Became part of Greek literary canon by mid-6th century BC.
Greek alphabet development influenced its writing.
Oral tradition had a significant role in its transmission.
First written in Homeric Greek.
Plot Overview
Exposition (Books 1-4)
Begins after the Trojan War.
Odysseus, king of Ithaca, has not returned home, presumed dead.
His wife Penelope and son Telemachus face suitors vying for Penelope's hand.
Escape to the Phaeacians (Books 5-8)
Odysseus is held captive by Calypso.
Released by Hermes’ intervention, builds a raft to leave.
Reaches the Phaeacians, receives hospitality and aid.
Odysseus's Adventures (Books 9-12)
Encounters include the Cyclops, Circe, the Underworld, Sirens, Scylla and Charybdis.
Crew's disobedience leads to disaster.
Return to Ithaca (Books 13-20)
Odysseus returns home disguised as a beggar.
Reunites with Telemachus, plans to confront the suitors.
Slaying of the Suitors (Books 21-24)
Odysseus reveals himself and kills the suitors.
Tests Penelope's loyalty.
Peace restored in Ithaca.
Themes
Homecoming (Nostos)
Central theme: Odysseus’ return journey.
Contrasts with Agamemnon’s tragic homecoming.
Wandering
Odysseus’ journey symbolizes struggle and resilience.
Encounters with divine beings highlight human limitations.
Guest-Friendship (Xenia)
Explores proper conduct between host and guest.
Contrasted with poor hospitality, e.g., Polyphemus.
Testing
Odysseus tests loyalties; others test his identity.
Penelope’s test of the bed reveals Odysseus’ identity.
Omens
Omens play a crucial role in the narrative.
Often involve birds; interpreted within the story.
Legacy and Influence
Integral to ancient education, influencing Western literature.
Numerous adaptations in various media (film, literature, opera).
Inspired works like Joyce's "Ulysses" and Atwood’s "The Penelopiad."
Important Translations
Translated into English in the 16th century.
Notable translations by George Chapman, Alexander Pope, and Emily Wilson.
Conclusion
The Odyssey remains a foundational text in Western literary tradition, celebrated for its storytelling, exploration of complex themes, and its enduring influence across cultures and centuries.