Transcript for:
Sales Cycle and Cell Division Insights

all right folks well I hope your day has gone well without any crazy excitement from slipping on icy roads as hack was cancelled this morning closed up this morning for the weather as I think where most schools closed for the whole day but things are thawing out just in time for some more wintry weather what Saturday into Sunday and maybe some more next uh next Wednesday or Thursday so we're we're here in a little ice and snow cycle but it's February in Pennsylvania so what do you expect all right well we'll get going here with announcements first little review of the agenda any questions for me starting out we're at the tail end of week three lab three is our Focus today on the sales cycle you've taken your first round of quizzes with your chapter one lecture quiz wrapped up and your lab one quiz wrapped up and now we're getting into lab two and chapter 2 part one any questions for me anything anything there's a couple things I'm going to mention from my experiences with with all of my classes this week but let's take a look at the agenda and so we are working on chapter two in our lecture material and let me just check our schedule here yeah this is our first week of chapter 2 the chemistry of life part one covering sections 2.1 2.2 and 2.3 and next week is is part two it's a big chapter so I split it up into into two sections the first three sections this week and next week section 2.4 it's one section but it's it's a big section so give chemistry some extra time as I was suggesting last week before you got rolling with the unit and today's lab three on the cell cycle focusing on cell division mitosis mostly and a little bit of meiosis chapter 4 is the textbook reference chapter for this unit and so your homework in Connect is due by Saturday the smart book and the lecture pregame for chapter 2 part one you'll have assignments for chapter 2 part two for for next week they're they're open now but I'll list them here in the agenda next week and then your chapter 2 part one lecture quiz is due by Sunday and I synchronized the calendars the the grace day where there's no penalty that still applies but I I just reconfigured things on my end so you see the the same due date that's in all of the other resources the um quiz and assignment due date document in in the course information folder under content and the dates I copy and list here in the agenda they're so they'll they'll all be the same so but just keep in mind you do still have that Grace day period And then after that that's when those um 10% late penalties kick into gear okay so yeah avoid avoid those earn all of these these easy points with the homework and get all that extra review in let me shut that phone up okay and so for today's lab you have some assignments to complete as well as assignments from last week's lab two the pregame activities and also you have several Virtual Lab assignments okay I'll open up the quiz I think I open it up Fridays and it's due by next Friday so this is your lab 2 quiz that's been open but virtual Labs I had a couple questions about virtual Labs now these are connect homework assignments that you complete on connect and they are located with all of the other McGraw Hill connect homework assignments so in the table of contents in the mcra hill connect folder open that up and I showed you this during the first week right this should ring a bell there's a couple of ways to get to these assignments but this is this is the most direct from D2L i' I've linked them in and synchronized them into D2L to make it easy for you you have your smartbook assignments the lecture pregame the lab pregame activities and that here's your Virtual Lab assignment okay so there's several here for lab two and you have several for lab three to complete okay and these Virtual Lab assignments are interactive so you manipulate things you work through the screens with the computer Compu graphics and some animation setting up the microscope and viewing cells under this virtual microscope answering questions and it'll have you answer questions to move on to the next section in in in the lab okay yeah so they're all uh connect resources that connect produces uh some are brand new for this semester they they produce new ones every semester and I go through and review them and and I've worked them all some some of them you'll notice you have to be really specific about what part of the item you you click on so play around with that a little bit some of the uh tools are a little sensitive in certain labs when you click on something or click on it and drag it around sometimes it lets you just click on a on a really small portion of it and remember these homework assignments these virtual labs they are just like the others you can redo them as many times as you want to earn the maximum points and to use as a study resource and okay so that's where they are directly from the con from the D2L course and then when you're in Connect you can do a a Connect login right log into your connect and into your course and you can access them them from there as well right going into the student view right it'll look some something like this and here they are the virtual ABS okay all right couple more things here just to point out let's see yeah for today's lab you have uh the pregame activities on connects to complete for home work and you have several virtual Labs DNA and RNA structure that's part of our work today kind of reviewing DNA and RNA those nucleic acids and looking at genes and chromosomes and the role that they play here in cell division examining mitosis examining meiosis notice they're two separate Labs mitosis and meiosis are two separate types of cell division so there's two separate virtual Labs sometimes students do do the mitosis one and for whatever reason don't do the meiosis I guess because mitosis is similar to meiosis they they read this as mitosis incorrectly and don't do it because I'll I'll have every semester somebody will email me or something hey um why' I get a zero on on that mitosis lab I did it and I'll go and look and and yeah they did the mitosis one but they didn't do the meiosis one that that happens regularly so just be mindful of that that's why I'm mentioning it okay so there's there's one two three four virtual Labs chromosomal inheritance during meiosis is the last one and so these assignments are all due by next Thursday and then the lab three quiz will open up tomorrow and be be du by Valentine's Day by the 14th okay any questions on that agenda you guys getting into the flow of things feeling a bit more comfortable with the course you have one round or two rounds of of quizzes under your belts okay and I will be opening up the quizzes very soon the first couple of weeks is always a little rough getting everyone up to speed some of you pick this up right away and you're off and running without any problem and others it takes it takes a little while all kinds reasons and I I work with you so sometimes there's a delay but really beginning next week things will be pretty smooth so typically when a quiz runs to its due dates typically 24 to 48 hours after the due date and I I'll double check make sure everyone has taking it I open the quizzes up so you can go in and review your questions and answers and and see my my answer key and use that as a study source for your cumulative lecture quiz the cumulative lecture final quiz at the end of the semester you'll take that during finals week in in May the the dates and the syllabus and the the due date document and so yes you will get to see all of it but and I usually yeah hold on to those quizzes until everyone takes them so and I I send you know someone doesn't do a quiz I'll send them a reminder right get that quiz in because it it kind of holds the rest of y'all up because I don't release quizzes until everyone takes it obviously okay but yeah get those quizzes done on time and keep in mind you have that Grace day with no penalty and avoid any late penalties okay yeah earn as many many points as you can I got a lot of points okay to to Avail yourselves of in this course and just a couple reminders here about quizzes and this is these are just observations from from all of my classes it's no one here in in particular at all if it applies to you it's not meant to this is just general information and reminders and feedback um be mindful of your camera he just make sure it's positioned so you get that full side profile I can I can see your head your whole head I can see your whole body I can see your arms and hands I can see your your workspace the the computer laptop I can see the monitor I can see the back area of it I can see the keyboard okay I can you know just see the general area around your your workspace okay so be be very mindful of that and and overall um most of you have been have been good with that sometimes I see the cameras positioned at an angle where it's like behind you and I'm almost looking over your shoulder so I don't see most of your desk or keyboard right there's a huge blind spot there and and that is not permissible um or it's the other way around where the camera is positioned kind of behind the computer so I get to see you and maybe the back of the computer but I I don't see the the monitor screen the front of the screen and and some of the workspace and keyboard might be might be hidden that's not allowed either okay so that's something to avoid just have that side profile just you know you look at the references back in the um in the proctoring module and I have those photographs that show the the perfect setup um no scratch paper is allowed okay no paper on your desks make sure your workspace is clear and when you do the environment scan clearly show your workspace okay so take your camera around and clearly show that surrounding workspace that's very import important take your quizzes alone no one else is in the room your room is quiet so no noise he no TV no music right I had someone the other semester they had some like reality show I don't know what it was like the wives of Chicago or whatever blasting like at 50 Deb while they're trying to take their quiz so yeah have a nice quiet space and no other electronic devices are permitted no no calculator you're not going to need a calculator for for your your quizzes here um obviously no no earbuds and that kind of thing [Music] um charge your computers make sure your computers are all charged up I suggest plugging in your laptops double check make sure it's charged but you know sometimes we forget so the best bet is to plug it in so there's no no technical issues like that uh there's no retakes permitted okay so that's really important to to double check um also your home networks you know everyone has different internet and and different speeds you know you you pay whatever provider different fees for for different speeds and sometimes if your house is busy like if your kids are on the computer watching Netflix playing games and and there's a lot of heavy Network traffic that can slow things down and and can potentially cause problems so do your best to take your quizzes during those kind of off times if if possible or you know just th throw the kids a book and tell them to turn off their video game for an hour you know get give them a a Sketchbook and a pencil and have them draw something cool you know for an hour and while you're taking your you're taking your quiz um CU again you know people's networks vary but when also you get your quiz going before it shut down on your computer any application you're not using like if if you have a bunch of apps up and word and PowerPoint and Excel and Photoshop and and all these other apps that that consumes a lot of your working memory which can slow down and cause problems with other Technologies with with the testing okay so just uh be mindful of that as well okay Mia as long as I can see I see your note in the chat Mia when as long as we I can see uh that whole area right yeah yeah stand up and show yeah show me that whole area yeah make sure I can see the whole work space as as best as you as you can yep you bet and then keep on maintaining that setup for the whole semester okay and so you'll be in good shape and and and the vast majority of my students are are on track there's still a few I'm still communicating with some okay A little back and forth here and there but yeah that's that's these are all really important things to be mindful of because some of you certainly have taken proctored quizzes in other classes like if you've had math all all of the math professors require it okay and so you're you're you're coming from that environment okay I I know a few of them and I I know how strict we are they are and we are and we're all trying to follow the the same strict policies and all of it's for your benefit because most of you are getting into clinical programs with proctored testing in-person proctor testing is common and so you you definitely want to get used to this experience you know there's computer at home Proctor testing but it's a little different with a lot of clinical programs because they have different accreditors these are organizations that basically give give colleges permission to Grant degrees they're called crediting agencies and the big one for for hack and all of the colleges in Pennsylvania and other states is called middle States but the nursing they have middle States and another creditor and if they don't follow the rules of the accreditor they are not allowed to confer degrees and certificates to their health care providers you know students who get a Nursing degree right so and they look at the equity of testing and the fairness of testing that's a big deal and so the stakes are very high you know this this is kind of inside baseball um but that's why we're such sticklers in all this because we want you to be set up for Success when you get into your nursing classes for example and you you have to take Proctor tests and you're forced to take it at a physical testing site with a human being watching you the whole time take a test right there has to be rules about fair and Equitable assessment that students are not at home taking open book tests and AI T you know looking up all the answers and all that kind of nonsense that that doesn't fly we're not in the throws in the early uh months of covid anymore right when that kind of malarkey was was happening but it's it's a different world and we're getting back to the the rigor where it where it should be with with online assessment okay any questions for me and I'm going to put in a a little checklist okay one of one of our friends um from math has shared with with me and a couple other uh biology profs the checklist that they use for all of their proctored math quizzes and it's really it's really helpful so I'm going to add that into the proctoring um module as well nothing new it's just the basically a nice little like 10 or 11 things to be mindful of before you you take um the Proctor the Proctor quiz [Music] okay and Angela I I'll have to double check that I see your question for me about that um study guide I I'll I'll have to look at it and and check I don't know off the top of my head but I will I will find out for you and I'll shoot you an email this afternoon you bet all right so for lab number three this is our cell cycle and cell division lab you have your workflow and yeah I am I'm going through someone mentioned in this class or another class uh some of there's a couple of YouTube videos where the owners pulled them and so they're coming up blank I'm going through right now and I I found a couple of them and I'll replace them and I know some of the um the links from the PowerPoint as well I'm basically modifying those and and getting rid of those because it's it's it's a lot of work to check every single YouTube and every single PowerPoint slide with YouTube links every single semester cuz you know I make YouTube videos and there's a bunch of them that I've made in the course but the vast majority of them are pulled from YouTube from creators all over the all over the world and sometimes though their videos disappear they delete them from their Channel or they delete their Channel and they're all gone and so you have you have a link so I'm going through and I'm cleaning cleaning house a little bit doing a little early spring cleaning for some of that okay thanks hadia got your note there okay and so you have a PowerPoint and a study guide and I'll be posting that key as well some YouTube videos to check out and the recording will go there we're also going to be playing a review game on cahoot which I like to use from time to time and you'll have a chance for some sweet sweet bonus points based upon your performance in the cahoot game so we'll do that later on yeah I like playing games for review with Quizlet and with Cahoots and a few others but let's get into the main content of today's lab which is a offshoot of Cell Biology in chapter three the cell cycle mitosis and meiosis so we know living things are alive because they meet these six major characteristics okay you'll be learning more in chapter 3 about these cells are the basic units of life right Life Starts at the cell living things are made up of cells okay a mitochondria a nucleus a GGI complex by itself is not alive but when you put put them into a mass of cytoplasm and wrap a plasma membrane around it that cell membrane it's a living cell cells reproduce that's basically what we're focusing on today cell reproduction reproduction usually occurs at the cellular level so we're going to learn about our parent cell there's the cell membrane and the nucleus and what that parent cell has to do first is copy the nucleus so before the cell divides the nucle nuus has to divide and we have to take our copies of DNA and all those genes and distribute them between these these two future cells so it's still one single cell membrane but you can see there's two nuclei there that are beginning to separate they're they're dividing first and then after the nuclei SE separate we can then divide the cell and so that's what we call cytoplasmic Division and then we end up with two identical cells these are called daughter cells you see the name right there right the cells the daughter cells are [Music] identical to each other and to the parent cell so basically what you have here in this example is a cloning process okay and we're learning about mitosis and emphasizing mitosis Division and and that's basically what mitosis is we're we're copying all of the DNA in the nucleus making sure that each future daughter cell gets a set of all that DNA and then becomes a separate individual cell the daughter cells the daughters of the parent so they're getting identical sets of chromosomes and so we'll learn more about some of the the terminology like chromosome and sister chromatid and chromatin and other terms related to the DNA and the genes and these these other different traits obtain and use energy we learned in chapter [Music] one that living things display a metabolism looking at all the chemical reactions taking place in a cell living things have a level of organization atom molecule organel cell so we're we're at that cell level here in lab you're in the chemical level atoms and molecules in lecture and then we'll be in the tissues next week it's the start of two tissue labs labs four and five is our tissue histology and then into the organs organ system and the whole organism living things also respond to the environment they respond to changes in the environment those changes are called stimuli and that can be changes in the external and or internal environment of the cell of the organism and then living things grow and develop that's that's part of what we're focusing on today like a cell grows in size volume and cell number all right we can have one cell divide into get rid of that green against orange is not a good look one cell divides into two two cells into four four into eight8 into 16 to 32 to 64 to 128 to 256 to 5 12 10 24 Etc so we're going from single digits to double digits triple quadruple digits before you know it we're in the The Thousands tens of thousands millions tens of millions billions trillions of cells okay living things are made up of trillions of cells in complex multicellular organisms I can type today I've been using my laptop pretty much all day and I use a different keyboard when I'm teaching it's a it's a wireless keyboard and it's a little smaller so I'm always like hitting the wrong key because it's just muscle memory from the bigger to the smaller keyboard okay and so some of the key roles that cell division plays are are shown here and I threw that word out before multicellular okay that means the organism is made of many cells a unicellular it's made of one so and those of you taking microbiology will learn a lot about unicellular organisms like bacteria and protists the protozoa like amoeba and cyia and algae and others this organism here is actually reproducing this guy here but it's NE it's it's none of these it's not a bacterium protus protoo or an alga anyone know what organism this is it's in a process of reproduction that we call budding b u d d i n g this organism is very important commercially in the baking and Brewing Industries this is the parent cell and it is producing a bud we don't call it a daughter cell but that's the butd anyone know what organ M this is yeast yeah yeah exactly yep that is yeast and and yeast anyone know what kind of organism it is it's it's none of these it's not a bacteria not a protest not a protome not an alga not an animal not a plant I've narrowed it down a lot a yeast is a species of you may enjoy them in your salads and and pizzas as I do I tried growing them unsuccessfully this past year but it's a type of fungus I was going after mushrooms but but a yeast is a unicellular fungus and the kingdom fungi and Kingdom Animalia are kingdom are similar in that they are UK cariot right so that yeast one cell it shares the same organel as us it has a true nucleus it has true membranebound organel but yeah mus mushrooms and mold and yeast have more in common to animals than plants and protozoa the cell wall chemical that they have it's called kiten it's very similar to the kiten found in crab and lobsters and shrimp roaches ants honeybees in crustations and insects it's the same chemical so it's it's more of an animal protein carbohydrate um not plant fiber not plant cellulose that's a different carbohydrate but yeah there's some really cool similarities between between them that's why in a lot of Cell Biology research yeast cells are used as models for animal cells because we can easily grow them in the lab they're inexpensive and there's shared genes in the yeast DNA that we we also possess but they display an interesting behavior of asexual reproduction where this type of reproduction involves one parent so it's one parent right that's the parent cell and it is copying its DNA and this little bud is growing from the parent and eventually it'll get too heavy and tear itself off and it'll leave behind a scar on the parent and you can actually see a little bit here like here's a scar that's probably a little a little bit of another scar yeah growing yeast in large numbers is uh is tremendously important in Modern Biology research I I took a class in Brad school from one of these one of these scientists who pioneered that those processes he wrote The Textbook on it and we had to use his textbook for the class he was a legend and he was like in his 70s when when I had him he was close to retirement I think shortly after the class um but yeah Mass producing he called you called him babies Mass producing the babies the yeast babies and then we use yeast for cancer research and all sorts of disease research that involves um genetic mutations plants also you know I know I know I know I have some fellow fellow gardeners in class I love gardening and here we have some cuting being made of the shoots and you can take those cuting and plant them in some soil and voila you have a clone of the plants you cut that Chute from that's how green houses operate right the greenhouse workers are often do a lot of the uh the The Cutting plant husbandry it's called and basically asexually reproducing in a in a human artificial type of approach right but yeah those new plants from the CHS are going to become identical to the parent plant they're genetically identical and we mentioned growth before right one cell divides into two into four and then you get your multicellular organism and we see this a lot mitosis helps us repair injured damaged tissues so cells that are damaged old and worn out some some cells they they're just dying of old age there's a constant turnover of cells in your body you're you're getting new organs all the time like especially in the skeletal system where there's a lot of heavy duty weightbearing like your hips you basically get a new hip joint remodeled for you every 3 to four months there's such a high turnover because of all the abuse that your hip joint endures as part of living and activity and all that trauma damages cells they die off and are replaced by fresh healthy new bone and connective tissue cells made by mitosis so there's this constant renovation constant uh Remodeling and turnover in the body across all the tissues muscle as well some tissues have more difficult times of dividing like nervous [Music] tissue okay but some terminology each week it's it's kind of like when you're making rounds like as you guys many of you get into your your nursing programs and the other the other health care programs you'll you spend time making rounds in different areas of Health Care pediatric nursing for example you know is is um one area you'll you'll experience and you might realize hey I it's it's not for me not for me right maybe you're you're more at home in in like in uh the emergency um room environment okay um maybe it's obstetrics Gynecology so there's you'll get a big kind of tour of different aspects of of Health Care and and and nursing care and you'll get to learn different terminologies and the different languages you know each each specialization speaks their own language talks their own talk uses their own jargon okay that that other people don't don't get right even even other other clinics don't really understand that's how it is in biology as well you you specialize in in certain topics right and so you learn the language of that topic whether you are an anatomist a physiologist or a botanist who studies plants or a or a cytologist who studies cells right you're you're taking a deep dive into that subject and and learning the the language of it and there's overlap with other areas but you know we have faculty at hack who will never ever ever teach A&P they don't want to go anywhere near it because their background is is in bird biology or Environmental Studies they don't have any background in in human bio so you can have your A&P I'll stick with my my plant course right even though we're we're both biologists we're in very different camps and and that's how it often is in in the clinical settings as you'll see an experience once you get you know further into the programs and and then your careers and some of you know that already by just being in a you know working in a hospital at whatever level you're you're at with your job and you kind of get that I get that idea pretty quickly so yeah there's a lot of terminology in in in the labs that will differ from week to week and the first of these cell description terms somatic cells versus germ cells okay let's start with the germ cells first germ cells are the gametes their other name is the sex cells okay there's only two examples the sperm cell and the Egg that's it and they're made through meiosis not mitosis but meiosis which will compare and contrast with mitosis later and within their nucleus here's the nucle nucleus of the sperm and here's the nucleus of the egg they have what we call the haid chromosome number and it's symbolized by a lowercase n sometimes it's capitalized it doesn't really matter but usually it's shown lowercase but haid haid means half the total chromosome number for the species 12 of the total I'll move this chromosome number of the species okay so we call that half lyd half loid means half and so that makes sense when the sperm and the Egg fuse together to produce the embryo which is a one cell embryo unicellular called the zygote so that zygote is the fusion of the chromosomes from the sperm cell and the egg cell so we see the haid number of the sperm and the Egg are three there's three chromosomes in each and so the diploid number is going to be six the embryo and all of the cells that result from the embryo are called somatic cells somatic means body body cells they're diploid diploid means they have the full chromosome number for the species appid is half diploid is the fool diploid is double the haid haid is three double that is six in this simple example and we use 2 n two lowercase n or 2 capital N again doesn't matter for in this example the diploid number is six and we get that through mitosis and so body cells skin cells liver cells intestinal cells brain cells heart cells cartilage cells they're all diploid somatic cells most cells in the body are diploid somatic cells so DNA you're learning about DNA in chapter 2 and that's going to be more in Chapter 2 part two next uh next week but DNA comes in two different forms okay chromatin and chromosomes and DNA is stored in the nucleus and and here's our nucleus in purple double membrane organel has some nuclear pores that lets chemicals in and and out to communicate with the cell and then inside what looks like a big bowl of spaghetti that's chromatin chromatin is like messy Tangled string thread I think of colored thread that's basically what chromatin means chroma is color it's really messy really messy unorganized DNA okay it's like perhaps your your sock drawer your closet maybe your kids's bedroom right it's really really kind of chaotic and messy it's it's Unwound it's unraveled we say it's dispersed through the nucleus and it's it's found at the beginning of the cell cycle in the stage of the cell cycle called interphase interphase is the stage between divisions it's the stage between cell divisions and this chromatin is very busy making macro molecules so it's busy making sugars and lipids the fats and oils and proteins and nucleic acids like DNA and RNA and ATP so it's very busy producing a lot of big chemicals that the cell needs but when the cell is getting ready to divide we have to organize this messy chromatin it's kind of like oh we have company coming over for dinner we got to clean up our Pig Dy of the house right that's kind of what chromatin has to it has has to clean itself up so what it does it begins to wind itself around proteins called histones these blue and green proteins they're called histones histone bodies and you can see in yellow the [Music] chromatin okay and it's wrapping itself around I kind of think of it like fishing line on a reel or with our thread analogy we're separating our colored thread each color gets its own spool nice and organized okay and so the chromatin as it does that wraps tightly around the histones they come together to form what we call a nucleosome nucleosomes are all the histones and the chromatin and then it starts to thicken up and then it starts to to fold and loop into the chromosome you see a chromosome is just a big mass of this organized chromatin twisted around itself tightly packaged DNA it's organized DNA and we only see the chromosomes when the cells are dividing when mitosis is taking place and DNA is not a multitasker when DNA is organized as chromosomes it's number one focus is cell division it is not being used to make your macro molecules your big macro is Big your big sugars fats lipids oils proteins nucleic acids no it it it can't do that it has its focus on one task which is divide the cell cell division and then when cell division's done the chromosome unravels back to chromatin once again just like when company goes all right we can live like pigs once again we can become slobs once again it's a constant back and forth back and forth back and forth through the cell cycle you have mitosis interphase mitosis interphase again and again and again and again and again and and go really quick to my uh iPad here if you have any questions because some of this may be new to you you know definitely ask because you haven't really learned much at all about DNA yet or anything like that you'll get more into it in chapter three in in lecture okay but just re really um really briefly just so you're kind of up to speed right with DNA DNA is a chemical that is grouped into the nucleic acid family of macro molecules and it has this very unique interesting shape for a chemical what is this shape called it's not a single but a double helix yeah yeah good yep yep excellent yeah this is the double helix yeah a helix is a spiral kind of shape right very common shape in nature think of a snail shell or if you look closely at like a fern when the fern and frond begins to grow it starts out as a little Fiddle Head and then it starts to unravel and unfurl kind of like those party favors you blow and the tube shoots out that's a helix you know any kind of spiral type of type of uh shape right and so you can take that shape and turn it into a ladder as far as a way to just understand what DNA is right this kind of La simplified ladder model where you have the rungs of the ladder right the sides that you hold on to oh no other way around sorry about that you have the sides of the ladder that you hold on to sometimes my mouth talks faster than my brain works and then you have the rungs the most important part of DNA is the rungs because the the sides are structure the rungs are information information this is where the genes basically are located and protected okay and so RNA is similar to DNA but it is just one chain not too and it's it's not Twisted so using the r the ladder model it's kind of like one rung well one side and many single rungs we call it a single strand where DNA is a double helix it's a double strand molecule okay RNA is in in a way think of it like like uh like your checkbook right if if DNA is the bank where all your your money is Right storing up all your money RNA is like the checkbook so it it it kind it represents your money it's just it's just paper you know all money is you know paper and metal or cryptocurrency which is electrons right but it's just a representation of actual physical cash physical money right so what we can do is copy a gene onto RNA and so RNA becomes that Gene copy and if that RNA molecule should get damaged somehow in the cell environment right it has some bad chemical [Music] interaction and the RNA molecule is is altered in shape and structure and it no longer works that's okay right because we still have the original Gene in the bank and we can make another copy of it if needed up you know I we all did this writing out writing out a personal check and we we wrote it out wrong you know we made it we made a mistake we have to avoid that check no big deal you know we write another check checks you know they're disposable so this molecule has a language to it and this is just a little intro we're not dwelling on this because we're going to get soon enough into the cell cycle but you'll see this come up a number of times in in in the resources here with cell division DNA I'll go back back to the black here DNA is made up of four chemical bases these are bases that have the element nitrogen in them there's adenine thyine cycene and guanine A T C and G are the four symbols and in the double stranded molecule they form base pairs well where a bonds to t and c bonds to G and vice versa all right so if you have your double strand right dot dot dot dot dot dot dot dot dot dot dot dot these are what we call the base pair rules for complementary matching of the base pairs you know they're they're like jigsaw puzzle pieces a fits best with t g fits best to C if there is a mistake if there's an error when the gene is copied and rather than T bonding correctly to a oh that's one and there's a mistake and instead it bonds to C that's what we call a mutation it could be harmless or it could create some minor problems right but some mutations can result in genetic disease and some can be can be lethal there's different levels of mutation we're not getting into those those here but that's what we mean by mutation it's it's a base pairing error it's like a typo but a typo with with significant implications with to one's health and these typos can accumulate and you know a couple little typos no big deal but if there's many many typos that's a problem you right points start to come off right you're writing a paper for English and there's a there's a rubric and you lose points if you have you know three or more typos or misspellings and you lose a point and right accumulation of mutations can result in an illness one or two no problem but 5 6 10 uhoh we we have the beginnings of maybe a Cancer and that's ultimately a big reason why why we learn about this topic because cancer is mitosis out of control where there's genes that code for the cell cycle and the different stages of mitosis so if there's mutations in those genes the timing of the cell cycle thrown off it's too slow it's too fast steps are missed certain chemicals are not present or they're in the wrong place it's kind of like you know a the theatrical production gone crazy if you know the director is drunk or whatever and it's just a chaotic freefor all everything's wrong people are forgetting their lines they're standing in the wrong place the music's off the lighting's off sound effects are not synchronized and it's just a big chaotic mess okay so the more we understand how mitosis Works normally we can understand how it works abnormally with these mutations and if we can figure out those mutations in the cell cycle and fix them we can prevent and or cure cancer so you hear about cancer research and money for cancer research most of that is mitosis research on on a genetic level okay where we're in the molecular biology lab the cell Biol laab working with the actual gen so yeah this is it's incredible with the amount of breakthrough that we are seeing and will be seeing with a lot of cancer research now and and in the near future and so we look at this diagram here this is called a carryer type this Photograph and it is a photographic map of a person's chromosomes okay kot type it's kind of like a chromosome signature like a a chromosome fingerprint so this stereotype marks you as you and it's arranged in the order of chromosome number from chromosome 1 through the 22 body chromosomes okay 1 through 22 and you see they get smaller and smaller and every chromosome has a number the first ones are longer and then they start to get really short short short short short chromosome 22 is the shortest and then we have a pair of sex chromosomes okay so we have they're called autosomes 1 through 22 and then the sex [Music] chromosomes sex chromosome a pair of those and that's chromosome 23 right and what sex does and we're talking about um on a genetic level what sex does XY represent X is a longer Y is a shorter chromosome is that the signature for male sex or female sex XY correct yes male and then female is X x so two X chromosomes you would see another X chromosome and these contain genes that confer various sexual characteristics of the individual and you notice they're all paired okay so one chromosome in the pair comes from the male parents that's the paternal chromosome it's from Dad or paw and then the other chromosome comes from the female parent which is maternal maternal right that's ma ma and PAW and so makes sense right we get that paternal chromosome from the sperm and the maternal chromosome from the egg the egg by the way we call it the ovom is a single egg and they're they're arranged here in the carot type side by side the paternal chromosome one paired up with the maternal chromosome one Etc you see they're similar lengths but you see the different colors those are fluorescent labels for the genes so each gene has a resonance on the chromosome we call it a gene Locus a gene Locus is the location the position of the gene so that's what these color bands represent not not single genes but families of genes Locus is single and then we can say Loi is the plural l c many genes many Loi and so with these homologous chromosomes a homologus we have a pair of chromosomes so chromosome one mom and dad have the same genes but they may have different alals another term an Al is a form of a gene so let's say chromosome one contains the genes for hair color right mom is a brunette dad is a blonde so those are the two different alals so we'll have a blond Al and a brunette a the different forms of the gene sometimes there's three or more different Al there actually is for hair hair can be straight curly or wavy those are the three genetic alals for the for hair the Protein that's coded for by the by the hair Gene right so think think of the gene as like that's the milkshake right okay the drink is a milkshake and then the AL are the flavors right vanilla chocolate strawberry alals of the milkshake Gene so what Al are found on these chromosomes will vary they they may or may not be the same okay but chromosome one in our species is going to have the gene for hair color but the AL May differ so that's what creates some of the variety variation when the chromosomes come together in the embryo and every species has its own unique chromosome number we humans Homo sapiens is our two-part scientific name we have 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46 that's our signature chromosome number wheat plants have 21 for 42 Reese's monkeys have 21 alligators and frogs 1613 right rice does housewi mosquitoes have three pairs for for six pairs total but look we shouldn't be so full of ourselves look at potatoes they have one more chromosome so they're they're 48 chromosomes to our 46 but wait a minute why aren't potatoes R ruling the Earth as the dominant species okay well it's not quantity of chromosome it's not the number it's quality it's the quality of those genes and what alals are found down there that's what matters it's like you know like you're in you're taking a class and you have to write a paper all right and you oh you write this paper and it's like 10 pages long the the professor asked for for two but you you you went above and beyond and it's 10 pages and you get your grade back and it's a d like wait a minute here it's 10 pages that should be an A+ yeah don't even have to read it it's 10 pages that's better than two not necessarily so right so it's not about quantity just because you have more of something doesn't mean it's better okay that's how it is for a lot of things in life and and also here in the world of the cell and the gene all right now let's get into the nitty-gritty any questions about what we've explored so far here with some of the the foundation so let's get into the cell cycle think of the cell cycle as a a 24hour day in the life of a cell in in our species that's basically what it is 24 hours is one cycle through the stages that you see here and most of the time the cell is spent in the interphase stage of the of the cell cycle where interphase is a preparation phase we're getting ready so we're moving house I've done this a number of times in my life he it's yeah it's a lot of work to pick up everything and move and you gotta Pack Box everything up label right it's a lot of work that's what interface has to do with all of that chromatin it has to to copy it and then it has to begin to get it all ready and get the cell ready for for mitosis right so mitosis is the chromosome everything's all boxed up and organized you have all your your Gene loai all the genes are in their proper spot all your boxes are taped up and labeled you know where everything's going right here's he this guy has a has a spreadsh she going doc documenting everything right to make moving day go easier where it it can take weeks and months to prepare for a move but moving day is a day a weekend right relatively short time inner phase is long but the actual mitotic phase of the cell cycle is short this is the actual Division and you think about that in life you're working towards a degree it's years it took me five years I because I switched majors and I did I did research which tacked on another semester or so it took me five years to graduate with an undergrad but it it took me just just under two years for my masters right years and years you're running a marathon you're training it it takes months and months and months to to get up to physical ability to to run a marathon well right getting married planning the wedding can be months or years right especially with Co I had friends my sister as well who who were were going to get married at the start of Co and then covid derailed their plan so they had to wait a while and then your wedding day it's one day all of that you know work for one day one event that's the cell cycle in a nutshell too all of this work of interphase for one event that's going to last for a very short time just a couple hours but the rest of the day is spent getting ready for that event so the three major phases of interphase G1 s and G2 in G1 the cell grows bigger it it needs to to gain some volume to to carry out all these activities it's very active in synthesis it's going to make a lot of proteins it's going to make a lot of organel okay it makes everything the future daughter cells going to need not the DNA but all the major proteins and enzymes and organ Els extra GGI extra smoothie are extra rough ER Etc the S phase s stands for synthesis think of G as as a growth stage but s is the synthesis synthesis means to create synthesize the only big event that happens here in s is the chromosomes and they're they're chromat in here but the DNA is doubled it's duplicated so you end up with two sister chromatids and that's another term okay look you go from one chromosome to two sister chromatids chromatid a good way to remember it the word think of them as being tied together at this constricted region see where they overlap that's called the centromere put a little dot on it the central body that temporarily connects the two chromosomes together so they're they're tied TI they're tied together and we call them sister chromatids you have the original and its sister it's copy tied together temporarily they enter G2 more growth more preparation the cell's getting everything in place and then mitosis begins we call it mitotic stage or simply the M stage now this is where nuclear division and cytoplasmic division occur so we end up with our two separate daughter cells right these are the two you can't read my scribble especially when I'm using just my mouse here I'm not on the iPad of course right now but those are the daughter cells the products of mitosis and then look what happens typically one or both of those daughter cells will go right back into G1 right back into interface again and again and again right and so in this in this image this just shows some of that terminology are sister chromatids the original and its replicated sister replicate means copy the replicant the replicated chromosome is the copy and they're color coding them here red is maternal blue is paternal and so here are two non sisters one from Dad blue one from Mom red so those are our homologous chromosomes dads from the sperm moms from the egg here they're in the daughter cell and then that constricted area where the two chromosomes connect as sister chromatids we call that the centrom the central unit The Binding attachment point so you can see here we have 1 2 3 4 five six that's our diploid number six chromosomes the sperm had three and the Egg had three egg maternal egg had three and the sperm had three and now here they are in the daughter cell after fertilization right now they we're up to six in the diploid and you may remember one of the few things I remember from high school biology I remember mitosis I remember doing something silly with mitosis making a a cell and mitosis um like on construction paper and using pipe cleaners and Candy to to to model to model the different stages what one fun way to demonstrate this like in our physical Labs we have these magnet and bead sets the the red and yellow beads represent the the chromosomes the the genes and then the magnets represent the Centrum years but you can also replicate this at home with socks and rubber band bands two long pairs of different colors or designs two short pairs of different colors and designs rubber bands act as the centromere but think I passed my anatomy test IPM interphase but we know inphase is not mitosis interphase is part of the cell cycle it is not part of mitosis itself it comes before and after just like you go you know to a play a the a theatrical performance and there it's long and there's an in there's an intermission that's not the performance that's the break in the action right so we have profase and there's two PS we'll look at prophase and pro metaphase and then metaphase anaphase t phase and we will be looking at two types of cells plant and animal okay we like to use plant cells for this because they're big they their their chromosomes are big they stain dark with nice dark contrast they're easy to see we use onions we take the root tip from the onion slice it really thin stain it this is the the growth part of the onion root tip it's called the the apical Maris stem it's all embryonic onion cells so it has the highest percentage of cells undergoing mitosis and then that's what you see here basically this is like the sweet spot we would look look at in general and and up higher the cells stop dividing and they get longer so initially they're going to look like squares cuz they have a cell wall and then higher up they're going to look like these long rectangles but it's it's only this area where there's really active division not that elongation Zone and then this is the animal example we'll look at this is a stage of embryonic development of a species of fish called called White Fish and what you're looking at here is a ball of cells where you see each little red dot represents a cell so there's thousands and thousands of cells joined together in this embryo so it's developing embryo the cells are dividing at a high rate to transform your fertilized egg which is one single cell unicellular embryo into trillions of cells in the organism okay but you the the cells are small the chromosomes are small but we'll be able to see what we need to see but that's why we we use both for for comparison so here's an illustration of G1 and a big part of your lab quiz is identification being able to identify the cell cycle stage whether it's interphase or a stage of mitosis in plants and animals and then to know what's happening in each of the stages so in G1 think of it as growth but it's it's historically called a gap because it used to be thought of as a gap where where nothing really happened it was a break we know that's incorrect we know a lot happens in in G1 it's very busy preparing to divide DNA is in the form of Chromatin we have a nucleus and nucleoli the nuclear envelope is intact the nucleolus are present and in the in the chat what we learned about this last week what do the nucleoli that's the pl plural remember what do the nucleoli make the nucleoli there's usually several of them here's one use a different color here stand out there's usually several but there for Simplicity they're just showing one nucleis in there what did they make good answers are coming in Fast and Furious yes yes the ribosome the ribosome correct how' you know my nickname Mia Professor RoboMe Rob ribos yes ribosomes and the ribosomes go on to make proteins okay cells getting bigger proteins are synthesizing we proteins Run the World in this in the cellular environment structure and function we're making new organel we're dividing the mitochondria and in the in the plants the chloroplasts and then our centrosomes remember these from last week there's a whole centrosome with not one but two pairs of centrioles They're copying themselves here and here's what it looks like in the lab with our bead models nucleus intact there's our centrosome and our two centrioles here's our four in this simple example we have a diploid number of four so four chromosomes and then the socks you can also arrange the the tape indicates a gene or an Al and we have a little sticker capital B lowercase speed to indicate the AL on the bead but and then in the S phase we're duplicating all that DNA it's it's still chromatin but now it's doubled it's chromatin time 2 doubled we're making all of those chromosomal proteins all those histones we need a lot of them in order to make chromosomes we'll get our sister chromatids set up the original and it's copied sister we're going to attach them to the [Music] cir but the big thing all of that DNA is is copied is doubled here and so look what we see we add another beaded chromosome and we connect them by the magnets the Cent mirors to show a pair of sister chromatids too long and too short to represent the homologous chromosomes Reds Reds from Mom the maternal and then yellows from Dad the Father the paternal and then get your other sock and then rubber band them together at the Cent mirror and then finally G2 the second growth or Gap phase cells getting bigger those chromosomes those sister chromatids need a lot of room further prep for mitosis we're making a lot of enzymes enzymes are chemicals You' be learning more about in Chapter 2 and three they are the catalysts they rev up and and kickstarts the chemical reactions okay they're desperately needed to make Chemical Reactions fast and efficient and the centrosomes they don't show it here yet in the uh illustration but the centrosomes are going to start to migrate away from each other and move toward opposite poles of the cell think of a North and South Pole in cells we call one we call it animal and vegetable sometimes X and Y just a signate one pole just North Pole and the other South Pole and here we're showing our centrioles migrating away from each other but otherwise it looks the same as as s and then in the microscope okay importantly in the microscope we can see in the root tip we know it's a plant because we have a cell wall the cells look like squares or rectangles where in the animal the cells are round okay that's the nucleus filled with the chromatin okay here's the cell wall and here's our nucleus and there's a little nucleoli in there so in interphase which is really common the nuclear envelopes intact the chromosomes are are doubled but you can't really tell and the DNA is in that loose messy uncondensed unorganized chromatin in the onion you can see Lei visible okay they'll be visible but in the in the animal no you're not going to they're they're there but you're not going to see them they're they're so small okay now to prophase mitosis proper mitosis proper you have a big change the chromosomes are now condensed ing from the chromatin they're coiling up folding and looping and we start to see chromosomes appear they look like thick rods in the microscope as we'll see the centrosomes are moving towards opposite poles and they're starting to make the spindle the spindle is made up of microtubules remember the the centrioles and centrosomes that their job is to make can organize microtubules to use in the sperm flagellum and the cyia and here in the spindle the spindle is this football-shaped structure that's going to separate the sister chromatids and pull them apart from each other like breaking apart a KitKat candy bar okay nucleoli are gone we don't need they they break down and also the nuclear membrane that nuclear envelope is also breaking down it's no longer needed the the sister chromatids are going to fill up the cytoplasm and here we see in the microscope now look carefully right you can see there's a couple examples here here's another one you can see like thicker Rod shaped chromosomes like this this guy is an interphase this guy is an interface this guy is an interphase but you can see Rod shaped chromosomes like really thick rods thick threads and here too okay that's a good prophase that's a good prophase and the nucleus is breaking down it's not not intact and look at the animal you can see distinct Rod shaped chromosomes and the nucleus is gone look here's an intact nucleus that's a good interphase right there's the nucleus you can see that membrane that envelope but here it's it's gone that's the good prophase right and you're DNA is in the form of the chromatid right but a big factor for identification is the nucleoli are going to disappear you're not going to be able to see them you're going to see more more of those thicker sister chromatids and we're going to practice this here in a little bit now I wanted to to to also insert in this Pro metaphase it comes right after prophase it's just a continuous sequence the these stages don't stop and start they just continue and merge from one to the next here the centrosomes are at opposite poles okay we're still condensing the the chromosomes and making those sister chromatids nucleus is still breaking down spindle fibers are still forming but here is the big switch the big change the chromosomes are starting to migrate towards the center of the cell they're beginning to migrate towards the center they're still kind of scattered but the microtubule fibers of the spindle attached to the centrom miror there's a structure there called a kineticore shown by the black dots there that's the kinetic cor they're linking connecting points between the yellow microtubular spindle fiber from the cental from the centrosome connecting it to the cister chromatid so so the the cister chromatids are being dragged around they're being like you know like like a dog on a leash they're being pulled around to from all points of the cell to this more central zone not the dead center not exact but but getting towards the center of the cell okay so that's what you that's what you look for metaphase big change here the chromosomes as sister chromatids are lined up at the equator of the cell we call this region just like on planet Earth the middle region is the equator we also call it the metaphase plates roughly in the center of the [Music] cell okay the cister chromatids are still attached to each other at their centor but they're still attached to the spindle fibers but what we see here is alignment the spindles aligned on the vertical axis and the the cyto chromatids are aligned on the metaphase plate at the the horizontal axis the spindle is fully formed everything is lined up and ready to divide evenly this is where gene mutations occur there's certain cancer genes that interfere with correct spindle production and sometimes what happens the spindle is off center or it's broken so some of the proteins of the microtubules collapse and the spindle bends under its weight and so when the cyto chromatids are pulled apart they're pulled apart unevenly and you get all of these strange chromosomal abnormalities you have cells with extra chromosomes and other cells missing chromosomes and all that can lead to cancerous tissue again it's mistakes in mitosis that causes many kinds of cancer so all of these things that we're covering here with the stages have to go off like clockwork without a hitch so there there's many points here that can that are problematic that a mutation can disrupt that can lead to massive mitosis errors and cancer so when you see cells that have chromosomes that are roughly lined up it's not going to be perfect but roughly lined up in the center equator of the cell like here's the cell animal cells are around right that's metaphase you're not going to see a spindle in the plant they too clearly you might see little bits of it but you'll see it very clearly I'll put two dots where the centrosome and the centrioles are and then all of these red fibers those are spindle fibers anchoring the centrosome to the membrane and and connecting the chromosomes and putting them into position everything's lined up the plant uses the cell wall as an anchoring point for the microtubules so there's no there's no cental they just attach to the cell wall as their Foundation but we don't have cell walls and animals so we have to use the the the the centrosome and other microtubule structures and then anaphase anaphase is animated so look what happens here the sister chromatids split at the centromere and they're pulled toward opposite poles of the cell this is nuclear division we're dividing the DNA now now we call each one of these a chromosome and specifically a daughter chromosome the the sister chromatins are now separate daughters going their own way dragged to the opposite pole and when they get to the opposite pole nearer the the centrosome that's when anaphase ends it can be early where there's a little distance or later where there's a lot of distance but they're both anaphase and in the microscope right here's one set and there's the other set that's early anaphase there's just a little distance there and look in the animal here's one set there's the other right this is one cell you can see all the spindle fibers and other anchoring proteins but we have two sets of DNA but it's still one cell here's the cell wall of our plant right look sister chromatids are separate now they are daughter chromosomes full-fledged daughter chromosomes and then the last phase is telophase t means the ending it's basically profase in reverse so when those chromosomes reach the opposite poles we tear down the spindle it's no longer needed it's done its job put all those moving boxes away flatten them reuse them recycle them we're done with them so the spindle fibers break down the chromosomes begin to uncoil back in into chromatin once again chromatin begins to return there's still you know there's still a lot here but you're going to start to you know see the beginnings of messy chromatin and then the nucleoli the nucleolus reappears we're getting back to normal business now of the cell the nuclear envelope that membrane starts to form around each mass of chromosome and then when we finish making that nuclear membrane that's when tase ends but look this is still one cell it's one big cell but it's still one cell it hasn't split yet and when you see a cleavage Furrow which is a little Groove cleavage is division the separation and the furrow is the groove when you see see the cleavage Furrow that's a good indicator that you're in telophase in animals you can see it in animals plants don't have one but animals do so on the microscope image here is a plant in telophase so you can see your two masses of chromosome dot a chromosome but the chromosomes are not very distinct right they're getting to be this kind of Blobby looking splotch and then I know it's hard to see but if you look closely and you'll see this in other images but there are little dots here in between the two masses of of chromosome that's the the early cell wall forming that's another good indic that you are in telophase we call that the cell plate that's the early cell wall they compile vesicles filled with cell wall chemicals that Harden sugars and proteins the carbohydrates and begin to form the new mature cell wall but in animals we don't have cell walls we have a plasma membrane that we can pinch in half and cut through to make two separate cells so when we see that cleavage Furrow appear okay we know we're in telophase the cleavage Furrow is here and look your mass of chromosomes is they're not very distinct individual rods anymore they're just these these kind of blobs that are that are developing as the chromatin unravels and here's what the cell looks like in the scanning electron microscope the cleavage Furrow is a Groove made by a ring of protein microfilaments that acts like a noose using my power cord right you have a loop that gets smaller and smaller and smaller until it gets so small that it it cuts the membrane in half and we go from one cell to two separate daughter cells this contractile ring and these two daughter cells are identical to each other in mitosis but that's where that Groove comes from you can see it's being pinched down by that contract ring plants don't have it because they have this really hard thick cell wall that doesn't cut through with a protein ring like a like a cell membrane like you're you're you're taking string and cutting a soap bubble in Plants we have the early cell plate forming this guy these membrane vessicles filled with cell wall chemicals pile up in the middle of the cell around in in between the two forming nuclei and then it'll grow to the opposite cell walls and form brand new cell walls so plants have spindles as as I said but they they don't have centrioles they don't they use the cell wall but that's cytokinesis so this is a process that occurs after telophase so it's at the very end of the cell cycle it is not a separate stage of mitosis it's it's just an event that happens it's like you run your marathon and then you have you take your shoes off you enjoy a cold beverage and and a slice of pizza or or maybe three slices of pizza you just ran a marathon pig out you just burned 10 ,000 calories or whatever or more and we want to do some review okay and we'll do some image review and identification and play our game okay but let's do some review here now write your answer just so we can get your answers recorded here right we won't do all of these I I have actually some of these in the study guide and that's that's actually where where this is from this is in your study guide okay but what is let's see let's start here with one of the more obvious ones what's number five these are these are all in random order by the way what's number five write your answer what stage of the cell cycle is number five put your answer in the chat that's a good one to start out with VI visually it's very distinct yeah yep that's meta yeah five is metaphase you can see your line of chromosomes at the metaphase plate or the at the equator now for your next one I want to number what number is interphase we'll go in order for the others what [Music] number is interphase one 2 3 4 or six yeah yeah good yeah that's interface number one nucleus intact there's a nucleolus right there right chromatin you don't see chromosomes yet there's your pair of centrioles that will soon migrate okay so let's go now in order what number is prophase 2 three four or six what number is prophase yes yes yes yes that is number four we can see chromosomes the sister chromatids the nuclear membrane still there but it's going to be breaking down and our chromatids are separating and migrating to opposite cells the the SP Fiers starting to form okay what number is pro metaphase what number is pro metaphase 2 3 or six yeah number six is pro meta I'll just put PM for short so you see your sister chromatids they're they're kind of moving towards the center and the nuclear envelope that nuclear membrane is breaking down it's disintegrating and look your centrosomes are at opposite poles and the spindle is is getting getting nice and symmetrical and organized okay now the last one here which what number is R you did metaphase which is anaphase is it number two or number three two or three yeah number three is the anaphase anaphase is animated all right our sister chromatids have split into two daughter chromosomes are being pulled towards opposite poles and then number two then is our telophase the last mitosis we can see that cleavage furo nuclear membrane reforming spindle's gone nucleoli have reappeared looks like prophase in Reverse okay and let's do a couple more from here then we'll do some some review what is this cell me get better color here what stage of the cell cycle is this cell put the name of the stage in the chat yeah that's anaphase so you can see your your two groups of daughter chromosomes little space between them moving towards opposite poles and we'll do this one which stage of the cell cycle is this yeah here's another good anaphase yeah that's a telophase yep yep that's a good telophase because of the cleavage furrow and let's do one from down here and I want you to practice I have I have this in the study guide you can practice that more but number six is a good one what stage of the cell cycle is number six put your answer in the chat there's a few others this one is the same thing this one is excellent that's the same thing this one so four different cells all different separate but they're all the same stage of the cell cycle okay prophase is correct yes it it's a prophase you can see the giveaway you can see these thicker rod-shaped chromosomes those are your sister chromatids and there's no nucleolus and then the the nuclear envelope looks all ratty it's it's breaking down it's it's a regular breaking down compare that to to inter phace nice round border of the nucleus it's intact you don't see Rod shaped chromosomes that's all chromatin and you can see a couple nucleoli in there here's another interphase next door to it here's an interphase there's an interphase there's an interface there's an interface interphase is the most common cuz it's the preparation and the spell the cell is spending 22 23 hours in interface the the mitosis phase is only an hour or two okay and I wanted to um Jump Ahead here to just cover just a couple things with um with our meiosis just for a quick little comparison using this diagram mitosis is on the left meiosis is on the right so mitosis gives us our daughter cells for the body cells right this is somatic cell but the products of meiosis those daughter cells are are germ cells right the gametes sperm and a with mitosis we have one round of division prophase PR metaphase metaphase anaphase telophase with meiosis we have two rounds of division we have meiosis one prophase PR metaphase 1 metaphase 1 anaphase and telophase 1 and then meiosis 2 where we have a prophase 2 Pro metaphase 2 meta Phase 2 anaphase 2 telophase 2 shown with Roman numerals so two rounds of division here in mitosis we start with the diploid cell as our parent and we end with two diploid daughter cells with meiosis we start with a diploid parent but we end with not two daughter cells but four daughter cells that are haid four halfy daughter cells each holding two chromosomes each not the diploid four but two [Music] mitosis gives us identical daughter cells right they're copies of each other but meiosis gives us unique daughter cells each of these daughter cells is different genetically just like if you're not a twin and you have siblings right you're similar to each other and similar to your parents but you're not identical copies okay and that variety that diversity comes here and here so what happens is when we enter prophase one the homologous chromosomes blue and red maternal and paternal they group together and form a tetrad a tetrad is a group of four chromosomes okay and their chromosomes touch there's there's contact between them that's called synapsis that's chromosomal contact and when that contact occurs crossing over happens crossing over is Gene exchange between the arms of those non sister chromatids look we we have one of dad's chrom chromatids synapses with one of moms and genes are exchanged gen cross over from one to the other chromosome and so they become different now because of that synapsis touch that contact we end up with different genetically different chromosomes than we started and then they have to line up these these groups of four these tetrads and how they line up dictates diversity and variety is the maternal on the left or on the right right it could be either way is the smaller homologous pair on the top or is it on the bottom it could go either way so how they line up there determines how they're separated based upon the random lineup of the chromosomes at the equator right at that metaphase plate it's like if you have you go to a um well gez I've done this before as a teacher but you come into your classroom and you sit somewhere you don't know anyone and then you're the people at your table okay you become a you become a group that's your lab group all of you randos together now you're working together on your lab on your project right so it's all random you sit down somewhere and then other people sit down you no one knows anybody it's all random right and that's a group of four of you you and three other classmates at random that's that's a tetr right so there's so much Randomness to this and that creates all of this diversity all of this unique novelty Variety in our daughter celf and in in the genes that they contain okay so let's play some Cahoots look over chapter 4 I'm I'm giving you the thumbnail basic what do I need to know to understand this nutshell summaries of these topics knowing that you haven't learned about them yet in lecture and you will you you'll get you'll get more into the nucleus and DNA and all that in in chapter two part four and section section four for next week and then chapter three but look over chapter 4 and look over the resources the extra YouTube videos to to you know go take a deeper dive into some of these ideas is okay but identification is Big practice identifying the images I have quizlets that you can practice from in my Quizlet folder the virtual lab labs will be very helpful always complete the virtual Labs before you take the lab quiz there's a lot of identification practice in the pregame activity so there's a lot of reinforcement you guys are getting which is super super helpful because I'll often ask you on the quiz just like I did in our review what stage of the sale cycle is this how do you know some of it's fill in the blank some of it's multiple choice right little short answer here and there you guys took your lab one quiz all right so you know kind of what to expect with the lab quiz and you're taking lab two quiz now you're you're getting an idea for the expectations with the lab quiz with the little bit extra with the the fill in the blank and the short answer okay no essays no essays but fill-in the blank short answer is what I I do for a number of the lab question questions that kind of mimics what we do in our face Toof face classroom where we do we do more of that in lab too all right I'm going to um start this up and put the link I'll share my screen with you so you can scan the QR code or you can go to the website it's www. cahoot dot it and you see the the the game pin and you'll see images and you have to answer the they're all multiple choice yeah multiple choice based upon image identification I have think I have 10 of these or so and everyone who plays gets a bonus point and if you get into the top five you get another bonus point for your efforts as a little friendly competition amongst you but everyone who plays gets a point if you don't play no point once you get the the interaction and the practice so let it go here for another another moment everyone www.kahoot.it or use your phone your camera go into camera mode hover over the QR code tap it it'll say kahoot.it and that'll bring you right to the website and then put your name in so I know who you are all right is everybody in all right let's start it up name this stage of mitosis all right yeah this is metaphase you can see the chromosomes right our sister chromatids are lined up not perfectly but rough line up there at the metaphase plate the equator of the cell okay so most of you got some of you said telophase yeah there's there's no separation it's one mass of chromosomes so that couldn't be telophase we just see one group if we saw two separate groups it that might be telophase or it might be another phase too okay next up name this stage of mitosis all right yep that is our interface we can see a clear nucleolus there but we don't really see any Rod shaped chromosomes and we see regular smooth order of our intact nucleus okay yeah Pro profase some of you said that you wouldn't see that nucleolus there and you you would see more chromosome action not like this like granular grainy looking mass of Chromatin you would see more distinct chromosomes next up name this stage of mitosis good good telophase yep the The Smoking Gun so to speak is the cleavage Furrow that's the giveaway you see a cleavage Furrow it's telophase and the nucleis is forming the nuclear envelope is forming we have two masses of of chromosomes no spindle it's gone it's done okay yeah so sometimes it's just one thing that tells you there's a lot of biology like that we use a lot of those kinds of things in in basic identification of plants and animals and birds yeah part of my background is is zoology a lot of animal zoology and I'm pretty good still but we would we would learn how to identify birds from silhouette the teacher would say okay you see that Little Dot like 200 yard away okay use your binoculars all right see that that little black silhouette there give me the genus and species and gender of that bird just from that silhouette shape you're binocular some some birds are very distinct um so visual images are so important so oh cleavage furrow telophase next next up name this stage hey good good yeah anaphase most you said anaphase good yeah you see your two masses of chromosome just separated you have that group moving toward that pole and this group Mo moving to that pole you see a little bit of space in between but there's two definite groups [Music] there and there okay it's not it's not profase because you have two definite masses they're not all jumbl together right all right here we go but close next up name this stage of mitosis good good yeah I threw another metaphase at you here's our cell membrane it's an animal cell one of those fish cells and this is our sister chromatids that's all of our DNA arranged more or less in a line lined up at the equator at the metaphase plate and then these are the the spindle fibers on either side it's one Mass so if we had two of those masses right one there and another one here or something okay that that might be telophase and then if then if we saw a a true cleavage Furrow we don't have a true cleavage Furrow here it would be really defined we don't see that all right couple more name this stage of mitosis okay good that's Pro metaphase Pro meta so cister chromatids moving towards the center the nuclear envelope is in pieces there's fragments okay so yeah right after quickly after prophase you get this little Pro metaphase which shows some organization in prophase the chromosomes are more random but PR metaphase they're starting to move and you know just gathering around the center around that middle region [Music] there name this stage of mitosis good good prophase yep you see all your sister chromatids no nucleus though right there's the cell membrane of our of our fish cell our animal cell and those chromosomes are all just scattered around randomly they're not in the center of the nucleus or anything like that they're all just randomly thrown around all right and our last one what is this good that is a karot type yeah that is a visual map of homologous chromosomes from a cell from any of your somatic cells we can do this in the lab where we stain the DNA with fluorescent stains and then we we can digitally generate these carot types and then arrange them and then we can also do a lot of measurements with the software there's a lot of computer software that goes into this years ago like back in like the the the 50s and 60s they would photograph them in like in black and white film photography and then print them and then using scissors cut them out and line them up it's a lot more accurate and faster with uh with computers and software software created just for this very very Hightech stuff really cool Fusion of computers and genetics all right so everyone playing here gets a point and then double points to Angela Nick Mia and Damian and Kiara excellent everybody oh this is new what is this I know how I'm spending my afternoon oh this is the okay this is a review of the game okay all right all right all right I'll get out of that there all right so uh thanks AA I see your note there to me okay I got you I got you all right folks so I hope you have a a better understanding of this units and and as you're reviewing right that terminology sometimes trips students up chromatin chromosome centromere homologous chromosomes there there's lots of similar sounding words right hloy diploid so practice that one thing I think that'll really help you as well I I made comments to some of you on your lab quizzes for lab one and and now for lab two practice writing out your own flashcards write out these words because you know you're going to have to type some of them in and get that memory of handwriting or type if you must we know handwriting is better but make flashcards and write out these things write out these terms and and practice with that um that'll help you immensely to give you some more muscle memory and some more some more accurate recall of of the words when you're when you're writing them out typing them out okay strongly encourage that I know you'll see some of your scores improve there especially if I docked you with spelling it's I'll I'll do as you as you're seeing I dock you a tenth of a point .15 points2 sometimes more it depends but generally it's it's under a quar of a point penalty for spelling unless it's really egregious or it becomes another word that is wrong that happens sometimes too but yeah practice all that and continue making educated guesses on your quizzes try your best not to leave any blank because you do have the potential for some partial credit right blank spaces are my cryptonite that's my weakness I cannot help you if you give me blanks give me something and you may get some kind of Point okay all right everybody if you have any questions for me you want to chat hang out here in the zoom room otherwise it's Thursday the ice is thawing have a great rest of your evening and weekends and I'll see you back here for histology good luck on your assignments and quizzes keep up your hard work you're doing it you're in it continue powering forward you got this but keep at it keep at it it's early days early weeks but you're you're on the road you're on the path to to success here so keep it up all right you bet you're welcome Angela Professor Rob I just had a quick question yes Mia um I no