Heimler's History: Philosophical Foundations of the American Revolution

Introduction

Focus: Philosophical foundations of the American Revolution
Key Question: How and why did colonial attitudes about government change before the Revolution?

Stamp Act Congress (1765):
- Delegates petitioned British Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act as loyal subjects.
- Revolution not a foregone conclusion; desire for rights as British citizens.
Continental Congress (1774):
- Delegates resisted Britain's legislative tyranny.
- Hope for reconciliation to protect liberty without societal/economic disruption.
- Parliament refused negotiation; considered colonies rebellious.

Colonists influenced by Enlightenment ideas promoting liberty.
John Locke:
- Legitimate government by consent of the governed.
- Natural rights: life, liberty, property.
- Advocated self-rule through representatives, opposing hereditary privilege.
Jean-Jaques Rousseau:
- Social contract theory: government protects natural rights; laws without consent are void.
- Encouraged resistance to taxation without representation.
Baron de Montesquieu:
- Republican government as the best protector of liberty.
- Separation of powers into three branches: executive, legislative, judicial.

Great Awakening: Spiritual emphasis contributing to identity of liberty.
Thomas Paine's 'Common Sense' (1776):
- Argued for independence from Britain using relatable language.
- Criticized monarchy; promoted Enlightenment ideas to wider population.
- Despite criticism from elites like John Adams, had widespread influence.

Second Continental Congress (1776):
- Formal resolution for independence.
- Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.
- Declaration included Enlightenment ideas like natural rights and social contract.
- Adopted on July 2, 1776; made public on July 4, 1776.