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Understanding the Cardiovascular System

May 5, 2025

Cardiovascular System: Blood, Heart, and Vessels

Activity #1: Key Terms Definitions

  1. Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart.
  2. Veins: Carry blood towards the heart.
  3. Capillaries: Where gas exchange occurs.
  4. Hematocrit: Percentage of red blood cells in the blood.
  5. Hemoglobin: Protein in red blood cells that carry oxygen.
  6. Erythrocytes: Red blood cells.
  7. Systemic Circulation: Blood circulation to the body except lungs.
  8. Pulmonary Circulation: Blood circulation from heart to lungs.
  9. Coronary Circulation: Provides oxygenated blood to the heart.
  10. Valves: Control and maintain one-way blood flow.
  11. Stroke Volume: Blood pumped out of left ventricle per beat.
  12. Cardiac Output: Blood pumped by heart per minute.
  13. End Diastolic Volume: Blood in ventricles before contraction.
  14. End Systolic Volume: Blood in ventricles after contraction.
  15. Precapillary Sphincters: Control blood flow in capillaries.
  16. Diffusion: Movement from high to low concentration.
  17. Hydrostatic Pressure: Pressure in the artery.
  18. Osmotic Pressure: Pressure outside the artery.
  19. Filtration: Movement of fluid out of blood.
  20. Absorption: Movement of fluid into blood.

Activity #2: Complete the Statements

  1. Functions of Cardiovascular System: Transport oxygen and remove CO2.
  2. 45% of Whole Blood: Formed elements.
  3. Components of Cardiovascular System: Heart, blood, and blood vessels.
  4. Location of Gas Exchange: Capillaries.
  5. Scientific Name for WBCs: Leukocytes.
  6. 55% of Whole Blood: Plasma.
  7. Percentage of Plasma as Water: 91%.
  8. 99% of Formed Elements: Erythrocytes.
  9. Percentage of All Formed Elements: Hematocrit, 45%.
  10. Protein in RBCs: Hemoglobin.
  11. Scientific Name for RBCs: Erythrocytes.
  12. Vessels Carrying Blood Towards Heart: Veins.
  13. Chamber Superior to Right Ventricle: Right atrium.
  14. Carries Blood to Left Atrium: Pulmonary veins.
  15. Chamber Ejecting Blood to Systemic Arteries: Left ventricle.
  16. Vessels Carrying Blood Away from Heart: Arteries.
  17. Carries Blood to Right Atrium: Superior and inferior vena cava.
  18. Chamber Ejecting Blood to Pulmonary Arteries: Right ventricle.
  19. Right Side Circulation: Pulmonary circulation.
  20. Chamber Superior to Left Ventricle: Left atrium.
  21. Systemic Capillaries: Gas exchange units for CO2 from tissues to blood.
  22. Left Side Circulation: Systemic circulation.
  23. Pulmonary Capillaries: Gas exchange for CO2 from blood to alveoli.
  24. Resistance to Ventricular Emptying: Afterload.
  25. Heart Rate Agent: Chronotropic agent.
  26. Force of Contraction Agent: Inotropic agent.
  27. Wave of Electrical Activity: Action potential.
  28. Blood Ejected per Minute: Cardiac output.
  29. Increase in Heart Rate System: Sympathetic nervous system.
  30. Decrease in Heart Rate System: Parasympathetic nervous system.
  31. Cardiac Output Calculation: HR x SV.
  32. Blood Ejected per Beat: Stroke volume.
  33. Proportional to Pressure Gradient: Blood flow.
  34. Tunic Layer with Smooth Muscle: Tunica media.
  35. Vessel with Valves: Systemic veins.
  36. Pressure for Filtration Increase: Hydrostatic pressure.
  37. Pressure for Reabsorption Increase: Osmotic pressure.
  38. Blood Volume End of Systolic Ejection: End systolic volume.
  39. Blood Volume End of Diastolic Filling: End diastolic volume.
  40. Control Capillary Blood: Precapillary sphincters.
  41. High to Low Concentration Movement: Diffusion.
  42. Pressure Gradient Exchange: Bulk flow.
  43. Blood Force on Vessel Wall: Hydrostatic pressure.
  44. Heart Pacemaker: Sinus node (SA Node).
  45. Dominant Arterial End Fluid Movement: Filtration.
  46. Prevent Backflow Structure: Valves in veins.

Activity #3: Structure Identification

  1. Pulmonary Arteries: Carry deoxygenated blood to lungs.
  2. Pulmonary Veins: Carry oxygenated blood to left atrium.
  3. Aorta: Elastic vessel.
  4. Superior Vena Cava: Carries deoxygenated blood to right atrium.
  5. Inferior Vena Cava: Carries deoxygenated blood to right atrium.
  6. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve: Located between right ventricle and pulmonary artery.

Activity #4: Structure Identification

  1. Right Atrium: Superior to right ventricle, medial to left atrium.
  2. Left Atrium: Located at the base of the heart posteriorly.
  3. Right Ventricle: Pumps blood to the lungs.
  4. Left Ventricle: Pumps blood to the right atrium.
  5. Tricuspid Valve: Opens when heart relaxes.
  6. Interventricular Septum: Separates ventricles.
  7. Papillary Muscle: Helps AV valves function.
  8. Chordae Tendineae: Located between right atrium and ventricle.
  9. Pulmonary Trunk: Carries deoxygenated blood.
  10. Aorta: Carries oxygenated blood.

Activity #5: Structure Identification

  1. Tricuspid Valve: Right side of heart between atrium and ventricle.
  2. Bicuspid Valve: Flows into left atrium when open.
  3. Aortic Valve: Opens during ventricular contraction.
  4. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve: Located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk.
  5. Chordae Tendineae: Stabilizes valves.
  6. Papillary Muscles: Contract/relax heart.

Activity #6: Electrical Conduction System

  1. SA Node: Upper right atrium, heart pacemaker.
  2. AV Node: Slows signal for atrial contraction.
  3. Bundle of His: Located in connective tissue.
  4. Left and Right Bundle Branch: No specific answer provided.
  5. Purkinje Fibers: Ventricles contract, pumping blood.

Activity #7: Vessel Wall Layers

  1. Tunica Intima: Innermost vessel layer.
  2. Tunica Media: Middle layer, regulates vessel diameter.
  3. Tunica Externa: Outer layer, prominent in veins.
  4. Vein: Less muscle, wider diameter.
  5. Artery: Thick tunica media.
  6. Capillary: Single layer for efficient exchange.

Activity #8: Structure Identification

Station 1:

  • Right Atrium: Deoxygenated blood.
  • Left Atrium: Oxygenated blood.
  • Right Ventricle: Deoxygenated blood.
  • Left Ventricle: Oxygenated blood.
  • Apex: Bottom tip of heart.
  • Base: Upper part of heart, left atrium.

Station 2:

  • Aorta: Contracts/relaxes heart walls.
  • Inferior Vena Cava: Deoxygenated blood.
  • Superior Vena Cava: Deoxygenated blood.
  • Pulmonary Artery: Deoxygenated blood.
  • Pulmonary Veins: Oxygenated blood.

Station 3:

  • Left Atrium: Opens bicuspid valve.
  • Right Atrium: Opens tricuspid valve.
  • Right Ventricle: Opens pulmonary valve.
  • Left Ventricle: Opens aortic valve.
  • Intraventricular: Between atria and ventricles.

Station 4:

  • Papillary Muscles: Prevent valve prolapse.
  • Chordae Tendineae: Open during ventricular filling.
  • Bicuspid Valve: Closed during ejection.
  • Pulmonary Semilunar Valve: Open during ejection.

Activity #9: Blood Flow Pathway

  1. Left Ventricle: Oxygenated.
  2. Right Ventricle: Deoxygenated.
  3. Right Atrium: Deoxygenated.
  4. Left Atrium: Oxygenated.
  5. Mitral Valve: Oxygenated.
  6. Systemic Arteries: Oxygenated.
  7. Pulmonary Veins: Oxygenated.
  8. Systemic Capillaries: Gas exchange.
  9. Pulmonary Capillaries: Gas exchange.
  10. Tricuspid Valve: Deoxygenated.
  11. Aortic Valve: Oxygenated.
  12. Systemic Veins: Deoxygenated.
  13. Pulmonary Valve: Deoxygenated.
  14. Pulmonary Trunk: Deoxygenated.
  15. Pulmonary Arteries: Deoxygenated.
  16. Aorta: Oxygenated.
  17. Superior/Inferior Vena Cava: Deoxygenated.

Activity #10: Cardiac Cycle Phases

Phase 1: Atrial relaxation and ventricular filling.

  • Blood moves into ventricles. Phase 2: Atrial contraction and ventricular filling.
  • Blood moves into ventricles. Phase 3: Isovolumic contraction.
  • Neither blood movement. Phase 4: Ventricular ejection.
  • Blood moves out of ventricles. Phase 5: Isovolumic relaxation.
  • Blood moves out of ventricles.

Activity #11: Pressure Relationships

  1. AV Valves Open: Atrial pressure > Ventricular pressure.
  2. AV Valves Open: Ventricular pressure < Arterial pressure.
  3. AV Valves Closed: Atrial pressure < Ventricular pressure.
  4. SV Valves Open: Ventricular pressure > Arterial pressure.
  5. SV Valves Open: Ventricular pressure > Atrial pressure.
  6. SV Valves Closed: Ventricular pressure < Arterial pressure.

Activity #12: Matching Terms

  • Systolic Pressure: Maximum aortic pressure.
  • Sphygmomanometer: Measures blood pressure.
  • Heart Sounds: Produced when valves close.
  • Diastolic Pressure: Minimum aortic pressure.
  • Cardiac Cycle: Events in one heartbeat.
  • Stethoscope: Instrument for heart sounds.
  • Pulsation: Arteries' expansion/contraction.

Activity #13: Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output

  • At Rest: HR = 75 BPM; EDV = 125 ml; ESV = 60 ml; SV = 65; CO = 4,875
  • Light Exercise: HR = 155 BPM; EDV = 140 ml; ESV = 50 ml; SV = 90; CO = 13,950
  • Cardiac Output Increase: Due to increased HR and SV during physical activity.

Activity #14: Anatomage Table

  • Blue: Right atrium.
  • Green: Left ventricle.
  • Red: Aorta.
  • Yellow: Descending aorta.
  • Pink: Apex.
  • Orange: Right ventricle.
  • White: Pulmonary valve.
  • Purple: Pulmonary trunk.

Activity #15: Blood Pressure & Pulse

  1. Main Objectives:

    • Use stethoscope for heart sounds.
    • Determine pulse at major arteries.
    • Measure blood pressure and relate to cardiac cycle.

  2. Palpating Pulse Points:

    • Wrist: Radial artery.
    • Thigh/Popliteal: Femoral/popliteal arteries.
    • Head/Neck: Temporal/carotid arteries.

  3. Heart Rate Measurements:

    • Sitting: 68 BPM.
    • Lying: 64 BPM.
    • Standing: 78 BPM.

  4. Blood Pressure Measurement:

    • Systolic/Diastolic:
      • Lying: 114/72 mmHg
      • Standing: 116/76 mmHg
      • Exercise: 142/88 mmHg

  5. Observations:

    • Blood pressure changes with posture and activity.
    • Hypothesis: BP increases with standing and exercise due to gravity and increased demand.

View note sourcehttps://docs.google.com/document/d/1Kqqg2tEdyl4ml36tJx8FpFW5YIDtcaNbY-Ck5p_MpEI/edit?usp=sharing