okay after the introduction scene in which we were introduced to the three weird sisters or the three witches now we get to act one scene two of Meb in which we are introduced to the other principal characters mainly King Duncan and his sons and other uh noblemen of Scotland also one particular injured Sergeant or Captain both names are mentioned um in different editions now U this is taking place a camp near FS uh the way it's pronounced is almost as if the spelling would be f a u z i mean that's how the pronunciation is made now uh this is one of the oldest towns in Scotland I hope you know the geography of U Europe essentially of England let me just draw my drawing is not very great so let me put that disclaimer right at the beginning so it's something like you know if this is England Scotland is the northern part okay so for would be somewhere around here on the West in the western part of Scotland that's where Duncan King Duncan's Castle is located okay and um it's also the location of the first battle where meth killed me Donald okay um now you hear this word alarum a l a r u m uh now uh this is the AR the old term English term for Alam in this case it's essentially refering into some kind of trumpets you have Duncan Malcolm Malcolm who is his son donalan who is his son then you have lenux with attendance meeting a bleeding captain now in some editions as I said some old Edition this in fact is an old Edition there is it is used as Captain in some of the newer editions it is mentioned as sergeant both are okay you can go with Sergeant absolutely no issues with that okay now a sergeant was a high ranking soldier in those days uh now what is really the significance before we get into the line by line explanation what is really the significance of that bleeding Sergeant or captain in this particular scene one he represents the violent blood imagery which is a very prevalent theme as far as meth is concerned so right from the outside the first scene if you remember there was thunder and lightning there was talk of meeting on the heat there was talk of War Etc so there was a sense of E right something very strange you know you're not comfortable with that kind of a situation in scene two you have this bleeding Sergeant who is talking about what happened in that particular battle so the blood and violent imagery he reinforces he's like the visual representation of that violent and blood imagery um also by talking about all this before mbth is introduced in act one scene 3 you are kind of setting the mood for to for what to expect in this particular play by the time mbth arrives on the scene uh so that's something to prepare both the audience and the reader for uh so the the sight of the injured and the blood blood soaked Sergeant uh he represents what he represents disruption just like the witches to an extent the witches are much more negative and toxic uh the sergeant represents the chaos and the Bloodshed of the battle in Scotland uh now Malcolm and Donal bin are the sons of uh King Duncan as I said and denox is a nobleman of Scotland so uh Duncan starts by saying dun means Duncan what bloody man is that you know he's obviously referring to the blood on his body and his face he can report as Seth by Spight of the Revolt the newest State now the newest state state does not mean a physical geographical area he's essentially saying that from his condition it seems from his condition as Seth by his plight plight as in condition by his condition it seems that he can tell us about the latest news the newest State the latest news about the Revolt because there is this macdon wal who has revolted against King Duncan's Scotland Kingdom so he wants to know what is the latest news and he wants to hear it from the injured Sergeant okay Malcolm this is the sergeant who like a good and Hardy Soldier fought so Malcolm is introducing Sant and telling who is not named uh the sergeant and he's telling his father the king he says this is the sergeant who fought like a good and tough Hardy means tough like a good and tough soldier in order to prevent me from getting captured okay let's move forward sorry H it's a little slow so please bear with it and in case you will have your books with you okay so he says um who fought against my to ensure that I did not get captured okay captivity means again so it means that Malcolm was also part of the battle he would have got captured but for the presence of this particular Sergeant or Captain who ensured that the son of King dunar did not get captured because if he had got captured they could have used that as a pawn in order to extract maximum U you know whatever goodies they wanted from King Duncan you know kidnap AB you can actually demand whatever you want so he says he essentially ensured that I did not and he actually saved me so now Malcolm talks to the uh Sant he refers to him as Brave friend important say to the king the knowledge of the Ro as thou did leave it now bro means battle okay battle so he says please inform King Duncan about whatever you know about what was happening on the battlefield in that particular battle till the moment you left it why because of serious injuries because of injuries you have to leave it so please inform King Duncan what happened till that precise moment when you left the battlefield now the Sergeant Speaks now you see here it is written cap but earlier he has been referred to as a sergeant which is why I said both words can be used uh doubtful it stood as two Spence swimmers that do cling together and choke their art this is an important line what does it mean now Sergeant is saying that the outcome was in doubt outcome was in doubt doubtful it stood the battle the way it was being waged it was very doubtful which side would actually win King Duncan's Army or the rebels Army led by McDonald so he says the two armies were like too exhausted and tired spent means you know you say no spent Force spent force is that whose energy have got completely dissipated so spent essentially refers to tiredness okay tiredness so like two exhausted and tired swimmers um and drowning swimmers clinging to each other making it impossible for either to stay afloat so they were clinging to each other it was very difficult for them to stay afloat okay uh so they were kind of in that sense choking their art art is what the art of swimming okay so he's kind of describing it in a rather artistic kind of manner the merciless magdon World worthy to be a rebel for to that multiplying villain of nature to swarm upon him now what does he mean see basically Shakespeare has used the imagery of two swimmers who are kind of you know almost embracing each other clinging to each other as they struggle to stay afloat okay and alive while death is actually it could be a possibility for both of them okay choke their art essentially means that they hampered each other's movement so that neither could use their art or the skill of swimming uh for to that for to that means because of that and it is really no surprise that mcdonal has turned out to be a re re or a traitor so he says someone as merciless as McDonald McDonald is not really known to be a good man so someone as mercilus as McDon has turned out to be a traitor so it is really no surprise so because of that now what happens because of that is that the merciless McDon is fit to be called a rebel fine now all the evils found in nature multiplying villainies of nature all the villainies which are found in nature whatever that can be they are there in McDon World okay they are attracted to him they're attracted to him like a swarm swarm of bees swarm of flies we say right Maka jund right so swarm of flies so they are attracted to him almost like a swarm of flies uh to meat okay to any kind of eatable in this case meat okay so that is what is happening uh from the hibrid is a cluster of islands on the west coast of Scotland so from the Western ises okay what is this Western ises he's referring to one particular area in Scotland uh which is a cluster of islands of the West Coast of Scotland okay uh the Kerns which are being referred out here the ks were Scottish or Irish foot soldiers who essentially would carry a sword or a bow arrow basically light weapons uh the Gallow glass the Gallow glass that is being referred to now this can all come at you know one two marks or even in mcqs which is why you need to know what exactly they uh refer to so glass Gallow glass for mercenary armored Warriors mercenary means that who would kind of do things for a price that is you pay them some money and they would do this they will come on and fight against the enemy on behalf of your army so in this case the gallog glass they would serve as bodyguards to the Irish or Scottish which is known as an umbrella term as Celtic it it includes both Irish as well as Scotland which was also part of that entire Great Britain Kingdom at one point in time um so Celtic Chieftain and they were handpicked for their strength and massive size they would always carry an ax so I mean both Kerns and Gallow glass in that sense is talking about two different kinds of uh Warriors U these people would carry an axe these people would carry small weapons these people are known to be more of bodyguards because of their rather Hefty size so what the captain is saying is that fortune on his damned Coral smiling so Fortune Smiled On Fortune smiled uh on magdonald Dons McDonald McDonald McDon W's CA Okay and like a prostitute who would kind of Grant favors to her client okay where is it so like a prostitute like a Rebels like a means prostitute so like a prostitute who would Grant favors to her um fortune on her damned Coral smiling showed like a Rebel's or but all but all is too weak for brave mbth well he deserves that name so he's saying that you know like a prostitute who would Grant favors to her client shered him with all favors you know so all this help was available to McDon World okay uh so the reference is what the reference is to all these troops which are coming from the Western ises from the hdes okay so now at this point in time Shakespeare introduces mbth for the second time first time was from the witches the second time is from the injured Sergeant both times you see that is some conveying something very negative this is and very Sinister and this one is conveying the blood imagy so that's how meth is introduced even before he has actually arrived on stage and it helps to build up interest you know you know you are curious to know someone called meth is being uh spoken about uh by different characters so there is an element of curiosity which is there in The Spectator in the reader even before he actually makes an appearance so he says for brave mbth well he deserves that name another point he saying that he deserves that name so it's some kind of an affirmation that that person called maget who we have not so far is actually a very brave kind of person who the witches are also keen on meeting upon the heat right disdaining Fortune with his brandish steel which smoked with bloody execution like valia's minion carved out his passage till he faed his sleeve a slave sorry face the slave I have put a question about what is the significance of this phrase bra mab please have a look at the question and answer now uh the sergeant is saying that he arrived with contemp you know content means he's so confident about his skills you know I will come and Conquer everybody defeat the rebel forces so he arrived with um contempt disdaining Fortune disdain also essentially conveys you know that I look down upon them right uh that was smiling on and on the fortune which was smiling at McDonald we already spoken about the Rebels score right and waved brandished brandished means he waved his talwar he waved his sword uh steel steel means uh sword so this is waved and he's talking about uh waved his sword with smoke with bloody execution so this is waved his sword okay uh which smoked with bloody execution uh disdain as I already said it also conveys a Defiance it also conveys uh fate you know uh of going against the fortune the Fate okay so um interestingly mbth uses the sword in this particular case to change the course of this particular battle later on he will use the sword against Duncan right in order to change his own fortune so please keep marking all these elements of dramatic irony that Shakespeare is very in a very subtle manner introducing into the play you know if you already know the story if you have seen the introduction video that I had done so you know the story so these all these small small elements are interesting so in if you get an answer about the significance of the sword and if you make a reference to that it always shows to the exam that this particular student knows a little more than uh the others because he's able he or she is able to make the correlation between what is happening now and what will happen later in the play and all this because you are an S SWS student okay okay bit smoked with bloody execution bit smoked with bloody execution what does this mean it is a metaphor for a bloody image you know completely blood so and it creates what it creates a rather dramatic effect you know ke so much of blood you know you feel almost revolted you feel sorry you feel a little agitated about what you are seeing on stage or even while you're reading and it emphasizes the the fury of the battle the the fury of the battlefield and the fact that it is very very ferocious on that particular Battlefield and this in a sense also listen to this carefully it foreshadows the assassination of King Duncan as I said Bloodshed and the blood imagery is an integral part of this particular play so that is something which you need to be very conscious of throughout uh the play in almost every other scene wer minion minion is someone who is like a Chila kind of thing in Hindi okay so it means the servant of Courage Valor means courage okay Valor means courage and Minion means someone who is a slave or a servant carved out his passage till he faced the slave so he's saying that as if mbth was the favorite minion is the favorite of Valor himself and he cut a path through the enemy troops till he fac the slave that is mcdonal which never shook hands nor B farewell to him uh it say it says that you know there was no kind of I mean there's obviously very clear animosity between mcdonal and magb who is fighting on behalf of King Duncan till he unseamed himself from the Nave to the chaps Nave refers to the Naple uh Naval uh and chaps refers to the jaw Naval essentially the stomach right so unseen from the battle M it means that again the motive of blood returns to meth and it says it's very gory imagery because what he is doing and this is something extremely gory against something which will happen later on in the play H so uh mbth essentially rips apart McDonald like it happens it it happened with a character in Mahabharata I think beim rips apart was it jarasandha if I remember my Hindu mythology correctly uh you know he rips apart that particular demon so vivid and gory images of meth ripping apart unseamed unseen means you kind of SE CL right unse right so that is what is important and decapitating him you know completely you know the body the human body is ripped apart so you're decapitating that particular human body and then sticking fixed means sticking his head Upon Our battlements what he has done then he has removed the head and he has put outside the castle in Scotland to show what he can do to the enemy so you get an idea about the fury of Mag Beth on the battlefield you get an idea about what he could possibly do on the battlefield also that he could actually subject his enemy to such kind of Bloodshed and violence that is what meth is capable of okay and he has put McDonald's head as a trophy of Victory please remember this phrase and use it in your answers as a trophy of Victory and this particular Act of Meb is designed to frighten not just the enemy the enemy The Rebel forces because the next time anyone wants to Rebel he will think about what meth did to mcdonal it's also sets you to prepare okay this is a guy who is a protagonist of this particular player WR by William Shakespeare who is capable of so much violence that is what It prepares the reader and The Spectator for okay now the irony is again yet another thing which s SW students would know and should point out in your in their answers the irony is that at the end of the play meth 2 is decapitated by a character called mdff okay um he cuts his forehead his head and brings it to Malcolm King Duncan's son so it in that sense it gives a cyclical structure to the play what happens in Act One happens again to another character at the end of the play so there is a cyclical structure which is given to this play magb and this kind of foreshadows the ending of the play you know we know okay this has happened will there will be an equal retribution later on at the end of the play that's what is really Shakespeare so Shakespeare has this very uh way of kind of doing these kind of things okay okay oh Valiant cousin worthy gentlemen so uh so basically mbth what he has done he that he has cut a path till he faced mcdonal he did not pause to shake hands with mcdonal or say goodbye and cut him from his stomach to the Jaws you know so this part of the body he ripped apart and subsequently play faed his head outside the castle uh in front of the castle in uh F okay uh and it is very clear that mb's entry into the battlefield was like the turning point of that particular battle which was referred to by the witches in act one scene one also it turns in Duncan's favor the Duncan's Duncan King Duncan's Army manages to win that particular battle now Duncan calls him oh heroic Valiant means courageous heroic Brave cousin he's referring to him as cousin I'll take you why and he calls him a worthy gentleman because Duncan's mother and meet's mother were actually sisters so that makes Duncan a cousin of meth however I must also point out here that shakespare is known to have used the word cousin also a little Loosely even when it is not only referring to relatives but with some kind of kinship okay in that sense also in other place he has used the word cousin okay but in this particular case there is a sense of um relationship between King Duncan and megb okay so that I just wanted to point that out to you Sergeant says as when the sun begins it Its Reflection let me just move it forward it's a very old Edition which I got which is probably why it's kind of you know little okay okay so as winds the sun begins his reflection shipw wrecking storms and direful Thunders break so from that spring winds Comfort seemed to come discomfort swells so what is he saying is that he's reporting to Duncan the good news of meet's Victory as well as the bad news that the king of Norway has begun a fresh assault okay so he says that just as terrible storms shipbreaking storms shipw wrecking means so they're so terrible they're like the Tempest you know which kind of create storms on the Seas uh and Dreadful thunder direful thunder Dreadful means again very fearful and Dreadful Thunder suddenly Ares when the sun begins to rise in the east so also new trouble begins to rise uh when it when when it seemed that we have reached our moment of Triumph with the killing of McDon World okay uh so discomfort swells so so the good news was there I told you about the good news of we having won the battle as a result of meet's Waller now there is a bad news discomfort is swelling again we are getting some bad news when we thought all was going well listen King of Scotland listen Mark means listen King of Scotland listen no sooner Justice had with Valor armed compel these keeping KS to trust their heels trust their heels means to run away from the battlefield KS were the ones which were helping McDon world to trust their heels means to run away but the norian Lord that is the king of Norway surveying Vantage sensing some kind of an advantage with furbished arms and new supplies of men that is with you know new soldiers Etc coming and with more modern and better Weaponry okay uh he began a fresh assault uh with fresh soldiers and new weapons so that is the second bit of news so if you get a question about the news which had been brought by the sergeant you need to talk about the first battle and then you need to talk about what king of Norway had done let me move it forward dismayed not this our captains meth and banko so Duncan is asking whether this did not trouble our captains who are the two captains meth and banko the sergeant says yes as Sparrow's Eagles are the hair the land so now he's being a little let's say a little not sarcastic but in a very poetic manner he's kind of describing he's saying that well yes they did trouble as much as a sparrow troubles the eagle okay or a rabbit or a hair troubles the lion obviously both don't happen a rabbit does not trouble the lion okay unless he runs very fast or sparrows don't trouble the eagle which will be able to catch them similarly uh these um king of Norway forces do not trouble are Heroes that is Captains meth and banko which means no not at all not at all trouble if I say truthfully Soo means truthfully if I speak truthfully I must report they were as cannons overcharged with double cracks so they doubly redouble Strokes upon the four except they meant to Bath in wreaking wounds or memorize another golgo I cannot tell what does this mean so he says that if I speak truthfully I must tell you that they were like cannons cannons is like through which the gabu this thing to you know put it in recent bahubali Etc kind of movies you would have seen right they were like cannons loaded with double do of gun power cannons overcharged with double cracks double dose of gunpowder so they exploded on the enemy who meth and banko so they exploded on the enemy doubling their impact with greater ferocity so they were even more f this time in the battle against the king of Norway perhaps they wanted to Bath in the blood okay except they meant to Bath in wreaking wounds they wanted to bath so bath in Blood of the wounds of their enemies just imagine the kind of very reprehensible you kind of cringe at the kind of the power of the language that Shakespeare has used telling it through a very injured Sergeant talking about about extreme Bloodshed this the the thought of someone actually drinking or bathing in the blood of the wounds of the enemies it conveys an extremely reprehensible um very disgusting kind of an image right uh to indulge in Total Carnage you know total Bloodshed to make that Battlefield another Golgotha now what is golota I cannot tell or to memorize means to kind of remember or to remind people of another golata to make that Battlefield another golgatha according to the New Testament Jesus Christ was crucified at a spot outside Jerusalem called golgo okay that is something which is the reference which is why the reference to Golgotha now let me give you some more extra information I put it in the notes also the word Golgotha actually means the place of the skull uh and the Latin word for skull is calvaria which is why in English many Christians refer to Golgotha as Cal okay just for your GK okay so he says but I am now feeling but I am feeling tired I am also feeling tired I am feeling very tired my gashes Cry for Help gashes means my wounds are crying for some kind of medical attention Duncan said so well thy words become thee as thy wounds they smack of Honor both go get him surgeons so Duncan says your words speak of Honor just like your wounds do because the wounds are proof that you fought valiantly on on the battlefield saved my son Malcolm also from getting captured remember so in the sergeant character sketch I so you need to mention all these facts not just he's a messenger of what happened of facts he's also someone who saved his son Malcolm the Crown Prince Malcom from captivity so he says it your words convey that you're an honorable man get him to a surgeon that is get someone to cure him of his surgeons who comes here so the captain the sergeant it and enter Ross and Angus now they Ross essentially role is that of a messenger Malcolm says sorry what a haste looks with the worthy th of Ross th is another title in Scotland okay just like mbth at this point in time is a thing of glams it's spelled as g l a m i s it's pronounced as glams okay what a haste looks through his eyes so should he look that seems to speak things strange so Duncan says U after U he has gone that his eyes convey that he has something important and incredible to convey okay uh important haste means something very important something Hasty he has to conveyed the news so so she should look that seems to speak things strange so he has something very important and incredible to convey God saved the king when then C as thou worthy th Ross says from five Great king where the noran banners flout the sky and fan our people cold so he's also telling about that particular battles he says great king I come from five where the Norwegian banners fly in the sky uh flout indicates that they are doing something which they should normally not do they're going against the uh rules they're mocking our land okay they're Fanning our people called Norway himself that is the king of Norway the terrible numbers assisted by that most disloyal traitor the th of coder began a dismal conflict till that bellona's bridegroom laed improv confronted him with self-comparison so he's saying that the king of noret himself with a large army and assisted by the disloyal um traitor the thing of coder began a battle that our forces looked likely to lose till the point when meth clad in armor now mbth comes to the rescue once again mbth clad in armor armor I mean referring to proof out here which is lapped in proof means lapped in that weaponed armor confronted him with self-comparisons he kind of took him on confronted him with self-comparisons there was a hand to-hand com combat arm against arm and he broke the spirit of the army when he says curbing his lavish Spirit he broke the spirit of the enemy forces and in the end we emerged uh Victory fell on us we emerged uh Victorious now bellona's bridegroom Bellona was the Roman goddess of war and meth is being referred to as her bridegroom so again elevating him even before he has actually been uh and know has made an entry in this particular uh uh play it is used to exaggerate the heroism of mbth so bellona's bridegroom as a key phrase please use it in your answers whenever you're talking about mbth okay dunan reacts saying great happiness Ross says sweno sweno is the name of the Norwegian King craves composition nor would be D him burial off his mentally dispersed at sent columns inch $10,000 to our general use so he says he desires truths that he desires some kind of he has waved the White Flag he wants a truce with us and he begs for a peace treaty craves composition means he begs for a peace treaty we refuse to allow him that is Dane we refuse to allow him the burial of his men till actually went back retreated means he went back disbursed he went back to send columns inch though it is spelled as c l m e apostrophe s the pronunciation is columns k o l l u m and gave us $10,000 for our use so those are the conditions uh which have been imposed okay meth sorry Duncan no more than uh no more that thing of cter shall deceive uh our bosam interest so he says uh dollars is a reference to the silver coins inch means Island uh Duncan says that the th of quarter will never again deceive our interest go Proclaim that he will be executed so immediate punishment being U given to him go pronounce his present death and with his former title greet meth so it says that the thing of coder title will now pass on to meth who is now the th of glams okay so that is what uh will happen so Ross says I will get it done no no mbth has won that what thing of cter has uh lost you know what he had lost Noble mbth has won so Noble is another adjective which has been used from MTH please use it as a keyword so basically this line introduces the fact that titles were not hereditary they had to be kind of gained or lost purely on the basis of Merit which is an important point and it's an idea which kind of gets dangerous because when ambition meets ambition meets this kind of an arrangement it means anyone could actually try to become the king and in this case by murdering the king uh what mebed does to Duncan now a few points before we close act one scene two mbth kills magdonal taking revenge for his treachery against the throne okay U it is ironic because the same meth later on kills Duncan in order to gain the Throne of the kingdom of uh Scotland okay so here his very ferociously protecting Duncan but the same meth once he hears of the prophecies by the three witches he completely goes the other side and he decides to become the aggressor against King Duncan himself that is an important point that you need to bear in mind so any long uh five Mark or 10 mark question that you get you should be able to put it in that kind of a context of what happens later on in the play also because it will give your answer that much more depth uh the scene also shows that meth was given to use extreme violence that's another important aspect of meth that comes through even though we have not met mbth so far uh the blood soaked Sergeant he's pretty unrecognizable because there's so much of blood on his face and his body pretty much like mbth who also will get transformed into a monster who will be covered by the blood of all those people who he kills in order to achieve his ambition right so that's another important important comparison that you could draw between the sergeant and meth that works very well literally and this in a metaphorical kind of a sense uh the third point is very important because it shows Duncan's inability to judge people correctly he's very happy with what mmed has done so he does not kind of think that could he also become a potential threat to me and my family later on he immediately rewards dun so you could magb so you could think that he's a fair King that's one way of looking at Duncan the other way of looking at Duncan is that he does not have a very great Judgment of the people around him okay uh because he's doing what he's replacing one traitor who mcdonal with another traitor potential traitor that is going to be meth uh meth and banko are compared to Eagles and Lions and the lion actually appears on the crest of the king Royal Court of the arms of the King of Scotland so just a small detail and uh Duncan is shown as someone who is concerned about the bleeding soldiers tells his people that you know he should be taken to a surgeon of course after knowing all the news from him okay so uh this is as far as act two act one scene two is concerned I hope you have understood it very thoroughly go through the notes because Shakespeare is not something which you will understand and remember in one reading multiple readings will be required and meth definitely is that kind of a play so please go through the notes because in the notes each and every line is explained with uh the exact words Etc plus there will also be question and answers which will follow which will make it all you know whatever you want to write in your examination T byebye I will now see you in act one scene 3 where we will finally get to meet mbet thank you very much