Overview
This lecture covers the origins and impact of the Third World student strikes in late 1960s California, focusing on their role in empowering student activism and establishing ethnic studies programs.
Origins of Student Activism
- Student activism at the International Hotel was influenced by 1960s Third World student strikes in California.
- The largest and longest strike occurred at San Francisco State College from 1968 to 1969.
- Students questioned the purpose of their education and sought greater social justice and representation.
The Third World Liberation Front
- The Third World Liberation Front (TWLF) was formed by Black, Latino, Native American, and Asian-American student groups.
- TWLF's 15 demands centered on educational rights, the creation of an ethnic studies school, and hiring diverse faculty.
- University administration minimally responded, and supportive faculty faced disciplinary action.
The Strike and Its Escalation
- The strike began on November 6, 1968, with hundreds of students disrupting classes.
- Police presence increased, and student leaders were arrested.
- English Professor SI Hayakawa became president, opposed the strike, and tried to weaken it with an early holiday, but organizers used the time to strategize.
- Fears arose that the campus might be permanently closed, increasing urgency for resolution.
Resolution and Legacy
- A faculty committee negotiated with TWLF leaders, reaching a tentative agreement in March 1969.
- The agreement included more admissions for underrepresented students, rehiring of some faculty, and founding a College of Ethnic Studies.
- The strike inspired a generation of Asian-Americans to engage more deeply with their histories and communities.
- Ethnic studies' relevance continues as students seek to understand their place in American society.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Third World Liberation Front (TWLF) — Coalition of student groups advocating for ethnic studies and educational reform.
- Ethnic Studies — Academic programs focused on the histories and experiences of underrepresented ethnic groups.
- San Francisco State Strike — A five-month student protest in 1968-69 demanding institutional changes for minorities.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review the 15 demands made by the Third World Liberation Front.
- Read about the formation and evolution of ethnic studies programs.
- Reflect on how student activism impacts educational institutions today.