate offspring they are sterile so the mare is of a different species than the donkey that donkey or the donkey their hybrids are The Mule and the Donkey are sterile poor things, very well now, look at that crazy what you are seeing here is of the same species old then you take a puppy this size and a big dog that size and they are equal species they wouldn't be able to mate and produce fertile offspring Look how crazy these two are here gifts here they could have fertile puppies but I ask for you guys let them both go nice, sweet smell romantic little flower everything is nice between the two of them they go get to mate old can you imagine a scene of the two of them mating I've seen a dog mate there before peroti a lot on the street there wasn't even one minimum sense of the dogs there in the middle from the street itself it was until there anyway but Can you imagine these two dogs here mating no but they they are of the same species, yes, how is it that in life they became so different as remember that dogs they pass on being domesticated for more than 10 thousand years behind from the wolves from the wolves dogs came from wolves and they are there selecting, okay? Put it here, put it there and such will select this feature I don't know and then in 10 minutes after the Wolf turns into this old bizarre rock because because the selection artificial the people who made it and that they still carry out artificial selection today dogs select characteristics that want to select for example Ah me I want a small dog so I don't know 20 puppies were born from that offspring there 10 puppies you take the little ones and put to mate the others no ah The Little ones mate, the biggest ones are born Indians caught the minors in powder is for mate this over hundreds and thousands of generations you will have these absurd differences here but not yet they are different species however within evolution we call them have a Gothic prayer barrier They don't can reproduce among themselves because they can't even form the drops a barrier a physical barrier let's go talking about Barreiras is then the emergence of new species, just look at that interesting these species here are there that it is already undergoing speciation each one is being different in different regions because they have a reproductive isolation here then the isolation the reproductive barriers they can be prezygotic before formal in the zygote or may be post-forming a sewer a salad of each of them one of them is temporal isolation organisms of the same species can live in different times by going out to your activity at different times temporal isolation Ok other element behavioral while one is in up the tree to look for a partner or there is good behavior on the ground different other gametic isolation can reproduce it if they meet and reproduces But the gametes are no longer viable between them is an isolation another mechanical isolation which is what we previously seen by a dog giant can't mate with small dog is a type of isolation it's mechanical and over time it will become a different species, okay? the Gothic Possessions That is to say the species managed to reproduce formed the sewers but the zygote does not move forward because either it goes forward but it doesn't work continuity to species first chromosome incompatibility they can't do theirs there connection, right? Hybrid sewers are sent, be we 11 drops the same as well, it's just that it's ombre and it won't go to ahead it becomes unviable it ends not avenging or revenge is born the individual only that is what the we call it hybrid sterility is the example that we saw there between the donkey and the female horse there, right? and the mare, right? very good, so here it is, folks all this here makes new things appear species And then I'll show you an example this was also a matter of entrance exam we have a population of beetles note that in this population of beetles They are different colors different is represented these differences in color but could be others Imagine that a physical barrier select or be half of these beetles have contact but the contact that they have between them even isolation from contact that these others have, that is, these stay reproducing among themselves and they reproduce so that the flow does not occur hygienic between the two populations right over time these populations they will grow they will only stabilize that the environment that is on this side is different with the environment that has in that little side right away difference between them remember the nature will select characteristics different between species in a way that this population over the thousands of years or millions of years will be a lot different from this other one it will be so different but so different that after for a long time if this barrier disappears new but a mountain imagine a river that passes there and cuts the populations in half when they meet again they will no longer recognize themselves as same species Here we have a speciation process and two species now different interesting right Then we we have to classify these new species very good almost 1,100 people live here guys who didn't leave the like Maroto Leave a like as it is a way of thank you is that the teacher of encourage our lives, let's go firm carcass quick question for you from Enem 2020 Look, I'm not going to read Everything is fine guys I'm not going to read everything alone I'll show you here so you don't get too long because you can read calmly template launches There we have a population this population there is subdivided into two populations Ok and these populations are being blocked by a physical barrier that is, these populations that went to this side isolated itself from the other population and you notice that this population here it became a subpolation in another type that has undergone modifications to over time this one continued continued continued and Ok given moment the barrier disappears and these populations now they mix right, but they mix after so much the time she's been here she's been so different that they no longer recognize each other more are populations that no longer recognize more consequently the question that you are already asking the template and exception very fast question the representation indicates that in the moment of at this moment here in situation occurs in two populations separated by reproductive isolation or be it, they can't do it anymore reproduce correctly and this or she takes action or they will become different species very crazy why was there isolation reproductive system has undergone many modifications because the environment selected characteristics of this population, right? population is always changing people mutations are emerging the population is undergoing modifications the environment will selecting types are different environments with different populations will being selected differently because the environment is different and he requires that the characteristics of that population for each of the environments be adapted to that environment then selects differently right is the example that I gave you here like those little shells but very good let's continue, let's talk about theory cell phone Guys, look at us going through all the Biology that is for get a good score after the Enem Sunday night you will go send a Direct message on Instagram @ Professor this marijuana talking / teacher I got that question right in the class or not nothing fell, they can insult me, there is no problem, the teacher gave a great class there two hours there and nothing fell, you can go there I bet with you later you still have to let's do a little dance, guys, let's go ahead let's talk about cell theory the theory cell phone Says that all living things are consisting of at least one cell The question is, viruses are living beings. this appears in ENEM in the entrance exams, okay? I do not consider the virus to be alive because for a virus to be considered alive it has to be inside a cell using the cell machinery there he said oh but he has scientists who say that viruses are living beings Ok, fine, but according to the cell theory to be being alive must necessarily have at least one less cell So I'll even give it to you person to do now in December the second UFPR phase and something will fall about living beings about this virus is to be alive or not you speak like that according to cell theory to be considered to be alive it has to have at least one cell and every cell arises from a pre-existing one but you don't appear out of nowhere, a persistent then you ask me and how is it that the first cell appeared then you have to attend a little class origin evolution of life we have a origin of life class that shows that conditions of the primitive earth are very different from the conditions of the present earth Today a cell does not appear out of nowhere. abiogenesis today a cell only arises by biogenesis, that is, Marcelo appears from another pre-existing this is the cell theory and then say that every living being is constituted in the series The whole cell is of a pre-existing organisms the unicellulas look how interesting guys the Unicel organization is a single cell that reproduces that feeds that has its metabolism that has produced in your energy that puts your discreet out a single cell Look at the complexity because we talk like this It is wrong for you to say that a living being is more evolved than the other you can to say that a living being is more complete we are more complex than a bacteria right but we are not anymore evolved because the concept of evolution does not refer you to being better or bigger or more complex refers to being an organism that has undergone modification or minor modification, but it is managing to survive in that environment so we are as evolved as a bacteria record this And then we have different types of cells many different cells okay E here come the differences between them have to know what the difference is between a eukaryotic organism and an organism prokaryotic a eukaryotic organism record like this I have I have which cell my cell is eukaryotic or prokaryote record like this I have a cell eukaryote then all animals have essential eukarya who has cells prokaryotes bacteria and Archaea rest everything is eukaryotic cells. Okay then. Let's see what's the difference between them basically this is it here eukaryote has pain membranous shins here the prokaryotic saddle has no organelle there is no way to say that there is no people say there is an organelle, no reminds us that in fact deep down background is not even an organelle, we can call it a non-membranous organelle that is the ribosome So ribosomes are structures that form protein face one living being has to form protein in the form of you taking a DNA or a gene and transform transform do not do the reading it and forming a protein this here guys to do this you have to have the ribosomes then it doesn't matter if it prokaryotic or eukaryotic has to have ribosomes now ribosomes they don't are considered organelles, we even you can call it an organelle, don't remember us not to confuse them but they are not structures that most of the time not even assembled so when it's time to assemble the protein it has greater assembly with smaller comes together to form the protein a We'll talk a little about this soon ahead Okay, but then the difference is this one is more complex this one is bigger enough more complex organelles this is smaller one has no organelles but has its genetic material has ribosomes and such now inside the eukaryotic cells There are two types that you have to know for the entrance exam for Enem What is the difference between an animal cell and a plant cell we imagine that a animal cell because we are more beings complex conversations we have brains everything else then we have a cell with more structures wrong guys Look at that interesting the plant cell because entrance exam for Enem you have to know that there are three structures that animal cell does not have what they are chloroplast we don't have chloroplast we don't we photosynthesize the plant cell has a cell wall we do not have cell wall ok and has large vacuoles the plant cell that the animal cell does not So there are other differences, yes, but for Enem you have to know these three differences it's obvious guys that here they have it because they carry out photosynthesis cell wall was cellulose important that's why you eat corn, okay? we don't generate cellulose, so you look there in the vase is in the humiliation that type in mouth slide the anus is gone you didn't digest it, there it appears cell phone very well and the vacuums are gigantic even some animal cells some animal rooms may have But they are tiny, they are different this one here in this vegetable area are big Ok vacuums continuing for you too don't kill me here we are almost a thousand and one hundred people we continue smoke which says that fungi have cells animal Marcelo animal as well as taking out bacteria This one prokaryotic then eukaryotic tents you get the fungi are very similar takes a large protozoan like the paramecium man that she gigantic, isn't it, man, it's a series that it becomes visible Look very closely It's difficult like this, you have to be well division but it is within human vision there, that cell is so big, right? finally inside the cell we have the organelles and here I took a tip for You guys, look, I'm just going to make myself a little smaller. a little bit here if you want to take it a print why Because the organelles They have specific functions each organelle sometimes several and several functions but we are in a review Here you will arrive for the Enem farmar the person I'm going to Enem and I don't know function of the organelles that I do now decorates a main function of each organelle and goes to the test happy of life is despair, this is it then here Oh, this is Leo, I usually say he's good for two people, right, two groups of people those who did not study no crap then in despair saying that I want to get there by less knowing the greatest of the bisus So that is the name is for you or those who they studied a lot so peacefully there and speaking Ah Professor I just want to go to proof and I want to review I want to deal with that remembered in the contents then serves to the two groups ok so we have here mitochondria the mitochondria makes the inspiration mitochondria perform cellular respiration cellular respiration is a process complex involving glycolysis cycle crepes and conveyor chain electrons Where is respiratory then this you can fall guys if you want review mitochondria a little more all organelles that fall most in the ENEM touching me so that we can produce ATP from respiration cell phone we need oxygen gas imagine People people advanced a sou author Larissa is despair people another calm one so let's go let's go very calmly here but imagine that now you breathe imagine if you I'll just go on a breathing strike when I get there [Music] and hold your breath you will die you will not die you know why because you'll end up breathing before die because the stimulus will be so big will give that pull Because the longer we go without breathing the lower the gas saturation will be oxygen in our blood you need oxygen gas to produce ATP from mitochondria cellular respiration if there is no gas oxygen Wow, it's starting to get bad, isn't it? It starts to get bad then you are the same time that is not producing as much ATP why aren't you putting in oxygen gas inside you are producing ATP by what already exists is releasing dioxide of carbon this carbon dioxide will being accumulated in your body and when being accumulated in your body gives you that acidification right mechanism well complex and the stimulus to breathe each bigger and bigger that's why a lot tragically when a person dies drowned she takes her last breath water entering the lungs and this It happens even though you have to lock it breathing But finally lysosomes of cell management smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesis of smooth plasma reticulum lipids also for example he will destroy the alcohol which is highly toxic Okay but mainly it makes you feel lipid nucleus is a control center of the cell as if it were a City Hall then when all that protein that stops cellular metabolism everything else peroxides are mainly made breakdown of oxygen gas I hope we are they will also do a bit of breaking of alcohol will act more 10 20% only but mainly they break something that generates Face This hydrogen peroxide is toxic. It has H2O2. that being broken cannot stay in our body So they do it themselves rough planar reticulum synthesizes proteins Why is it rough because here, here, there are ribosomes adhered to it are the proteins that are formed in the Rhine endoplasmic reticulum rough are sent by complex modified packaged golgiense and sent out of the cell Mainly now the ribosomes ribosomes that are free in the cytoplasm the proteins that are synthesized by them are normally inside the cell itself This is the difference but as many ribosomes as ribosomes that are double plasmatic rough synthesize proteins right leaves I increase it a little here continuing there we are talking about We're talking about the inside now. part of Outside the cells people they they are all covered by a membrane plasma the plasma membrane is common we hit all the cells humiliatingly 1100 people live here guys infinitely grateful to everyone who are present here who did not leave the like leave like all that stuff We're together there, okay? then the plasma membrane is a wrapper that is common to all cells she is a beloved spout of phospholipid you have phospholipids two sides on which the leg part is hydrophobic and has no affinity for water and hydrophilic heads But keep this information there are proteins of membranes that are integral, that is, they cross the membrane Okay, so remember what I'm going to say. for you there are basically three types of transport transport passive active transport and active transport by vesicles passive transport does not spend ATP has no ATP expenditure for transportation active uses ATP and vesicle transport is a type of active transport then yes it uses ATP within passive transport there is diffusion and osmosis diffusion who will the solute is what passes and osmosis is what pass the personal solvent the letter does not It's so good because I'm here at the table digitizer OK but I'm trying hard It's not pretty, especially here in pen which is complicated but anyway simple diffusion is when the solute passes simply by the bilayer of phospholipid already facilitated has to go through whole proteins, that is a glucose is c6h12o of a molecule it will not manage to get through the false bilayer lipids Then it passes through the channels protein very well osmosis who is here these two will always happen here give in favor of a Gradient, that is, of where there is more to where there is less solute now osmosis is the solvent that passes through Universal solvent example is water is water it makes a reverse path is of where in lower solute concentration to where there is a greater concentration of solute Imagine that you take and add salt in a slug Don't do it it hurts okay It hurt a lot there for Yasmin but she melts because the water comes out of it to where there is now more quantity of solute sauna outside of it then literally it melts like it's throw sulfuric acid Wow, we're going feel bad I don't do that to myself and the active transport is active transport it occurs against a gradient of concentration the sodium potassium pump is the great example and to do against a concentration gradient imagines that There are already many strong ones, there must be more you will still have to spend TP there is a effort for this the example is bomb potassium sodium but there are others types of pumps inside our body is inside the membrane of our cell in the However, Enem knows this example here and vesicle transport is gallbladder because he is big he literally in the right way So imagine she speaks hotly that emits pseudopods, that is, if it has deformity in the membrane there when it is to inside the transport cells is endocytosis when it is outward is isocytosis into the cell has phagocytosis when it emits pseudopods such as I gave it here and it normally puts particles solids because of a bacteria pinocytosis does not emit pseudopods record this, it's literally pinocytosis the membrane does this an invagination and here what enters is not a whole bacterium and if that is dissolved particles Ok So this is the difference between phage and pinocytosis and for out or is it secretion when it is going to secrete a hormone a protein something that your cell produces good there and such or is it excretion when it's something your certainty has that you put out because you're doing it bad for her then it is cellular defecation excretion has authors who call it defecation I don't know or even clasmocytosis Okay, but the excretion but how so ok very well continuing here So, continuing here, guys, the question is what is a gene, okay, we are inside the cell when we speak Guys, here is a giant mind map. I'm going to go get a soda I'm very thirsty and I'll be right back, it's serious this information the question is what is it a genius didn't come out of there, let's talk Hey guys, I guarantee it's 30 seconds I'm back here just for a little while [Music] I went back very good just a little bit show up here I'm back guys So what is a They're rocking there, people are rocking there very good let's go they don't play the same game very well following guys the gene the gene we you have to make a big mind map that if it doesn't confuse the kids too much sometimes we say something like this, ah, chromosome is this person is here which is the DNA that what is the chromosome what is the gene what is this where is this like This is good, we are serious every cell Wow, let's take everything our example has an exception profit we have red blood cells that don't have a nucleus. but within this core imagine if I take a DNA molecule here DNA molecule this DNA molecule here remember she will have the little letters TCG is in league with t t is in league with se connect with g and g connect with c this one is the our DNA only in our body imagine that you are not using that one part of the DNA man he will not stay five DNA there in your cell that Ma'am, this DNA will be rolled out. so she will wrap him up there himself DNA wraps around proteins called stomata and it curls more and curls more until it becomes what a chromosome then personal chromosome chromosome is equal DNA if I ever get to tell you we have 46 molecules of we have 46 chromosomes in our cell you automatically say then we have 46 DNA molecules the difference that when we talk about DNA the books they bring it as if the chromosome had stretched out had decondensed and the chromosome is when they have condensed Remembering that this example here it is giving you a duplicated chromosome remember that the division interface cell phone before division has interpreter there is a phase called S there is G1 s and G2 in the S phase the duplication of the genetic material That is, all the chromosomes are duplicated then Usually when they show them chromosomes already show duplicates here united for central but anyway right I'm talking a lot about the personal gene where is the gene in all this? chromosome is a DNA molecule that It's the genius, you see these little letters here if I get a big sequence like that little letters in our DNA, in our chromosome we're going to have a genius then this here is a genius So what is genius, the gene holds enough information for our body our cell can do the transcription of this gene then it will form RNA messenger there this R is not a messenger will find who has the ribosomes ribosomal RNA and you will also find the transfer RNA the union between ribosomes or RNA ribosomes RNA messenger and transfer RNA make the translation of this language that you have in your Gene now to form a protein So let's get to work here guys let's philosophize I have hair like that shape in this color you have hair of shape maybe different from another color eye color my difference from you the skin color has different shades what does this mean this means that we have some genes for these slightly different characteristics we have almost 100% of our genetic material like my Gene that produces insulin is the same as gender that produces insulin my genius that produces hundreds of proteins that have our body is the same time only some genes that characterize skin color eye color hair color entered others features are slightly different Look how interesting So what determines you is this here and remember that genetic code is universal is because while we are studying for this here I'll go to take it here so as not to give us any more we study the genetic code which is the genetic code is the Lin in which we understand that you know those cracks that we call it codon I won't be able to do it explain this now here but the codon is has three nitrogenous bases this triplet here encodes an amino acid then the genetic code shows what the cracks What are the cracks that determine that amino acid and because it is Universal hours how interesting I I can implement a gene of mine in a bacteria and I can make this bacteria produces insulin this is how the we produce insulin right now look here then me genetics Guys, let's continue You guys are warriors, huh, so signing off the carcass because we passed a thousand people watching and we are keeping constant obvious that some enter some you know I'm sure that a thousand people at least they are here firming up the carcass Congratulations to you this I feel that these people who are here in a Thursday 9 pm we overcame in two hours we are heading for the end of the class are the people who that are firm there will pass people Come on, let's go with a lot of faith, look at this genetics can fall to you the system [ __ ] or HR system that you need to know Here guys pay close attention to us we have four blood types as to system bo other is blood a or you are b or you are b other I am blood to me Professor Samuel now here within genetics there is a codominance between allele A and allele B so that a person who is the blood AB means it has both A allele how much is the B allele then genotype of this person is and a and b the phenotype within the genetics is what you express that which is visible then if you have a high blood fenot pa if you have the blood Your phenotype is your genotype is what is in genetics then why For example, a person who has AB blood has these two alleles a person who has O blood has these two alleles right and then two come boring concepts a person who has the phenotype of Blood Type a he has the agrotinogen is what it is called antigen a and he doesn't have b so if he there is no b here it will produce a agglutinin which is an anti B antibody is that's why a person who has the blood a cannot receive blood B because not having the TV of protein B here it does not there is no here if she doesn't have it it will be something strange if something strange to me I will produce something before b and I will fight this that's why I can't receive type B blood if I am of type A and so you can look at the chart and see, right? Ah, who is it? universal donor universal donor is the because because he doesn't have any thyrogen does not have any type, it does not have nothing see that in the red blood cell there is not even the neither b then it can fall here it can fall this way it can fall here and no one you'll find this blood strange however a person who has the blood for not having either of these two proteins it will it will form it will produce both anti- and anti-antibodies as soon as possible B or a person who has blood, but only receives it from her crazy right now a person who has the AB blood can receive from everyone so I universal receiver however when the people are going to donate blood, right? only examined [ __ ] system is also examined HR system or HR person positive which is my case So my blood is positive then put it there Guys, your blood stays interesting record or the person is HR negative there is indeed a problem that if the person RH negative she cannot receive from HR Positive then ba Who is the donor? universal of universals is the negative What is the universal receiver of universal is AB positive that you have want to know why a college entrance exam can charging the Enem can charge you let's go I bet a lot every year on some entrance exam drops serum or vaccine Why that this year I think is a big one big bet because there was a lot of discussion vaccine, right guys, although the bank Enem questions can be very long back he was definitely fed with a lot of information about the vaccine So what is the difference between serum and vaccine record this personal information well it is very important for your life the vaccine gives you active immunization or be it she sends your body actively create a protection against what is to come come the virus the bacteria that eventually enters your body and the serum is a passive immunization gives you an antibody ready, both are artificial, okay? this isn't even that important artificial because it is not really the bacteria that is there, right? Viviinha causing this immunization now serum gives you an anti-color like I told you to you the vaccine gives you an antigen can being a protein could be the dead virus attenuated finally Ok and obviously if the serum gives you a antibody this is something temporary and immediate but temporary So if a snake bit you injected the venom you have to immediately neutralize poison then these antibodies neutralize immediately poison for a short time that is, temporary while the vaccine response is later takes a vaccine to have been done 15 days a month after But this one is an effect lasting depending on the vaccine for life whole others have to have reinforcement, right? depends on the mutation of the viruses or bacteria they are protecting so here the serum is against poisonings poisons toxins and such and the vaccine against basically viruses and bacteria we are developing vaccines until against some types of cancer to teach the neurological system to fight that cell are future chapters there that we have to Be aware that medicine is advancing there Okay guys, we have a weird little question about vaccination 2019 Enem Let's go in 2019 schistosomiasis that the belly The water falls a lot, right? In the Enem characterized by inflammation of the liver and the spleen caused by worms we have a error here Professor What is this scientific word is not highlighted So let's fix this error here perfect contagion occurs after the worm larvae are released into the water by the snail of the genusby or would speak if It's gender also has to be underlined call you their intermediate host and penetrate on human skin after diagnosis treatment traditional uses medicines via oral to kill the parasite inside the body then has a new treatment therapeutic strategy based on use of a vaccine made from of a protein extracted from the Worm that induces the human organism to produce antibodies to fight and prevent disease prevent disease Now look at one advantage of the vaccine relation to traditional treatment is that she might be able to, guys. She's asking function of the vaccine is already being given there They are already giving the answer, you are not weak But does the vaccine prevent penetration Of course not old man how will the vaccine act on the worm that is outside your body, nothing to do with it, right? eliminate the snail with a vaccine belt and the snail automatically dies there in River Ah, but what barbarity and preventing the schistosome access specifically for the liver. How do I is that it will go oh no it will be ready in body no no, that's wrong eliminate who we are before contact with the organism occurs as you will eliminate schistosome before it have contact with your body from of a vaccine, then it can only be that, right? We have the template here, it eliminates schistosomes within the organism before to manifest the symptom, that is, it will penetrate he will start trying to get you attack But how are you going to have a response so fast that before causing disease before showing symptoms this parasite is dead this is the function of personal vaccine took a vaccine against a virus the virus enters your body but before the symptoms, in large part, it goes be eliminated guys last topic of the last Live subject later I will give some messages for you and some more tips but really heavy content is the last one I I also bet it can fall because we have never been so much in science how much vaccine has been in recent times? so what is the scientific method pay close attention here guys scientific method is very important Without the scientific method, today is how it is that we would do it like this, how is it? done science has method and it doesn't matter your art is physics this chemistry is Biology, to do science you have to follow some rules this set of rules we call scientific method It all starts seriously this information you will never go again forget what the scientific method is record this information carefully. It all starts by observing a fact for example if I come to you he Hey, we're on a Live now. Someone disagree with this, this is a fact indisputable if I pick up my cell phone and throwing it out the window is a fact that my cell phone went flying, okay, I threw it fell out or in other words a fact indisputable for example is not a fact come to tell you There is life in another galaxy this is a fact such as I am raising a hypothesis but the fact is you watch you have everyone looking that there is indisputable that is the fact so for example you are eating a guava and there is a little larva there in the guava Did you see her there, that's a fact? a bug in the guava Ok from this fact the guy is the person who is curious that is has a foot in science will do one question what is this question man how is that this bug ended up in the guava that is, the fact may generate a question this fundamental question because when you are going to do science you have to know what question you want respond with yours with your method scientific then the question like this the animal went there very well from the question you have to generate a hypothesis that is a hypothesis hypothesis is an explanation for the fact observed and the question is your basis for that you may have your chance Or be the mini hypothesis I call you won't just take the cut from here guys watch until the end of this scientific method otherwise you may be misled my hypothesis at this point is that this little animal was formed by ripening of the fruit, that is, the fruit the guava was ripe and these seeds here they turned into larva This is my hypothesis This is a hypothesis of course which is just that for this hypothesis to be tested you by having an experiment Or whatever I experience is the test of hypothesis Ok how am I going to test it I will stop this by doing a famous experiment Redi is Ignore that this is an apple guys but it's the image I have in I brought my handout here then Look, I'm going to do this experiment. experiment it has to be accepted by scientific community is then it has to be something viable What is the experiment I I'm going to eat two guavas and I'll see if there is any animal there, but try it Try it has to be something that really demonstrate if yours if you hypothesis is true or not then Imagine that the guava is here, I'm going leave one jar sealed and the other partially sealed Zeroed In other words, the air passes, I will leave one open according to my hypothesis has to appear larvae in the three fruits because because alarm arises from maturation of the fruit is independent of the visit of flies in there because it's turning into internally very well I do the test and I realize that it will give you a result Look, the only one who gave the larva was the open pot In other words, check out the pots closed even though the fruits have been having become ripe, there was no larva here then my hypothesis is wrong if my hypothesis is wrong from the result of My scientific method I will have to transform again will have the result no my hypothesis is not true then I will have to elaborate another hypothesis right for example the my other hypothesis could then be being true or false in my case is false there you have the result for publish a scientific journal but see well how interesting if my hypothesis is false, you will have to develop a hypothesis so I could say like this, tchê I'll take this out here and I'll say that now my hypothesis is that little flies will even guava lays eggs here eggs hatch into larvae that feed inside the guava which then becomes big and goes out to transform themselves by being a being tormented into a perfect adult Then from the hypothesis you make a I try these guys and they have the result These are the steps of the method scientific is fundamental It is very important that we understand what are the steps because a lot of discussed when talking about vaccines for you to get a vaccine you have to follow some methods, let me just delete here to make it look ugly Okay then, look guys when you get a vaccine you have the vaccine you have to do an experiment how do I experience the vaccine you takes a large population divide into groups one receives the vaccine truth and another receives Placebo you hopes that those who received the vaccine truth get less sick or don't get sick sick in comparison are the people who received Placebo which is medicine little lie, right? These ones will stay patients with the same proportion as the unvaccinated people with the population in general and these here have to be more protected If that will give you a acceptable immunization we have a vaccine is what we have seen lately is how can you be charged in the entrance exams Okay, but now Let's take it easy here, okay? let's take it easy I am promising you we hit a thousand thousand followers if you go although we are reaching the end, it's person I'm already tired I don't want to leave forget to leave your like you [ __ ] you are not subscribed to the channel subscribe This is important, Professor, so what we did we did a great review of a little over two hours Okay, now I'm going to give you some tips about the try then Take a deep breath I took all the coca-cola I'm not going to talk about the brand, right? I'm not. being sponsored I spoke about the brand but finally pay close attention to what it is like The Enem biology test comes up a lot Ecology relates the content I I believe something will fall concept genetics something about serum vaccine ok maybe something about the scientific method is convinced of this but pay close attention when you are taking the Biology test outside of biology issues specifically although these tips can be answered for others contents also have a lot personal concentration read the first question Sometimes you don't need to read the motivating text if from the question and from the alternatives you see that yes you have to read the text, go read it, remember one thing don't waste time on questions that you have no idea about Mark a star as a symbol that you have to return in it at the end of the test because if you waste time on the difficult questions and at the end there will be 20 questions that you couldn't even read inside these within these 20 questions is very There are probably some that are very easy and if you don't get these right questions in there that are very easy your TRE will drop too much then you can't miss The Faces so it's hard have no idea mark and if it gives time you will later if you don't have time you don't even want an idea even you kick you better kick a tough one than you having to kick an easy one remembering the previous day of the test Enem doesn't eat feijoada, it doesn't go to party rest or study is just people that's why I do this student on Thursday and not on Saturday because you know man you know I hope the student Rest forget all happy that this content forget to study, don't stay studying to literally Our is I need to be rested on Saturday it seems then go for a walk you will see one film will drink a very bitter Chimarrão in the amusement park is And that's it very Well, I want to talk to you guys, there you have it to do the little dance man why me I said it like that but it's already easy you will I don't even know how to be embarrassed do here do here a Tik Tok you tell me a song and I'll put on Terrível he they analyze how because that is a easy question of how much is expected more people got this question right it's easy so there's no point in getting it right difficult and make mistakes The Faces Sometimes have a score in total numbers greater than that another person only makes it so smaller because the system understands that you guessed if you knew a question complex of Ecology and a question arises of very simple Ecology that is inside of the skill of that complex issue that you only got that easy one right you missed Geez, then kicked old man, that's all have kicked Let me tell you something new guys within within a few weeks we we are updating our platform who has been a student who is a student currently on the platform you know that we we have a complete one but now we have given a a very important step we have been for a year developing which is a platform of complete biology old but in-depth beautiful I have goosebumps I'm passing by You guys here are first hand news of the new platform they are not available but the person I will buy the I'm going to sign up for the plan on Black Friday. we're going to have a discussion, okay? You subscribe you will receive updates maybe there in the second week third week of December we are already with the new cutting-edge technology platform beautiful thing with lots of new things like forum space to watch movies right tips biology films with exercises on they complete specific entrance exams complete staff so excited about this new platform But anyway this is in the next few weeks I just wanted to tell you for those of you who are here until the end watching if next year I hope not need it, right? Who will prove it, not the person? If I buy on Black Friday, I have access to complete new platform and such and pass the entrance exam. You just have to send it. message there that we return the money if we do it every year obviously ok but anyway let me tell you Guys, Alana said it best tchê platform we have today a complete platform, right? With all the content but we will have the complete platform the content continues complete cute but the platform It is cutting edge with the best technology best designers you have within a platform with better features If not, you can't imagine the joy I am looking forward to releasing it so I can advertise with so much so I started to announce now but it is not yet in air So whoever bought it bought it today I I'm going to buy on Black Friday, don't buy it Today I hope for Black Friday, okay guys? there is no reason to buy it in a week you are at a much lower price you're going to enter a platform, okay? complete here but a little from here a few weeks until January 25th is the deadline we have to launch she, right, the people start in January already study on the new platform you will see such a drastic change we changed 100% of the platform will be a mess extremely intuitive with many features with interactive forum with gamification with evolution the student will evolve inside it is as if it had studying and playing video games at the same time time will evolve there will be levels can be become a monitor within the platform can become an expert in biology to teach outside of discussions discuss content to same time with the teachers that I brought it so it is excitingly beautiful I can't help but say this here because you are so firm in the carcass that they studied until the end Teacher, next year, whatever you want we are studying together, we have a platform This platform is new and I'm already planning more. three years and we have been producing since February March of this year we are producing it and we are about to deliver the teacher I bought the platform last month and I I want the new one, there's no problem at all you will wake up, you will call, you will come in on the platform there will be a login updated for you so who already bought or who is buying who will buy even before the update will receive update right this one is one message I wanted to pass on to you whoever had it until the end here as novelty as joy although I still have not advertised on Instagram in other social networks let me say more a message here for you guys What was I going to say? Oh, who doesn't follow me? on other social networks personal@ Professor Samuel Cunha on Instagram and such and another Tik Tok here is not subscribed to YouTube always values the work there of the teachers I don't speak only for myself also speaks for other teachers because we do it with so much love so much love to you and sign up for whoever signs up doesn't cost anything but for who is the The channel owner tells a lot of other things Here on the channel we have a club members you can become a member of channel paying from 2.99 per month and there we have some benefits for next year with the launch of the new platform depending on the level you enroll as channel clubs you get a discount within the platform you will have access to new classes so this is all here within YouTube also right have other messages I was going to pass on to you Good Sunday, you're going to take the test, okay? take the test and please don't forget send me a Direct message on Instagram talking about whether you did well for more than at times is enough but I already told you not to answered sometimes I can't answer all but I can read all of them messages it is impossible to reply to all right but these messages that arrive people can read and I'm so happy Okay guys, so how are you? Thank you I want nothing more than recognition of the happiness that you show that they managed to do so from a my class from a moment because remember I said that it is a teacher a teacher he can make it easier for you to find that content that it's difficult so make the teacher one a little happy too saying that I I achieved this goal because great goal of my life professional my great passion I already I entered biology thinking I want to be a teacher That is my goal so send it to me and now a message for the warrior people on duty that continue until now on Live is a mile Araújo a big hi to you live Alves a big kiss Camila Fernandes Okay Larissa, all of you who are here Matthew Okay Jaiane, I want to wish everyone you very good test be happy in life but now it is for you who are here until the end you are I was going to say awesome, but it ended up being bad. [ __ ] I think so you guys are phenomenal It's beautiful, it's phenomenal, I have blood in your eyes you know that you can be more personal, no matter how much people sometimes consider themselves inferior and people judge each other, I say I want to own personal experience during the graduation sometimes studied so much speak Man, I don't know anything about this test I get nervous I won't be able to do it But I arrived at the test and I did well because the more people everything the more the we worry but we know that there is something to lose and we know more that there is something to learn and more we get nervous and the more we think it is incapable if you're going through this now you are not incapable if you studied a lot you will have the feeling that you don't know why, The More You study more and you will see that there are things to do study now that student who says father I know everything, I studied for two months without everything this student who doesn't do well at the time of The test is ok guys so take it in faith with if you're nervous it's because you who is not nervous studied because man, since I didn't study, there's no way nothing to lose, damn it, you know everything So go with strength, go with faith, no, no no, it doesn't put you down at this moment Dude, you're awake, I'm capable. I'll give it to you. my best and also don't judge you if you can't because it's common for me I didn't even pass my first entrance exam some sticks passed a wooden blanket but not another year in compensation this has done a crazy person and enjoy it very well approved there at the Federal University of Pelotas where I did my graduation with a lot pride with much affection with much love so do your best if you did your best I'll better tell you the student who studied the year he finished - he did well, he got the your best really was with blood with I caught everything and sometimes it wasn't so good this Batman sadness is a bad thing is normal but this sadness best turns into more strength later now that student who Yes, go study, you might even do badly talking like that I don't care but this student is the one who loses the most because he didn't learn nothing during the year and you know and we you need to understand that we can only achieve our goal if we truly believe and if we truly go in depth to study to give the biggest expense you're spending is that I'm sweating so much here it's hot with all this light here, you know so man But it's difficult of course it is difficult you are here at 9:30 in the almost studying at night, man, it's not possible that you don't see you are giving a better one of you or if you are not giving better is not possible that in this moment you don't think man you have to to improve this point you have to study but what if this year doesn't work out next year? it will work because I'm going to study because the my future studying people is the legacy that no one will steal from you knowledge that is here, no one steals what you can become through study as people and improving society is infinitely the best thing we we can do for ourselves Study reading culture is the best thing if not for us we become alienated people people who only think about themselves and do not do don't be a person who only thinks about yourself himself is a person who studies thinking about the good of society We need of more people like this and remember that I said on Live we can't rest while there are people in society going hungry people like the we don't know so let's charge them our rulers who do not allow people going hungry you know I think it is so sad child starving man end what a sad thing it can't be then Think about how society thinks this way sorry for the outburst, okay guys, sorry the outburst but literally I needed to say that at the end because we give this class that comes out adrenaline rush, right? It passed to me twice. an hour and a half passed like a murderer starving here and even after of it ending up being 700 and so on people watching, I just really want to thank you all and cheer for each one of you we are students, right? You are students online are here but being in my heart here I root for you a lot and remember that today my work is 90% online 99% online is right to say then the my happiness is really the distance I can help you do well Okay, don't forget guys what we did here is a review ok we have the full content on the platform or much of the content on YouTube very very in-depth until tomorrow I advise if you want to review it depth in Ecology, go there, it didn't work time here of Biogeochemical Verses study the nitrogen cycle class and such but not on Saturday please and if not give this year if you don't get yours objective this year is And for example At Sometimes your goal is to study medicine. average for medicine and you will try biology doesn't do that guys I'm the objective is I've already seen my colleagues After two years of graduation, man, I speak I like biology but my happiness is medicine and drop out of the course to return to study don't do it if your goal is You didn't get medicine this year. there are Magi off for a week month raise your head in January go with all personal because you can All of us we are capable we are homo sapiens What is it the difference between one person and another is that one or had more opportunity than the one studied more than the other but all we have the same ability to seek there the knowledge of seeking approval and I believe in that right guys barbaric little dance oh oh oh house of biologists my wife which is also worse than what is being commented on there in the worst house notice that the house of biologists there is a little symbol there Where is it? Let me put the case here, there is one video game controller because the case of biologists is a subscriber and a member here at channel, right? So, here's the invitation too. a way to support the work of teacher, whoever wants it can have it participate too man the air here in Curitiba is very dry, I have the dry eyes but then here we go I I'm going to dance one more little dance like this here the sitting is sitting here because there is a green background here I can't stay very close I'm going to cover it guys I'm going dance to a song that cracks in tribute to the thousand at the same time This is the training with my son with Dylan Look, I'm just going to dance because she Unroll it, hit it and throw it sideways, okay? that's it, okay guys, please no no please don't make fun of the teacher because first I don't know how to dance can my wife confirm please Janaína, tell me, I don't know how to dance. second I don't know how to dance this second I will I'll be embarrassed here but anyway I'll do it three times It's only three times and it's not one whole song only three times Unroll, hit, play sideways a hug comes with me there kids follow me I want to see you ah before before the dance, come on, I ask I strongly urge you to take one print take a photo and whoever wants post it on Instagram and tag it, I don't know I was watching Live Professor Samuel Cunha because I will I will repost I will share on my story tag me so it doesn't matter if they are ideas 30 I'm going to put them all there my Stories also to show that the We were here in class, okay? So take a print I'll do it here some faces, some poses like that, you will taking a print of what looks best you put it, right? Seriously, look up Well, you must have taken some prints there. you tag me there too then let's go Let's go, I'm hungry My eye is very itchy Unroll Tati plays sideways Unroll hit and play sideways Unroll hit and play aside Thank you very much for your presence. You guys destroy the ENEM, I'm with you here little heart another print now print of the little heart at the end go there test and destroy the Enem is yours Guys you did your best you can you achieve your dream of you do not underestimate the dream of you you have a dream, go to the end, don't leave him as secondary you are yours priority when you are happy with yourself even when you reach your goals you will be happy with your partner with your partner with your family with life remember that what you want to be when you grow up in question as a profession is what you will be called for the rest of the biologist's life the doctor the biomedical the mathematician then no think less than you want accept being less than what you dream and always seek to be people best against itself then Compare Not with the another compare with what you improved from one year to the next from one month to the next from one day to the next because we don't we need to wait until the year 2023 to to be better as individuals in study or anywhere We can be better from now on or from from tomorrow morning waking up earlier or you eating healthier food then we are together a big hug without words for all the affection I received of you here the chat bombom you bombed we were very happy together it was really worth it guys good night good Sunday test for you Remembering that after the test we go there Instagram fix issues here maybe do a live here too, let's see big kiss guys, thanks for later, thanks for all [Music]