Overview
This conversation with historian Jonathan Stapley explores the history, evolution, and theology of Latter-day Saint (LDS) temple ordinances, challenging static views on their nature and purpose, and addressing their ongoing adaptation and significance for both individuals and church practice.
Nature and Purpose of Ordinances
- Church and its ordinances are described as "true and living," implying change is inherent and vital.
- LDS ordinances, especially temple rituals, have developed and changed significantly over time.
- Joseph Smith’s teachings on unchanging ordinances referred to principles of salvation, not fixed ceremonial forms.
- Early ordinances such as baptism and sacrament prayers varied in wording and practice even during Joseph Smith's era.
- LDS adoption of the term "ordinance" reflects broader Christian usage, encompassing laws and principles, not just rituals.
- Theologically, LDS ordinances are seen as vehicles for transformation rather than transactional requirements for salvation.
Historical Changes in Temple Ordinances
- Major changes have occurred in ceremony content, structure, and administration since the 19th century.
- The Nauvoo-era temple ordinances were ad hoc, later systematized by Brigham Young and subsequent leaders.
- Elements such as the oath of vengeance and penalties (inspired by Freemasonry) were later removed as their relevance faded and church sensibilities evolved.
- Gender roles and language in temple ceremonies have shifted toward greater equality, though full equality has not yet been reached.
Meaning and Function of Temple Rituals
- Ordinances like the temple endowment aim to endow participants with spiritual power to serve and build the kingdom now, not just prepare for afterlife.
- The purpose of rituals is seen as helping participants become kings, queens, priests, and priestesses—active builders of "heaven" and the network of sealed relationships.
- Changes in ceremony are contextualized as responses to the lived experiences and needs of church members over time.
Challenges and Criticism
- Critics may claim changing ordinances undermine divine authority or serve to control members, but the discussion emphasizes their functional role in spiritual empowerment.
- Change can create confusion or discomfort, especially for those deeply invested in prior forms of ritual or who prefer religious constancy.
- The tension between continuity and adaptation is a hallmark of all enduring religious traditions, including the LDS Church.
Specific Examples of Change
- Penalty oaths and the oath of vengeance were later removed to reflect evolving values and legal pressures.
- Temple clothing norms and ceremony durations have also shifted for practicality and uniformity.
- Gender asymmetries in covenants and sealing language have been moderated but not completely eliminated.
Decisions
- Removal of penalties and oath of vengeance: Leaders discontinued these elements based on changing relevance and spiritual direction.
- Revision and streamlining of ceremonies: Adjustments made for coherence, accessibility, and doctrinal emphasis.
Action Items
- TBD – Interested members: Review historical changes and teachings to gain deeper understanding of current practices and their development.
- TBD – Church researchers/educators: Continue documenting and contextualizing changes in temple ordinances for member understanding.