okay class as we move on now we're going to go into the urinary system now the terms are going to get harder there's a lot of terms to memorize unfortunately so we just keep plugging along alright so the goals of this chapter are name the essential organs of the urinary system and describe their locations and functions identify some common pathological conditions recognize how urinalysis is used to interpret as a diagnostic test and define urinary system related combining forms prefixes and suffixes again this is a medical terminology class i must stress that i'm not really interested in that you know the physiology of how urine is made or some of the conditions but you do need to know a little bit of the background of a little anatomy just so that you understand the words so listen explain clinical procedures laboratory tests abbreviations that pertain to the unary system all right so there's nitrogenous wastes which is urea creatinine and uric acid so what you got to ask is why is this nitrogenous waste excreted from the body all right and what's the medium this urea travel to the kidneys from or how is urine made okay so those are some of the kind of things again this is nitrogenous waste that your body makes so you're going to try to get rid of this urea creatinine and uric acid okay now what's the functions of the kidneys well they filter nitrogenous waste to form urine there's about 200 quarts of blood that are filtered every single day to form two quarts of urine its kidneys are designed to maintain proper balance of water electrolytes sodium potassium and acids the kidneys also release hormones and they release renin which is an enzyme important in adjusting blood pressure you've heard of epo when you heard of lance armstrong and that's what he um supplemented with but epo is a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow as you go into higher altitudes your body will start to make more epo so that it can have the demands of the less oxygen in the air okay so if you ever go snowboarding or skiing you realize that oh it's a little difficult to breathe so what will happen is your body's going to have to compensate now also is to degrade and eliminate hormones from the bloodstream so the kidneys also adjust the amount of water electrolytes for proper muscle and nerve function now we are you hear these scams of old liver cleanses and kidney cleanses and all that you don't need any of that stuff because your body is designed to filter all those wastes out your body is designed to detox your body okay so the kidneys and livers do a great job you don't need any special drinks special supplementation or anything like that so don't fall for those scams so what's the organs of the male urinary system well you got two kidneys a ureter urine bladder and a urethra okay so here we go here's the major organs now you have two kidneys the right one sits slightly lower than the left but you probably you know just for kicks and giggles you might want to know what's the size of a normal kidney what's the function of the ureters what's the function performed by the urinary bladder the urethra okay now i won't quiz you want that because that's more anatomy and physiology but it's always nice to know a little bit about these okay so you have two kidneys you have two ureters that empty into the urinary bladder and then you have the urethra now the male urethra is going to be longer than the female urethra okay just from an anatomical standpoint now organs of the female you still have two kidneys ureter urinary bladder and urethra so really from a male to female standpoint the urinary system looks exactly the same only the size of the urethra in females is a lot shorter so unfortunately they'll be more prone to urinary tract infections okay but the kidneys are the same ureters the same and the bladder is there okay now the other thing that's a little bit different from male female is you can see that the males they share a common opening with the reproductive system so the urinary system and the reproductive system is the same opening whereas in females you have two separate openings you have a opening for the urinary system and you have opening for the reproductive system whereas males they share a common opening okay what is voiding is it nitrogenous waste no is it urination is it outer section of the kidney or is it triangular so avoiding means urination so the correct answer is b how kidneys produce urine again this is high-tech physiology uh probably won't ask you the details of this but you need to just know the words so blood enters the kidneys through the right and left renal arteries okay arterioles carry blood to the capillaries and the glomeruli are what filter the blood so imagine you've seen those cheese graters right and they have these special holes in it what happens is if you push enough substance through that most of the substance will stay but the excess will get filter so think of glomerula like that they push the blood through there anything that's excess will be squeezed out there such as nitrogenous waste urea uric acid depends on the size as well so there's approximately 1 million glomerula in each cortex of the kidney and kidneys help regulate blood pressure they maintain blood pressure so there's a lot of things that the kidneys do that you'll find out in anatomy and physiology now if you look at this how kidneys produce urine again so here's the renal artery blood enters the kidneys through the right and left renal arteries arterials carry blood to the capillaries and the glomerula which are up here will filter the blood now you have two kidneys but the really if you were to donate one kidney one the other kidney would actually grow in size to compensate for the loss of one kidney so really you can easily survive with just one kidney and really even if you lose half of that function of that one kidney you still be fine so really you have two kidneys but you really only need about fifty sixty percent of one to four okay so yeah there's a lot of room for air now the glomerus and the bowman's capsule blood enters through the glomeruli now the glomerular or the bone capsule surrounds each of the glomerulus and the renal tubule is attached to each bowman capsule again if you want to kind of go on youtube and see just type in how uranus forms there's there's a good uh uh videos on that again i'm not going to quiz you on that because that would be physiology anatomy i just need you to learn the terminology glomerus and glomerul bowman's capsule so again blood enters here now again the arterial affair on trail is thicker and this one is thinner so what happens is when you have a lot of pressure going in here the sugar the water uranus and the salts are going to get squeezed out because it's exiting through a smaller opening right so it's like if you were to squeeze something out like a tube like imagine a toothpaste or yeah if the opening is real narrow some of it's going to get filtered out and that's what happens the sugar water urea and waste get filtered out so there's three steps in the formation of urine you have glomerular filtration which will get rid of the water sugar waste salts you have tubular reabsorption which will let's say the body says you know what i don't want to get rid of all this water i don't need to get rid of all the sugar and sodium soil it'll take back what it needs and then it'll secrete some acids potassium and drugs if it needs to get rid of it now here's our interesting little fun fact again you excrete the the pharmaceutical drugs that you take in they did a study in orange county and they found that the three most commonly excreted drugs from the urine that are found in the sewer system of orange county were antidepressants pain medications and viagra so it tells you orange county in a nutshell a bunch of paint addicts they need antidepressants and they need uh viagra so again you you excrete minute amounts of those pharmaceutical drugs in your pee so that's why you don't drink tap water okay all right so how kidneys produce urine again here's the arterial which is thicker and the efferent is tinier and there's the secretion glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption and then tubular secretion so it says okay i want to take up the water sugar salts but some tube says okay let's get rid of the acids and the potassium and those drugs so i'll be secreted as urine so this is the first step then there's a second step and then there's the third step the glomerulus and renal tubule combine to form a unit called the nephron okay so there's the glomerus there's descending loop of henle ascending loop of henle now diuretics work in this way okay so they will affect the absorption of sodium or potassium and affect blood pressure and diuretics work at this in this area right here again not a physiology class so you don't need to know how that works or otherwise i'd spend a lot of time on it but from a medical terminology standpoint just need to know the words in general approximately how many nephrons are there in a kidney there's one million now anything on here is fair game i may ask this but i probably won't uh right again in medical terminology i'll stick with what the words mean all collecting tubules lead to the renal pelvis so there's calyces there are small cup-like regions of the renal pelvis their term comes from the greek calyx meaning a cup or case surrounding a flower bud again the functions of the kidneys is to remove nitrogenous waste balance water and electrolytes release hormones and degrade and eliminate hormones so here's the bloodstream goes into the glomerulus it filters the water the sugar the salts the urea the glomerular capsule and the renewal you know tubule so it says okay we need to go keep these water sugar and salts we'll reabsorb it and go back into the bloodstream but then it says okay the tube says we need to get rid of more acids potassium drugs we're going to get rid of it once it goes into rooney tubule and pretty much the urine is formed and urine is a combination of mostly water but says acids and drugs assaults and urea as wastes okay now the common misnomer is if somebody uh gets stung by a jellyfish should you pee on it um unfortunately um as you filter out yes the ammonia would work but by the time it reaches out there's not enough concentration of urea or uric acid to actually make a difference so contrary to what friends tells you it won't work okay now before you go on to the terminology what does your urine say about you well if it's no color transparent and people think that having clear urine is healthy but actually if your urine is clear then you're drinking a lot of water and you may want to cut back so it shouldn't be completely clear it should actually be a i like to call it the light lemonade or a pale straw color you're normal healthy and well hydrated again if it's transparent yellow that's normal if it's dark yellow it's starting to get concerned because you probably are on the verge of getting dehydrated so drink a little bit more water okay so we don't want it to be dark yellow you probably notice that first thing in the morning when you wake up it's dark yellow because well you haven't drank any water for about eight hours if it's amber or honey your body isn't getting enough water so drink at least a couple glasses if it's brown or syrupy you would have liver disease or severe dehydration drink lots of water and call your doctor if it persists if it's pink or reddish either you've eaten too much beets or too much blueberries or even rhubarb if not you may have blood in your urine and this could be a sign of lots of things kidney disease tumors prostate problems or even utis if it's orange you may not be drinking enough water or you could have a liver or bile duct condition if it's blue or green yes some of it can be blur green it's a rare genetic disease that can turn your urine blue or green it's also there are certain bacteria that can cause this infection maybe food dye in something you ate or a medication if you take if you drink a lot of red bull if you drink a lot of rock star if you take a lot of b vitamins it can be that neon green color um what if your urine is purple uh don't worry there's no such thing just through that in there and what if it's foamy or fizzy well uh it's a harmless hydraulic effect because you've been holding it for a while but it could show signs of excess protein in your diet if it consistently persists but if it's just one time then it's no big deal but if you see it continue to be fizzy you probably want to get that checked out all right all right now let's go into the words so we're going to go arterial calyx okay catheter cortex creatinine electrolyte so what's the arterial that's a small artery a calyx is a cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis the term comes from greek calyx meaning a cup or case surrounding a flower bud catheter tube for injecting or removing fluid so when you put a catheter in um it's to help go to the bathroom okay cortex outer region of an organ creatinine nitrogenous waste excreted in urine you've probably heard of creatinine phosphate but that's creatine phosphate okay electrolytes are a chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water so sodium potassium or electrolytes arthropoietin epo filtration glomerular capsule glomerulus and the helium so epo is a hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate production of red blood cells by bone marrow poitin means a substance that forms okay remember lance armstrong he used to inject himself with epo filtration process whereby some substance passed through a filter glomerular capsule enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus also called the bowman capsule glomerulus is a tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney this is the functional unit here functional unit is nephron but the glomerulus is what will help filtrate the blood the helium is the depression and part of the organ where blood vessels and nerves enter so there's a helium in lungs as well comes from latin word meaning a small thing uh kidney is a meatus medulla and a nephron so again the nephron is the functional unit of kidney where filtration reabsorption secretion takes place and that includes the glomerulus a kidney is one of two bean-shaped organs that filter nitrogen's waste from the bloodstream to form urine a meatus is an opening or canal medulla is an inner region of an organ the term comes from the latin word medulla meaning marrow nitrogenous waste potassium reabsorption in the renal artery nitrogenous waste a substance containing nitrogen excreted in urine that's urea uric acid and creatine potassium and electrolyte regulated by the kidney reabsorption renal tumors return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream and the renal artery is blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney you have a renal pelvis renal tubules in the renal vein renal pelvis is the central collection region in the kidney renal tubules are microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after a filtration the renal vein is blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney renin sodium trijone and urea renin is an enzyme secreted by kidney that raises blood pressure so blood pressure medications will help control this sodium another electrolyte regulate in the blood and urine by the kidneys a common form of sodium is sodium chloride which is table salt trijone is the triangular area in the urinary bladder and urea is major nitrogenous waste secreted in urine here's a ureter urethra uric acid urinary bladder and urination which is voiding so ureter means one of the two tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder urethra tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body remember in males it's longer than in females that's why females are more prone to uti's uric acid nitrogenous waste product excreted in the urine urinary bladder which is the hollow muscular sac that holds and stores urine you can hold about 500 cc's of urine before your body says oh you better go to the bathroom and then urination is voiding which is the process of expelling urine also called mic duration so urination and mic duration is the common word