all righty class we're going to start with chapter 5 of the digestive system so what are the chapter goals name the organs of the digestive system and describe their locations and functions define combining words for organs and know the meaning of the related terminology describe the signs and symptoms and disease conditions affecting the digestive system now the digestive system or gi system performs four main functions ingestion digestion absorption and elimination you want to try to see what are enzymes which can speed up or slow down processes and what function do they serve in the digestive process that will help with your medical terminology so find out what enzymes do and do they speed up or slow down the digestive process now here is a really good definition of what ingestion is that's food material taken into the mouth now here's the definition of digestion food is broken down mechanically and chemically so mechanically by the teeth chemically by the stomach and small intestine as it travels through the gi tract digestive enzymes aid the breakdown of complex nutrients so we break down proteins into amino acids we break down sugars into glucose and we break down fats into fatty acids or triglycerides so that the gi system most nutrient absorption takes place in the small intestine digested food passes into the bloodstream through lining of the cells of the small intestine nutrients travel to all the cells of the body and then the cells burn nutrients to release the energy stored in food how do you eliminate the body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into the bloodstream the large intestine concentrates in feces and the waste pass out of the body through the anus the gi tract begins with the oral cavity now what are the major parts of the oral cavity that's your cheeks your lips your hard palate soft palate the ruge the uvula the tongue the filet the tonsils the gums the teeth and the pharynx now what you do want to look up is what's the definition of mastication and then what's the definition of degletition so if we look at this here again here's the parts i'm not going to have pictures of the mouth and say okay go ahead and identify this because this is not an anatomy class but you really do need to know really so if you look at cheek buco 2 lip sheila or labio number three hard palate palato four soft palate palato number five is the uvula you view number six right here where's number six tongue that's glosso linguo number seven is the tonsil which are tonsil and gingiva number eight are the gums right gingivitis is the inflammation of the gums and denta or danto number nine will be the teeth okay now what are the ant's called terms of a tooth the crown the root the enamel dentin pulp gingiva cementum root canal and periodontal so what is a root canal you've had you've had that probably why did you have the root canal done and the enamel is the hardest substance in the body but guess what it's not living material so once it comes off there's no way to get it back so any commercial you see where it says oh yeah we'll rebuild an animal as false here's the anatomy of the tooth again these are layers the enamel the dentin the pulp here's the crown here's the root the bone here's the root canal if you get pain here they might have to go in there and do something okay degletition means swallowing so here's the nasal cavity here's the pharynx here's the little bolus of food which is what you just ate here's the epiglottis that has to shut otherwise the food goes down the trachea which could be a problem here's the larynx the esophagus that goes to your stomach the trachea so degleticious swelling the epiglottis closes over the trachea as the bolus of food passes down the the pharynx toward the esophagus so again the pharynx is a common pathway passageway for both air and food what potential problems do you see with this arrangement if you think that this is a common uh passageway and then where does the body address this problem so looking at this well the problem has to be addressed by the epiglottis here what are the parts of the stomach you have the lower esophageal sphincter the fundus the greater curvature the lesser curvature of the rugae body antrim pylorus and pylori sphincter so this esophagus is about nine to ten inches muscular tube that extends from the pharynx all the way to the stomach so what do you think a bolus is how does this esophagus move the bolus toward the stomach and what are the three parts of the stomach and where their function so when you're reading this stuff you know definitely look that up and again this is a medical terminology class it's not an anatomy class so i'm keep emphasizing that but the more you understand that and some of you are taking anatomy at the same time it'll help you later on here's parts of the stomach esophagus fundus greater curvature rougee body here's the antrum the pyloric pyloric sphincter some anatomical terms of the digestive tract again um esophagus stomach duodenum liver gallbladder pancreas jejunum ilium cecum appendix a semicolon transverse column decent nickel and sigma chlorectamine should definitely know where those are and what's the name of the pigment produced by the breakdown of hemoglobin during red cell destruction so this is just an anatomy of the digestive tract villi in the lining of the small intestine and what's the function of this feli what are parts of the large intestine you've got cecum the appendix ascending colon transverse skull and descending chlorine sigma colon rectum and the anus the large intestine extends all the way from the ilium to the anus the large intestine receives the fluid waste from digestion stores it until it can be released and then again knowing the sections of the colon and what are their locations okay so here's here's your appendix here's your cecum here's the ileocecal valve hey semicolon all right descending colon sigma colon rectum and the anus what are the parts of the liver gallbladder and pancreas you have literal gallbladder you have a common bile duct a pancreas pancreatic duct and the duodenum here's parts of the liver gallbladder and here's the liver itself here's the stomach here's the spleen here's the gallbladder that's embedded in the liver you have a cystic duct you have a hepatic duct and they form a common bile duct here's the duodenum the pancreas besides producing bile the liver helps maintain normal blood glucose levels manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting releases bilirubin which is a pigment in bile and of course it removes toxins and poisons from the blood so how does the liver maintain those blood glucose levels right again uh you'll probably discuss that in physiology now here's a quiz what happens if bilirubin cannot leave the body and remains in the bloodstream well you get hyperbilinemia which is also known as jaundice so it usually causes a yellow discoloration of the skin whites of the eyes and mucous membranes so hyper means what yep bilirubin and anemia so breaking this down right so that that's why you want to learn this medical terminology so you can really learn what hyperbility ruby anemia means now pancreas has its functions so bloodstream so insulin and enzyme so it actually works as an endocrine and exocrine gland and again um as an extra grain gland it produces end enzymes to digest starch such as amylase fat and proteins as an endocrine gland it secretes insulin and then what's the function of insulin food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus so here's how it goes the salivary glands oral cavity pharynx esophagus stomach and then the liver gallbladder and pancreas dump their enzymes and secretory juices into the duodenum then it goes to the jejunum ilium so those are all three parts of the small intestine then it goes to the cecum acetylene colon transverse gland descending colon sigma colon rectum and then anus and then it leaves the body via the toilet which term is the first part of the large intestine it's the cecum the duodenum jejunum or the pylorus well this is part of the stomach this is part of the small intestine so a large intestine would be a the cecum now which term means swallowing and that would be what not mastication but degletition so here's some vocabulary here's where we get to the nitty gritty of medical terminology what's absorption passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream amino acids are small building blocks of proteins released when proteins are digested amylase this is very interesting it's an enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivarian to digest starch right rice or anything like that starch anus is terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body your appendix is a blind pouch hanging from the cecum really don't use the appendix anymore back in the days they thought that the appendix was used to digest twigs and branches so obviously we don't eat twigs and branches anymore a bile is a digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder breaks up large fat globules compress composed of bowel pigments cholesterol and bile salts and bilirubin is a pigment released by the liver in the bile and a bowel is in the intestine okay canine teeth so canine teeth are pointed dog-like teeth next to the incisors also called cuspids or eye teeth the cecum is the first part of the large intestine the colon consists ascending transverse descending and sigmoid segments you have a common bile duct which carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum also called the colidocus defecation is the elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus degletician again is swallowing dentin is the primary material found in teeth covered by the enamel and the copper and a protective layer of cementum so these are just layers digestion is the breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms duodenum first part of the small intestine measures 12 inches long elimination is the act of removal of materials from the body emulsification physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller goblets and again enamel is the hard outermost layer of the tooth but it really is not living material so once it's gone there's no way to get it back enzyme here's that first thing that i asked you enzymes or chemicals that speeds up reactions between substances so enzymes end in ace amylase lipase protease so esophagus is a tube connecting the throat to the stomach fatty acids substances produced when fats are digested a category of lipids and feces are also known as stool or solid waste a gallbladder you've heard of the gallbladder a small sac under the liver stores the bile glucose is a simple sugar glycogen is a starch glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells okay so if you eat too much sugar then it's still in glycogen okay so insulin will do what will bring down blood sugar but glycogen will increase blood sugar hydrochloric acid is a substance produced in the stomach has a ph of about one to two uh necessary for digestion of food now if you're thinking it has a ph of one and two how come it doesn't digest your stomach well that mucus that you have has a protective lining ilium a third part of the small intestine you have the incisor which is one of four front teeth in the dental arch insulin is a hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas transports sugar from the blood into the cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver so again insulin transport sugar from the blood into the cells so it brings down blood sugar and then stimulates glycogen formation by the liver so then it's stored in the liver the jejunum is the second part of the small intestine lipase is a pancreatic enzyme needed to digest fats the liver is a large organ located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen it secretes bile it stores sugar iron and vitamins produces blood proteins destroys worn out red blood cells filters out toxins when the normal adult liver weighs about two and a half to three pounds so very important okay also helps the body make vitamin d so really you have all the vitamin d that you need made by the liver the skin or the kidneys um but if you don't if you have a deficiency if you don't go out in the sun if you don't eat the right uh foods then you can definitely have a deficiency and also from a cholesterol standpoint your liver makes all the cholesterol will ever need so you never you have to eat animal products to get that cholesterol your lower esophageal renal muscles between the esophagus and the stomach mastication is chewing molar teeth are sixth seventh and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch a palate is formed on the roof of the mouth pancreas is an organ behind the stomach produces insulin and enzymes the papillae is small projections on the tongue the parotid gland is a salivary gland within the cheek just anterior to the ear now here's the important word peristalsis is the rhythmic contractions of tubular organs so even if you were to go upside down and eat an apple you'll still make it from your mouth to your stomach because of peristalsis the pharynx which is the throat the common passage of food from the mouth and from the air from the nose the portal vein is a large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines so bringing blood to the liver from the intestines protease is an enzyme that digests protein pulp is soft tissue within a tooth contains nerves and blood vessels the pyloric sphincter is a ring of muscle at the end of the stomach and near the duodenum opens when a wave of peristalsis passes it pylorus is the distal region of the stomach opening to the duodenum the rectum is the last section of the large intestine connecting the end of the colon and the anus rugae are ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach so that helps churn everything remember if you were to take a nap try to sleep on your left side versus your right side that will help you and saliva is digestive juice produced by salivary glands contains the enzyme amylase here's the salivary glands parotid sublingual and submandibular organs so before you even start taking a bite of the in and out burger your salivary glands are working hard to get ready for digestion the sigmoid colon fourth and last s-shaped segment of the colon just before the rectum empties into the rectum nope just before the rectum okay the sphincter is the circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening so it takes a while for uh babies to get used to this control of the sphincter and that's why they need diapers for early on and then once they learn to control it then they no longer need diapers as we get older sometimes we'll lose control and then you're going to have diapers later on so as a child and then when you get older now the stomach muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus and triglycerides are fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol subgroup of lipids so you get your blood work done and you check your triglyceride level the uvula is a soft tissue hanging in the middle of the soft palate and villi are microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream so again i asked these questions early on in the the lecture and say what does this do what does this do by looking at the vocabulary you should be able to get this down now the first part was just an introduction to the digestive system