welcome in this section we would understand how christianity rose the role of jesus and then the crusade so those would be the major developments in the middle europe that we would be discussing in this section in the medieval europe how the developments began is very important so let's before understanding the developments in the then roman empire let's understand the basic terms so when we focus on the timeline in history we say it is a period either before christ or after christ so birth of christ becomes important and therefore christianity and the role of the medieval europe in development of christianity is highly important now the period before the birth of jesus christ is known as bc we also call it as before christ or bce before common era however the period after the birth of christ is known as ed that is inner domini also called as ce or common era now the middle ages is what would be our focus today this middle age varies from the region of asia and europe and what we have in the regions of india so we'll have a comparative understanding and also a simultaneous understanding of how kingdoms rose in different regions of the world so if we focus on the region of asia and europe from 600 to 1680 is considered as the period of middle ages or what we call as the medieval age but when we talk about india we classify this into early middle and later middle overall the middle age is 100 years more or 100 years later than the middle ages as considered in the region of asia and europe so that starts from 600 the middle age in india starts from 780 last until 750 1750 80 so 1750 80. now this whole period is further subdivided into two the later and the early the early starts from 700 to 1280 and from 1280 to 1750 80 we have the later medieval period during this later medieval period we have seen how mughal empire came to power in india so all those developments would be understand as part of the middle indian history now to begin with the region of roman empire as you can see in this map it was not just the region of present-day italy where you have rome as the capital but it was more of the region of portugal france germany and then italy and then parts of northern regions of african uh region close to the mediterranean not only this this whole region was further divided into two sections the western europe versus the eastern europe so let's focus on the region of western europe first as you can see the region close to italy then we have the region of spain france portugal and the northern regions of the african nations these all which are marked in light pink color here reveal the region of western roman empire by 1500 a.d we have seen that the western roman empire was ruined was crumbled because of the barbarian invasions however the eastern roman empire which was predominantly the reason that people spoke greek so again very very interesting to note some of the things here the western european region was the region where latin was the predominant language the people were more traditional because they focused on more stringent forms however the region of eastern uh roman empire which you can see in the purple shades here was the region where people were relatively less traditional in nature now this western roman empire was under the emperor maximium maximium was the main ruler in the western european region however in the eastern european region we have seen diclothian as one of the major rulers now therefore as you can see here the region was clearly divided into two the western roman and the eastern roman western roman was the region of rome however the eastern roman area was also known as byzantine empire during that time so another important term that you must remember here is the byzantine empire which connotes the eastern uh region the eastern europe the eastern roman region during that time now interesting to note that western rome around 580 was destroyed by the attacks of barbarians however the eastern romans survived and it survived for nearly thousand more years the western roman region was broken down into smaller kingdoms smaller provinces and here gladiators were very very important the role of gladiators were very very important they were the professional fighters in the region of rome some of these gladiators were known as trunk friend gladiators and they were the ones who were considered as celebrities in the walls in the paintings and gladiator spectacles were most popular entertainment means in the region of rome or the roman empire during that time as we have seen in the region of eastern roman which remained for nearly thousand more years than the western roman empire this was where byzantine region developed under diclotheran this region developed greek as you can see this was the region of greece and the region of the region surrounding jerusalem as well so this was the region where people were relatively less traditional preferably more liberal in attitude now corresponding to the region of roman empire there was gupta empire in india and this gupta empire was declining because the later kings of gupta period were not that strong they were weak they were incompetent and therefore who invasion started to have an important place in the indian subcontinent during that time at the same time we have seen rise of arab or the rise of arab civilization under prophet muhammad and this was somewhere around the 7th century 80 so with the rise of the arab civilization we have seen rise of islam and it is believed that arab civilization is considered to be one of the most advanced civilizations of that time so overall we can say during that time two major religions were powerful one was the christianity developing in the region of roman empire contemporary to that was islam developing in the region of arabian peninsula and then slowly and gradually invasion from our expansion from the regions to the neighboring areas and the spread of religions started however we have seen that the socio-political life was very different during that time in india this time was witnessed as a time where system was prominent however it was not just the zamidari system in india at the same time contemporary to it in the roman empire was the system of serbs these serves were the people who had to obey the orders of their lords and were not granted any anything without the permission of the lords the status of the serbs in roman empire was much much worse as compared to the zamindars in the zamidari system in the region of india now being anywhere both of the regions witnessed a definite socio-political change so what was the consequence the trade and commerce activities started to decline land became predominantly important it was one of the major sources of property also the old kingdoms the western roman empire as we saw had smaller kingdoms these small old kingdoms started to dissociate and there were new kingdoms which were rising to power at this time feudalism started to develop feudalism was a system where peasants used to get land or protection from the lords and in lieu of that they had to provide the service or fight for the lords in return so that was a system of feudalism feudalism first developed in the regions of europe and slowly and gradually it then percolated from the region of western europe where it developed to the regions of eastern europe as we heard and as we saw eastern europe remain much more stable as compared to western europe so dissociation definitely started but it originated from western europe also most of the development was in the rural area there were towns and trade which played very less importance very very little importance and exploitation of the peace entry was indeed there so the system of serfdom in europe was equivalent to the zamidari system where again the exploitation of peace entry took place but definitely the way and the conditions that happened were very very different similarly we have seen that roman empire started to conquest over the region of palestine or the region close to jerusalem now pompey the great was the roman king he basically did a seize of jerusalem and this campaign crossing the mediterranean sea this campaign became very very successful and this was the campaign led by pompey the great and this campaign as a result of this campaign he conquered the region of jerusalem or then palestine and the end of jewish independence was witnessed more than 12 000 jews were killed within a period of just three months in contrast to very few soldiers being killed from the roman empire the birth of jesus christ and rise of christianity now jesus christ was born in a very small village of bethlehem and this lies in present-day jerusalem both his parents were jews and he was born in 4th bc later one of his followers paul tried to spread his ideas of christianity to the then roman empire which was practically not accepting the views of christianity and therefore paul was persecuted but however the concept of christianity remained alive and the faith among the people started to grow it was by 390 180 that christianity became the official religion in rome one of the major reasons why christianity became popular were the kind of preachings laid down by jesus the preachings were in very very simple language close to the heart of people and most of the stories that he used to say talked about the life of common people such short stories talking about the life of common people are called as parables he used to teach in either the house the lakeside the hills or any other community place where people could easily gather starting about the life of jesus his father was joseph and his mother was mary it is believed that mother mary was visited by an angel the angel said to mother mary that you are blessed and so is your son and that turned out to be true around 30 years later the initial 30 years of his life jesus lived as a carpenter by the age of 30 or he started to preach his ideas in as we said the very simple language very very uh lively personality and therefore gained a lot popularity among the common people his ideas his philosophies were accepted by the common people and therefore a lot of people in and around his tongue became influenced by his philosophies he believed that god is one and said that all kind of harmful activities should be criticized but this was one of the reasons that made the rich and powerful his enemy as a result he was brought to the court of pontius pilate and pontius was a roman governor of palestine at that time it is believed that jesus was accused and arrested finally he was crucified he was crucified that means he was tied on a cross and in that process he was killed by kneeling so this day of crucification is marked as good friday his day of birth the birth of jesus is marked as christmas later this cross became a holy symbol for christianity but the story didn't end here third day of the crucification it is believed that resurrection or rebirth took place and this is what is known as easter so three important days that are celebrated in christianity the birth of jesus which is christmas the crucification which is good friday and the resurrection or rebirth which is easter jesus strongly believed that we should do our works wholeheartedly and people definitely believe that jesus was the son of god and he died a painful death in order to save the mankind of the evils that they have committed the holy book is the bible and there are the old testament and new testament old testament focuses on the life before the birth of jesus christ so the history of jews is mentioned however the new testaments talk about the life of christ and his preachings or his teachings and those are explained under new testament so old testament and new testament are important then what were his preachings as mentioned his preachings were in very very simple language he was considered a great healer he said that god is one and therefore there is no need to worship many god god is just so love him as he loves his people also he said that the person who does wrong is not to be hated but you should hate the wrong that has been committed so hate the sin not the sinner the sinner has the right to repent and by depiction by the way under which a sinner can repent is the only way he can save himself from god he preached the ideas of sympathy compassion compassion towards poor feeding those who are hungry those who are sick giving shelter to the people who are homeless were some of his major teachings his teachings were later spread by 12 of his disciples across the globe and his ideas were taken far away by his disciples so that was about understanding the life of jesus and his teachings understanding the spread of christianity but before that let's focus and dive into how roman empire was initially against the philosophies of christianity but slowly and gradually under the rule of constantine one christianity was legalized and constantinople the city emerged into power so to begin with as we said after the death of christ jesus christ three of his followers peter paul and john started to spread the ideas of christianity into the then roman empire however in the beginning the romans believed that christians were disloyal they were unpatriotic and they did not wanted christians to enter into the roman space there was a fire which broke into rome under the rule of nero in 6280 it was then that saint paul's was killed and the people of rome believed the christians responsible for it so christians were persecuted at a huge extent a lot of them were burned alive many of them were thrown into amphitheater for the wild animals many of the christians were tortured and diclothian who was the ruler of byzantine called called of people from army from public offices the people who were christians also even the free christian slaves were refused so that was a kind of feeling among the common people of rome roman empire during that time but later on there were certain edicts which were issued the edit of toleration which was issued in 311 a.d by gallerius constantin one and likeness said that we should officially end the persecution of christians and therefore there was a tolerant policy towards christian however just two years later addict of milan was brought into effect and this was 313 a.d brought by constantine one and likeness where christianity was legalized as a religion in the roman empire as you can see in this map the roman the then roman empire included most of the regions of france germany austria italy greece then we have the regions of judea the regions of turkey and the northern part of africa so in this whole region christianity was legalized under the addict of milan issued by constantine one and leukemias later under theodius theories one christianity was one of the official religions to be recognized by the state and throughout the roman empire this was considered in most of the european countries as you can see here now the time of constantine is very very important for the spread of christianity he established christianity and introduced numerous laws that supported the christian moral teachings of one of those most important one is the sabbath which is the custom of observing sunday as one of the holy days and therefore sabbath became a popular concept under emperor constantine one he also did numerous efforts to revive the ideas of christianity so under his time numerous churches were built in a period of only 200 to 300 years christianity spread across europe his one of the disciples saint paul's uh carried the ideas to the region of greece to the region of rome that's the region of present-day italy what we say the emperor constantine one started with his ideas of preaching under the addict of milan in 313 a.d and thereafter christianity became a official religion by fourth century a.d so by fourth century christianity was the official religion of roman empire numerous well-organized churches were built the bishop of saint peter's church in rome was considered as the representative of christ on earth and later people called him po so under constantine one the city of constantinople was established it was a new capital which prospered for around thousand years till fourteen hundred and fifty three eighty now constantinople is the present-day present-day istanbul so note what we are talking about so constantinople is the present-day istanbul in turkey constantinople was named after constantine one constantine won built in lavish decorations in the churches numerous beautiful churches were built and sofia was one of the major churches that was established in the region of constantinople as you can see here this new capital became a major center for trade and commerce with the eastern world since it was part of the eastern roman empire the byzantine empire so trade relations with let's say countries like india started to grow monetary stability was seen in the region and this economic stimulus was basically responsible for the growth and the prosperity of the region so trade relations became very very strong with east also at this point population started to rise new governing class arose within the people and there was a requirement for new cnet to be built so relations with the eastern world improved there were better trade better commerce better economic perspectives and this region of constantinople flourished later on we have seen that the decline of roman empire took place but during the period of constantine as we have seen the region of constantinople grew and this was one of the reasons where christianity was legally accepted as a official religion in the roman empire and numerous churches and practices became the focus since it was the region of eastern roman empire greek was the popular language as we have understood in our introductory sections that how the western roman empire was the region where latin was predominant here greek was a predominant language so those were the developments under constantine one and the rise of constantinople there were numerous reasons for the decline of roman empire some of the common ones included constant wars there was infight among the soldiers also the city idol mobs were very very difficult to handle a lot of corruption started to develop within the empire and the slaves most importantly started to revolt now why did slaves revolted neither the industries nor the agriculture could thrive on slave labor and as a result uh the rule of the empire of the slave state was basically now being occupied by christianity as a result the oppressed people of rome were more involved or were more inclined towards the ideas of christianity having a feeling of equality a feeling of love and affection people were even willing to die for faith and get persecuted by the king if required and therefore this was a great wave among the slaves it was only under the emperor constantine one that christianity was openly accepted churches were built and rather than worshipping christianity as in secrecy people now started to worship christianity openly so those were some of the important elements that happened due to which the decline of roman empire was seen now the western roman empire and the eastern roman empire the eastern empire as we know was the byzantine empire the western empire was destroyed by the german tribes these german tribes were known as barbarians three of the major tribes that attacked were the gods france and vandals now what happened was there were numerous rates in the roman outposts mainly in the region of rome and the nearby vicinities that these wonders actually raided and later on charlie magne who was one of the ruler of france came to power around 800 so it was around 475 a.d that numerous rates and plunders by the barbarian tribes the invasion of the private barbarian tribes started in western europe as you can see the blur region here the next was in 470 680 uh wanders basically overthrew the empire of romulus augustus during that time who established himself as the king and thereafter there was no emperor left in the west the west was divided into smaller independent kingdoms and by 880 we have seen that uh one of the kings of france charlemagne came to power about which we would study uh in the next section the idea was the only section that remained unaffected for more than thousand years after the barbarian invasion was the eastern europe now this eastern europe the most important center was constantinople and the constantinople was one of the major centers as we have understood of the byzantine empire the south the size of the constantinople was nearly four times that of byzantium and therefore it became one of the leading centers of trade and commerce with the eastern world so the trade relations with the eastern world mainly countries of indian subcontinent gained momentum as a result this region prospered a lot of wealth a lot of prosperity was seen and under constantine a systematic codification was seen so even the roman laws were codified uh but it was around thousand years later after the attack of fenders in the western europe we have a period of around 1453 a.d when we believe that the empire of byzantine started to decline and this decline marked the end of roman empire and the beginning of ottoman turks now under the ottoman turks the first ruler who came to power here was osman one and he was a descendant from turkish tribe also he had migrated from the regions of central asia uh which was in the wake of uh mongol quest during that time so osman one was the first ruler of ottoman dynasty who replaced the uh the the existing roman empire and this was the period that marked the end of roman empire in the region of byzantine so with the end of roman empire there was rise of ottoman turks and osman one was the first who came to power now as we said the impact of decline was very very interesting in the west we have seen that the barbarians which were the german tribes of gods france and vandals affected uh invaded and plundered the regions of western europe now here in around 880 charlie magnay who was also known as charles the great or the king of france later the king of lombard and finally the king of uh the emperor of rome in 800 came to power the initial areas as you can see are marked here as frankish empire and this frankish empire was the territory which was seen or created by charlemagne so the parts of france parts of germany and a little of italy to the region of rome was the part of his empire and charlemagne was crowned by the roman emperor pope leo three so pope leo iii was the one who crowned charlie magna to throne and under him christianity became a framework of life in the region of europe he built civilizations on christian uh christianity principles formed schools uh created gothic architectures so gothic architecture usually have tall buildings tall arches and high curved ceilings which are remembered there and these gothic architecture were very very important lot of cathedrals were built based on this architectural style now cathedrals are the places where uh the main churches which are under the control of bishop and along with the cathedrals even numerous churches were built during the time of charles magne also numerous paintings books sculptures were written in i in order to promote the concepts of christianity and throughout the middle uh middle ages the clergy and the religious order uh influence the life of people the life of governance in those regions now later from this frankish empire we have the holy roman empire which was formed and this holy roman empire was around 1080. this empire included the region of germany along with parts of austria so austria again along with germany became the region of the holy roman empire as you can see here and uh many small and big kingdoms came to power also it is very important to note that the fall of roman empire had a significant impact on learning mainly the latin learning because the use of language started to decline not only for the official purpose but also for the general or the popular purpose the german invasions the barbarian invasions that came to this region altered the language characteristics of western europe and latin slowly and steadily was getting lost and this was the mark where we could say the decline of roman empire was witnessed so the decline was first witnessed in the western europe followed by the eastern europe which prospered till a significant time under constant time and constantinople became one of the major centers by 1453 a.d we have seen that there was a decline of the roman empire and establishment of ottoman turks in the region of eastern europe which was predominantly greek speaking population under the byzantine empire during that time coming on to crusades crusades were the religious wars which were fought between 11 to 13th century 80 and these were the religious wars they uh the wars are believed to have spread during a period of 200 years and eight major crusades or religious wars were fought the idea was that christians should capture jerusalem from turks and for this the jerusalem which was considered as the birthplace of jesus christ which was captured by the arabs in 638 a.d should be revived back with the christians considering that this was the place of crucifixion as well as the resurrection of jesus so palestine became a major point of contention now since palestine where pontius pilate who was the roman governor of palestine accused jesus arrested him and called for the crucification was the region and this region was captured by arabs in 638 a.d the idea by the christians was to get this place liberated considering this to be a holy place for christians so these religious wars named as crusades started and as we understand these were the religious wars that is that were constantly between the christians population as well as the muslim population during that time eight major wars were done now the first war is important the first war as you can see the numerous people moved from the region of greek territory crossing the regions of asia minor into the regions of jerusalem however there were muslims moving from the region of egypt moving from the region of uh iran persia and then we also have the region of asia minor the region of turkey where there were constant conflicts and these conflicts laid the way for the uh first crusades that took place the first crusades took place in 198 299 and 1098-2099 sorry and the christian soldiers mainly from the region of france and italy invaded into the territories of turkey syria as we can see the regions of turkey the regions of syria the regions of damascus and finally into jerusalem so the people were coming mainly from the regions of western europe the western roman empire during that time we can say so france and italy were the areas where the christians were coming and they wanted to invade the regions of uh syria mainly the antioch and then claim jerusalem so in this process christians succeeded many muslims and jews were killed now christians were able to establish four states in the region of syria and palestine and most of the later crusades were directed at the defense and the process of expansion so the first crusade very very important historically where christians started to move from the region of france and italy the western roman empire into the region of syria presently syria the regions close to damascus and india in syria finally moving on to jerusalem the second crusade was in 1145 and here uh turks captured the region of idrisa now when idrissa was captured by turks there was a combined army from germany and france who wanted to move to damascus in the region close to syria and they were actually not successful here they were defeated and the christians were forced to return and after this second crusade there was gradually a decline in the power of christianity or the power of christians which took place so second crusade again an important landmark with the capture of idrisa by turks the story started and this was captured in 1144 and later on forces from germany and france moved to towards damascus but was not able to be was not successful the third crusade is important and this was in 11 87 from 1187 to 1192 that's the broad period that we say here salah deen or also known as saladin established a empire now this empire was very important because this empire not only included the region of syria at that time but also the regions of egypt in africa and this is one of the major points to remember because the fifth crusade was mainly around the region of egypt so salatin established a egypt syrian empire and asked for a jihad jihad is nothing but a holy war so this holy war started against christians and saladi was able to defeat christians in the year 1187 and therefore saladin was able to regain control over jerusalem as a result all churches were destroyed mosques were built so churches converted to mosque and jerusalem which was so far a christian dominate a christian city became a muslim city the loss of city uh again prompted for a war because there was a little that was left for the crusaders and these crusaders were confined to the regions of coastal towns of palestine and only free access to jerusalem was given to christian pilgrims so as a result there was again a contention in the hearts of christians and they wanted to have a faith back now the series of final crusades are important so after the third crusade europe actually lost military interest in islam and focused more on the political and cultural development it is believed that in 14 uh sorry in 2012 there was a children crusade where thousands of young children vote to march towards jerusalem now some historians say that this was not an actual crusade the others say that whether this group was actually a group of children or it was named as children crusade is not known but whatsoever was the case this was one of an important movement and they were not never able to reach the holy land of palestine after this the fifth crusade is important under fifth crusade as we said egypt came to power and salatin's nephew so al-malik al-kalim was the nephew of saladi and he basically had the crusaders defeated so the crusaders under pope innocent three uh moved towards the region of egypt and salatin's nephew al khalim basically defended and stopped their movement and they were forced to surrender to alkaline later on a sixth crusade was seen where simply a peaceful transfer of jerusalem to crusader's warden and jerusalem was handed back to the crusaders however this peace treaty expired this peace treaty was a result of the negotiation done with al-kalim from uh who was the governor during that time the nephew of saladi and after the peace treaty and ended muslim muslims actually regained control over jerusalem now these crusaders kept on struggling and during this time there was origin of a new dynasty and these were mom looks mom looks for none but the people of slave dynasty or who themselves believe to be owned the arabic word mam lok comes from owned now my looks were those who descended from the slaves of the islamic empire and took to power in egypt as a result looks forced palestine and that at that point of time the successors of changi's khan were the alleys of uh the crusaders and therefore there was a tough fight between the successors of changes khan who fought against the mom looks the slaves during that time but the slave the mamluk dynasty or the slave dynasty actually demolished ruthlessly the region and the india in the region of syria was finally brought under control and this was the point where it was believed that the end of crusades was taking place and the impact of these crusades was very very in-depth because uh crusaders who were moving from the region of roman empire came into close contact with the arab and the greek civilization as a result a lot of knowledge in art science mathematics developed not only this this also developed the way for renesa in europe later the crusaders also used to learn the concept of guns that were used by turks and therefore gun powder was how gunpowder is used was learned new trade routes were discovered and kings became more powerful kings received more revenue from the traders as texas and therefore they were able to establish a better law and order situation trade relations between europe and asia prospered because of the contacts that they had with the eastern world so those were some of the major developments that we have seen that were registered because of crusades but yes it had a huge impact on humanity and over a period of just 200 years eight wars were fought and finally fall of constantinople was witnessed which ultimately brought an end to the roman civilization monasteries in europe became an important center of learning order and discipline now monasteries simply are the places where monks dwell how these monks came into existence in middle europe is further interesting the monks who came here were those who were where to do christians and they moved from the region of rome to palestine being fed up with the kind of corruption and uh the luxurious life in their existing empire so these monks then started to work for the welfare of human race and also they devoted life to prayer so that was again an important thing now when these um monks started to move from the region of rome to the region of palestine they mainly had a vision of helping the poor eating the various pilgrims to visit their holy places that they wanted to and moreover the idea was any disorder that was left should be removed and people should be involved with the center of discipline and learning which were the monasteries so what happened in monasteries was very very interesting lot of things were learned for example the art of animal husbandry the art of craftsmanship glass painting wood cutting mural paintings all of these were learned schools were founded incentives were given to people who wanted to read and write shelters were given to travelers widows were given protection hospitals were built for the needy and the poor people nuns used to teach as well as the preach the concepts now when we talk about preaching it was not just the religious education but also secular education and lot of missionaries went to the non-christian dominated lands and provided the concepts and preached and helped the people this led to numerous reforms now among uh the all of those saint bernard uh saint bernard of calif rocks is the one who is considered as one of the most ideal monks and the most influential moms of his time now saint bernard's calvarox basically focused on the lifestyle and what are the rules and ethics that should be followed in the monasteries later by 16th century we have seen that there were numerous divisions within the christianity itself so catholics and protestants were the two major divisions and at this point of time the success of monasteries started to decline the power and the downfall of monasteries was witnessed so this happened with the beginning of renesa after the crusades as we had seen from the impact of crusade the idea of art geometry science maths was learned from the arab and the greek civilizations and as a result this prompted the concept of renesa in europe with renisa there was a decline and reformatory movement which was known as reformation and this reformation was again a religious movement in 16th century which was started by the protestants who were not that orthodox as catholics and they wanted to end the kind of monastic life in the nations that were ready to adopt protestant religion or were the protestant nations this slowly started to spread to the regions where catholic influence was high and ultimately even in the regions where catholic influence was high with the development of renesa a little of liberation in the policy and uh movement of the concepts away from the traditional boundaries were seen so slowly the monastic life started to end and the monasteries started to decline not only in the protestant states but also in the regions where catholic nations were there thank you