Notes on Smart Grids Basics to Advanced Technologies Lecture

1. Introduction

• Course on smart grids: basics to advanced technologies.
• Importance of smart components in the electrical network to meet increasing electricity demand.
• Coverage of concepts from the previous course "Introduction to Smart Grid."

2. Course Overview

• New course designed with added laboratory exposure.
• 11 experiments included:
  • Solar and wind generation.
  • PHIL experimentation for fault analysis of DFIG wind turbine.
  • Grid-connected DC microgrid.
  • Energy management in microgrids.
  • Peak energy management using energy storage systems.
  • Battery management systems and EV charging.

3. Electrical Energy Grid

Definition

• Electrical grid: network of synchronized power providers and consumers connected by transmission and distribution lines.

Components of Electrical Grid

• Generation:
  • Thermal, hydro, nuclear, and renewable energy sources.
• Transmission:
  • High voltage AC or DC lines.
• Distribution:
  • Mainly AC type, but DC type is gaining attention.
• Consumers:
  • Industrial, commercial, and residential.

Structure

• Traditional vertical structure: energy flows from generation to consumption.
• New technology allows energy to flow both ways (from consumers back to generators).

4. History of Power Grid

• Thomas Edison: father of DC distribution.
• Nikola Tesla: father of AC distribution.
• AC systems became dominant due to efficiency over long distances.
• Adam Beck: advocate of publicly owned power systems.

5. Indian National Grid

• Interconnection of state grids to form regional grids.
• Achieved synchronous connection of the entire grid by December 2013.

Regulatory Authorities

• Ministry of Power: planning and policy formulation.
• Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd: national power transmission.
• Central Electricity Authority: advises on national electricity policy.
• Central and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions: regulate tariffs and policies.

6. Global Energy Demand

• Expected increase of 25% in energy demand by 2040.
• India to contribute 45% of the global demand growth.

Key Figures for India (2016-17)

• Population: 1.32 billion.
• Electricity generation capacity: 326.8 GW.
• Network losses: 22.7% (high).

7. Energy Mix in India

• Major share from coal (59%), followed by renewable (17%), hydro (14%), nuclear, and gas.
• Current contribution of renewable energy: 57 GW.

Future Projections

• Expected increase in renewable energy installations, especially PV and wind.

8. Challenges in Existing Grid

• Increase in electricity demand.
• Supply shortfall during peak hours.
• High distribution losses and need for peak demand management.
• Aging assets and lack of circuit capacity.

9. Smart Grid Concept

Definition

• Digital technology for two-way communication between utilities and customers.

Benefits

• Customers can monitor and manage electricity usage in real-time.
• Potential for saving money by using electricity during off-peak hours.

10. Smart Grid Architecture

• Conceptual view includes:
  • Bulk generation, transmission, distribution, and customers.
• Secure communication and electrical interfaces.

Standards of Smart Grid

• Various definitions by organizations like NIST, DOE, and IEC.
• Core aim: establish two-way communication and efficient electricity supply.

11. Major Duties of Smart Grid

• Efficient transmission of electricity.
• Quicker restoration after disturbances.
• Reduced operational costs and lower consumer prices.
• Increased integration of renewable energy.

12. Future of Smart Grid

• Transition from electromechanical to completely digital systems.
• Enhanced two-way communication and distributed generation.
• Development of smart infrastructure, communication, management, and protection systems.

Conclusion

• Smart grid is essential for managing future energy demands and integrating renewable sources effectively.
• Next lecture will discuss detailed components and applications of smart grids.