Sistem Gerak

1. Cara Kerja Anggota Gerak Atas

• Tulang dan Otot:
  • Flexion: Biceps contract, triceps relax.
  • Extension: Biceps relax, triceps contract.

2. Gangguan pada Sistem Gerak

2.1. Gangguan pada Tulang

• Osteoporosis: Bone brittleness due to decreased density.
• Lordosis: Excessive spine curvature.
• Skoliosis: Sideways spine curvature.
• Kifosis: Hunchback spine deformity.
• Rakitis: Soft, weak bones due to lack of calcium/vitamin D.

2.2. Gangguan pada Otot

• Distrofi Otot: Chronic muscle weakening.
• Atrofi Otot: Muscle mass loss due to inactivity.
• Hipertrofi Otot: Increase in muscle size.
• Myasthenia Gravis: Autoimmune muscle weakness.
• Strain: Muscle/tendon injury due to overstretching.

2.3. Gangguan pada Persendian

• Osteoarthritis: Degenerative condition affecting cartilage in joints.
• Rheumatoid Arthritis: Inflammatory joint disease.
• Asam Urat: Build-up of uric acid crystals in joints.

3. Struktur dan Fungsi Rangka

• Rangka Aksial:
  • Protects vital organs and supports upper body.
  • Includes skull, spine, ribs, sternum.
• Rangka Apendikular:
  • Involved in movement.
  • Includes shoulder girdle, limbs.

28. Otot Rangka

• Characteristics:
  • Voluntary control, striped appearance, high fatigue rate.

40. Gangguan Sistem Otot

• Refer to section 2.2 for detailed disorders.

43. Tulang Penyusun Rangka

• Aksial: Skull, vertebrae, ribs.
• Apendikular: Limbs and girdles.

48. Alat Gerak Aktif dan Pasif

48.1. Otot (Active)

• Responsible for movement.

48.2. Tulang (Passive)

• Provides attachment and support for muscles.

52. Fungsi Rangka Sebagai Alat Gerak Pasif

• Reference section 48.2.

Sistem Saraf

4. Komponen Jaringan Saraf

• Neuron: Soma, dendrites, axon.
• Glial Cells: Astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, etc.

5. Kerja Sistem Saraf Kranial

• Olfactory System: Smell perception involves cranial nerve I.

6. Sistem Koordinasi

• Roles: Movement regulation, stimulus response, homeostasis.
• Components: Nervous system, endocrine system, sensory system.

7. Bagian Otak Manusia

7.1. Otak Depan

• Cerebrum: Largest part, involves in thinking, motor skills, sensory integration.
• Diencephalon: Thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland.

7.2. Otak Tengah

• Plays a role in vision, hearing, motor control.

7.3. Otak Belakang

• Pons: Facial control, balance, breathing regulation.
• Cerebellum: Movement coordination, balance.
• Medula: Autonomic functions, reflexes.

7.4. Meninges

• Protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

9. Kerja Sistem Saraf dengan Sistem Indra

• Coordinated processing of sensory information.

Sistem Endokrin

8. Gangguan Sistem Hormon

• Hypothyroidism: Insufficient thyroid hormone.
• Hyperthyroidism: Excessive thyroid hormone.
• Diabetes: Insulin production issues.

24. Hormon dan Fungsinya

• Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, etc.

27. Peran Kelenjar Hipofisis

• Anterior and Posterior Lobes: Hormone regulation and release.

Sistem Reproduksi

12. Spermatogenesis

• Detailed in related sections.

13. Bagian Organ Reproduksi Pria

13.1. Komponen Internal

• Testes, Epididymis, Vas deferens, etc.

13.2. Komponen Eksternal

• Penis, Scrotum.

14. Hormon Reproduksi pada Pria

• Testosterone: Main androgen hormone.

15. Bagian Organ Reproduksi Wanita

15.1. Komponen Internal

• Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, Uterus, Vagina.

15.2. Komponen Eksternal

• Mons pubis, Clitoris, Labia majora/minora.

17. Hormon terkait Kehamilan

• Estrogen, Progesterone, Oxytocin, etc.

33. Gangguan Hormon Reproduksi Wanita

• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Menopause, etc.

Tumbuh Kembang Hewan

18. Tahapan atau Proses Kelahiran

• Morulasi, Blastulasi, Gastrulasi, Organogenesis.

36. Metamorfosis

• Complete: Major changes (e.g., butterfly).
• Incomplete: Minor changes (e.g., grasshopper).

Tumbuh Kembang Tumbuhan

20. Anatomi Batang Dikotil

• Details of stem anatomy and growth.

35. Peran Fitohormon

• Auxin, Gibberellin, Cytokinin, Abscisic Acid, Ethylene.

47. Faktor Pertumbuhan Tumbuhan

• Internal: Genes, hormones.
• External: Light, gravity, nutrients.