The Arnolfini Portrait by Jan van Eyck

Overview

• Painted in 1434 by Jan van Eyck
• One of the most analyzed paintings in art history
• Represents the new middle class and social aspirations during the Medieval period
• Likely depicts Giovanni di Nicolau Arnolfini and Costanza Trenta
• Possibly a memorial portrait for Costanza

Historical Context

• Rise of the merchant class in the 15th century due to trade expansion
• Bruges was a key hub for international trade
• Portraits were exclusive status symbols
• Van Eyck was the court painter to King Philip the Good

Social and Cultural Indicators

• "Sumptuary laws" limited clothing according to social status
• Arnolfini's clothing and possessions reflect wealth without crossing into aristocratic symbols
• Fashion indicated one's culture, economic status, and social power

Analysis of the Painting

Clothing and Fashion

• Costanza's Green Dress

  • Not indicative of pregnancy; a common artistic pose
  • Made from 35 meters of high-quality wool
  • Green dye was labor-intensive and costly
  • Dress includes "dagging" and fur lining

• Giovanni's Attire

  • Rich plum and black tones
  • Silk velvet and fur-lined tabard
  • Dyed plum boots

Symbolism and Setting

• Furniture and Objects

  • Luxury items for display, not function
  • Rich textiles and carved details
  • Reflection in mirror suggests reception room rather than bedroom

• Symbols in the Painting

  • Dog symbolizes loyalty or possibly accompanies Costanza in afterlife
  • Snuffed out candle on Costanza's side, lit on Giovanni's
  • Cherry blossom tree symbolizes renewal and fleeting life

• Biblical and Artistic Elements

  • Mirror with ten roundels depicting the passion of Christ
  • Artist's signature: "Jan van Eyck was here"

Theoretical Interpretations

• Possible memorial for Costanza due to several clues
  • Snuffed candle, roundels, dog placement, and tentative hand-holding
• Represents transition from classical age to the Renaissance

Conclusion

• The painting showcases Jan van Eyck's mastery in minute detail and oil painting refinement
• Known as an "alchemist" by contemporaries for his artistic innovations
• Blurs the line between medieval and Renaissance art