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Sistem Gerak dan Saraf serta Reproduksi

May 14, 2025

Sistem Gerak

1. Cara Kerja Anggota Gerak Atas

  • Tulang dan Otot:
    • Flexion: Biceps contract, triceps relax.
    • Extension: Biceps relax, triceps contract.

2. Gangguan pada Sistem Gerak

2.1. Gangguan pada Tulang

  • Osteoporosis: Bone brittleness due to decreased density.
  • Lordosis: Excessive spine curvature.
  • Skoliosis: Sideways spine curvature.
  • Kifosis: Hunchback spine deformity.
  • Rakitis: Soft, weak bones due to lack of calcium/vitamin D.

2.2. Gangguan pada Otot

  • Distrofi Otot: Chronic muscle weakening.
  • Atrofi Otot: Muscle mass loss due to inactivity.
  • Hipertrofi Otot: Increase in muscle size.
  • Myasthenia Gravis: Autoimmune muscle weakness.
  • Strain: Muscle/tendon injury due to overstretching.

2.3. Gangguan pada Persendian

  • Osteoarthritis: Degenerative condition affecting cartilage in joints.
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis: Inflammatory joint disease.
  • Asam Urat: Build-up of uric acid crystals in joints.

3. Struktur dan Fungsi Rangka

  • Rangka Aksial:
    • Protects vital organs and supports upper body.
    • Includes skull, spine, ribs, sternum.
  • Rangka Apendikular:
    • Involved in movement.
    • Includes shoulder girdle, limbs.

28. Otot Rangka

  • Characteristics:
    • Voluntary control, striped appearance, high fatigue rate.

40. Gangguan Sistem Otot

  • Refer to section 2.2 for detailed disorders.

43. Tulang Penyusun Rangka

  • Aksial: Skull, vertebrae, ribs.
  • Apendikular: Limbs and girdles.

48. Alat Gerak Aktif dan Pasif

48.1. Otot (Active)

  • Responsible for movement.

48.2. Tulang (Passive)

  • Provides attachment and support for muscles.

52. Fungsi Rangka Sebagai Alat Gerak Pasif

  • Reference section 48.2.

Sistem Saraf

4. Komponen Jaringan Saraf

  • Neuron: Soma, dendrites, axon.
  • Glial Cells: Astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, etc.

5. Kerja Sistem Saraf Kranial

  • Olfactory System: Smell perception involves cranial nerve I.

6. Sistem Koordinasi

  • Roles: Movement regulation, stimulus response, homeostasis.
  • Components: Nervous system, endocrine system, sensory system.

7. Bagian Otak Manusia

7.1. Otak Depan

  • Cerebrum: Largest part, involves in thinking, motor skills, sensory integration.
  • Diencephalon: Thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland.

7.2. Otak Tengah

  • Plays a role in vision, hearing, motor control.

7.3. Otak Belakang

  • Pons: Facial control, balance, breathing regulation.
  • Cerebellum: Movement coordination, balance.
  • Medula: Autonomic functions, reflexes.

7.4. Meninges

  • Protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

9. Kerja Sistem Saraf dengan Sistem Indra

  • Coordinated processing of sensory information.

Sistem Endokrin

8. Gangguan Sistem Hormon

  • Hypothyroidism: Insufficient thyroid hormone.
  • Hyperthyroidism: Excessive thyroid hormone.
  • Diabetes: Insulin production issues.

24. Hormon dan Fungsinya

  • Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, etc.

27. Peran Kelenjar Hipofisis

  • Anterior and Posterior Lobes: Hormone regulation and release.

Sistem Reproduksi

12. Spermatogenesis

  • Detailed in related sections.

13. Bagian Organ Reproduksi Pria

13.1. Komponen Internal

  • Testes, Epididymis, Vas deferens, etc.

13.2. Komponen Eksternal

  • Penis, Scrotum.

14. Hormon Reproduksi pada Pria

  • Testosterone: Main androgen hormone.

15. Bagian Organ Reproduksi Wanita

15.1. Komponen Internal

  • Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, Uterus, Vagina.

15.2. Komponen Eksternal

  • Mons pubis, Clitoris, Labia majora/minora.

17. Hormon terkait Kehamilan

  • Estrogen, Progesterone, Oxytocin, etc.

33. Gangguan Hormon Reproduksi Wanita

  • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Menopause, etc.

Tumbuh Kembang Hewan

18. Tahapan atau Proses Kelahiran

  • Morulasi, Blastulasi, Gastrulasi, Organogenesis.

36. Metamorfosis

  • Complete: Major changes (e.g., butterfly).
  • Incomplete: Minor changes (e.g., grasshopper).

Tumbuh Kembang Tumbuhan

20. Anatomi Batang Dikotil

  • Details of stem anatomy and growth.

35. Peran Fitohormon

  • Auxin, Gibberellin, Cytokinin, Abscisic Acid, Ethylene.

47. Faktor Pertumbuhan Tumbuhan

  • Internal: Genes, hormones.
  • External: Light, gravity, nutrients.