Transcript for:
Chemical Bonding and Structure

hello everybody welcome back to the channel my Name is Tapu Romer your chemistry educator And we have come with a new chapter which is chemical bonding and molecular The structure is not short chapters at all It is a big chapter Theory then you can ask in the comment sections should not come like that because Maam will clear everything so yes Let's Get Started with the Introduction Understand chemical bonding little by little by name no chemical ofcourse related to chemistry isn't it bonding i.e. link then you atoms How is the molecule forming bonds? All these things are known in this chapter ho ok so let's get started with the Introduction Attractive Force Firstly chemical bond if I ask you what If this happens, what will you tell someone? There is an attractive floor in between Now who is the human being in anyone who feels the floor no no atoms molecules also further you you will know okay then the one that seems between them a force of attraction if I tell you I am feeling there is a bond between someone's atoms If there is a bond in the middle then the meaning of that bond what is it do we show that a and b The bond in the middle means this line so is that true There is a line in it that says actually not bond what does it mean it looks like a floor there There will be a floor between each other you must be thinking there are atoms that make a Bond Wright would have been an attractive force that holds many concertinas As I Said It As Atoms Can Be These could be ices, these could be molecules no one holds them together and It would have seemed like different species so this is what you call a chemical bond is this it isn't it yes ma'am let's move ahead now There are many theories for chemical bonds. It means you will read a lot of theories about this There are many theories in the chapter like Kajal You will read the lis approach valence bond theory You will study the theory of valence shear electrons You will study pair repulsion theory in molecular You will study hybridised orbital theory Different theories kept coming up about what kind of bond it is it is there how is it going to happen what is happening There will be many things for you based on that. You will have to read it first, we will start kajal Now, with the Lewis approach, it is clear from the name itself. The names of two scientists are Kajal and Lewis okay so the kajal lewis approach has helped you explained how the atoms that are What happens to the atoms that form bonds The whole atom participates in one bond You must not be making it, think I told you that a a bond is formed between chlorine and chlorine So how many electrons does chlorine have? 17 is its atomic number 17 electrons So are there 1717 electrons together? they might have clashed and caught hold of each other The force of attraction is actually not her A few electrons have achieved the force of attraction I have participated in that means bonding If I have participated then which one Which electrons will participate? kajal luce approach about this I will tell you that this theory is based on The Electronic Concept of an Atom This theory is based on the electronic concept of It was completely based on this theory According to this, if an atom is like this, then the This part has nothing to do with it Now this much part will happen due to bonding ma'am Which part is this? It's simple. There are two atoms. According to these parts there is one Our Valance shell okay there's one of our valence shells left The inner portion does not participate This is Kajal Lewis in Bonding The approach is that whatever valence shell you have Now the atom has no matter, it has three shells, two There are four shells, no matter one part will be separate and one part will be separate two the only parts are that the first is part of the outer most shell and The rest which is left intact, even if it has two shells yes, three shells, dozen matter, that is complete the second part will happen and in bonding The participant does this part, which is in the valence shell i.e. the one that appears outside electrons are gone okay so yes atom and is called electronic theory of valence You can also call it electron of outer The most shell is R called valence electron na which are part of the last shells The Atom Left After If You Have An Outer If most of the shell is removed then there is an inside If the portion was left then he said give it to me Portion happens as I say it again and again I told you there are only two portions One is the valence shell, which is a part That remaining part inside was completely saved what do you call it then they have said its name gave colonel gave his name colonel okay so An atom has two parts: a valence shell and the one inside that's left which is colonel okay if it is there then you call him colonel colonel what what is in colonel what is in colonel the nucleus contains the protons If you have happened then the colonel is positively charged units of positive charge on colon is equal to the number of valence electrons that So that is what happened, it is the story of z i p = e, right? Lewis asked that the outer most shell could amet at the maximum at electron which The outer most shell contains the maximum can we go to eight electrons? It sounded a bit like what I had heard it seemed because we Octave theory is fine Octet rule means that for any atom in the outer most shell or what you call the valence shell You say that maximum at ele trons go in it and if ever that eight electron Therein you talk about that particular atom what is there is stable okay a question here it comes that ma'am is always at a there should be electrons anyway yes but there is an exception here like you Do you know hydrogen helium is present in all these How many are there in the outer most shell? electrons are okay so they're duple The rule is known as Right So at present atoms of all the atoms of all the Atoms combine to complete their octad There are no atoms of any element, they are all mutually I will combine my octave to the fullest or duplicate may also be ok this is what you call octaves in this you Just understand that one or the other square should be made There is a square with eight corners Corners are 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 in center The nucleus is sitting at the corners like We have a square and not a cube It is made like it has eight corners, right? Similarly electrons are there i.e. outer Most of the atom's shell looks like this The outer most shell means something like this We can imagine that there are eight Electrons can sit in eight corners okay eight electrons sit in the eight corners and if eight electrons are placed at eight corners When I sat down the whole seat was filled, that is It has become stable, it is completely fine, yes well as you know electronics Confine see how much helium is there two electrons go to the outer most shell I am talking about these noble gases If we look at neon, it's eight electrons. see argon and krypton and none Radon at the outermost shell of the If there are eight electrons in it then what is the rule? This is our octad rule, this is our octad rule so this is what you understand by octad rule see if i read this chapter Let me talk about the questions in this chapter The ones that come in most are VBT VS EPR Hybridised Much more than the rule Kazal Lewis approach questions are not asked in your Okay, so you just need to know the basics of it. or does it just mean from very high up You have to understand that in this not one The theory will be asked that the whole theory Explain it, it doesn't occur to you OK, so that's all there is to it for you. that's all you need to know so that's it yes well let's go ahead Lewis didn't you You must have heard this symbol many a times Lewis George Structures Lewis Structures Joe that we will do it today as well and a little more We will also ask questions of good level okay so Lewis symbol Lewis no symbol Now as we understand it, Lewis What was he talking about in his theory only the outer most shell You were talking about electrons, right? Yes ma'am So their symbol also refers to the outer most shell yes ma'am you might be denoting something in this The electrons you will create in the symbol you will what will you do, you will make a symbol of course whatever Write down the symbol of the element, okay? then its outer most shell fill electrons into it outer most Show you the electrons of the shell with a dot. how will it happen what will happen let's understand Lass introduced a simple notation so that You can represent any atom Valence electrons are given these notations You talk about Louis symbols and electrons dot symbols okay well these symbols do Do not consider the inner shell electrons in this That's what we told you in the journal What is there in it that we do not want to read This is the outer most shell, you just need to see it The outer most shell of hydrogen has a electron we have made one right 1 s1 is just one electron isn't it helium I have two, we made two electrons how many are there in lithium 1 s2 2s 1 1s 2 2s 1 this is lithium one electron Beryllium has two electrons 2s 2 If it comes, you can see it this way All the elements are written here then how do you write the symbol, how to luce Do you write the symbol of any element Write the symbol of any atom followed by its Shows from the electron dot of the outer most shell If you do this then you will easily make Lewis symbols okay so yes you have to do a Lewis dot structure This is the symbol you have to make for an atom if you If you want to stabilize anything then The octet rule states that for it to be stable For this, any one of the two conditions must be satisfied You should do number one to become stable Either will share the number of electrons to either then it will do the electron The transfer question comes ma'am this is stable Why is there a need for transfer and sharing? Look at each one of us, if I tell you May I ask you who you want to be like in your life? Everybody has some or the other M, isn't it like that? This has to happen, everybody in their respective fields We move forward considering someone as an ideal yes right good but somewhere if we When you talk to a parent, what do they say? They say, hey friend, remove everything of Sharmaji Become like a son, see where he is first It has gone out, they don't say what has happened that you go and become Mahendra Singh Dhoni Directly, he is somewhere nearby right? If you are comparing it with that then here There is something similar about the elements being stable to become a celebrity directly That celebrity does not think that he is in their eyes there are people around him and he who's around noble gas noble gas If it is stable, then every element becomes a noble gas Each element tries to be a noble gas And as I said around us to form the nearest noble gas tries to mean hydrogen sometimes argon You won't think of becoming like him, will you? Hydrogen is never an electronic form of hydrogen or argy I would not consider taking the configuration Hydrogen will see helium because its the same noble gas is around so this way Looking at the Noble Gases around you from He tries to be stable now Noble The outer most shell of a gas has eight electrons If it is there then it is already stable for us the rest of the elements that remained It is unstable to be like a noble gas what they need is eight in the outer most shell They only need electrons, yes brother If I have eight electrons I will also become stable If I go, every element of ours will be like him Now we will try to become an accept noble gas There is no element whose outer If the lowest shell has eight electrons then Only two conditions will arise if the outer most shell in or what you call the valence shell v shell I am writing it down, you have to understand the valence shell which you call if we talk about it If it doesn't have eight electrons then what does it mean either less than at The electrons will be in either valence shell There will be more than eight electrons, that's what it means happened if equal to eight would have happened if equal to two If it would have been eight then it would have been our noble gases then our remaining elements in They fall into two categories, either less than eight electron either more than eight electron now if I say more than eight electrons then what does it mean go into another shell he is going to the 18 year old like it is Let's talk about chlorine, what is chlorine is 2 8 7 let's talk about sodium 2 8 1 now There might be more than eight electrons in it Is there somewhere in this shell, you are watching the peacock There are eight electrons in this shell, look at the peacock then it is at but if you see the shell here Look, there is k a a now how many can go in m 18 electrons can go into it The sign of less than is coming, isn't it less? there is an electron don't get confused ma'am What did he say to the noble gases around him? see argon coming around chlorine If you want to become like argon in noble gas then If you look at it from his perspective, he has less sodium has no electrons, neon comes near it Look at the outer most neon If there are eight electrons in a shell then it there is one more electron around You are seeing the noble gas yourself and someone else Do not look for the noble gases near you We want to see if the brother wants chlorine I wish I were argon, sodium is saying Brother, I wish I became a knight, then these two would get together I will create some bond, okay? Do I not want to go here right now? So we're just going to read on we were talking about stability okay so Any of these two conditions, brother We have come to know that it is called eight electron. If they want it then either they donate that electron it must be creating eight electrons, right, either it seems he has some more he gave it to him, then got eight electrons either near it if there are some less electrons then those electrons It must be forming like a Leke Eight electron No, it can either be that both of them have something There is a shortage of two elements, both of them one or two that one of them lacks If one has more or less then the other has more If yes, then based on this you have two ways Stability will be complete either there is sharing the electron will go between the two atoms Isn't it true that both of them had some shortcomings, both of them shared their differences Both of them formed a bond with each other If the electron is shared then sharing happens it could be that someone has more had more electrons and the other had less He also thought of making a bond, then one of them loosed an electron and the other one If we gain an electron then it comes here There are two ways of transfer of electrons There may be stability, why is it happening Stability will transpose either of the octets Whenever sharing of electrons happens neither are those two people in the midst of such people who lack both Which elements have such electrons? we have these are our non metals which if i tell you whose sharing is it If it happens in between then you should not answer Metals Do Non metals non metals non metals will mix with each other and here sharing will happen, sharing is okay When will the transfer take place When will the transfer take place when a There will be a non-metal, there will be a metal, right, when a If there is a metal and a non-metal then in between them The transfer of electrons will happen fine So stability can be achieved in this way Correct wait a second just slide again and again I need to change, I got it We have a way, let's go now we have seen that either you know a sharing Either it will happen or it will be transferred on this basis There are also two types of bonds, one is is ours kovalenko kovalenko know who is the first You read the conditions, this is the first condition you should read this sharing of electron You say, someone should ask Kovalenko If it is in between then say two non metals it happens in between okay Kovalenko forms what happens when two atoms Mutually share your electrons among yourself What can we do mutually If you share it then you tell him Kovalenko may be assumed to have been a chlorine chlorine was ok in the outer most shell 1 2 3 4 5 6 there are seven electrons second chlorine came 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 right The electronic configuration is 2 8 7 28 7 no lack of one electron one electron Both the poor have got together, there is no shortage of two The poor two met each other There is a lack of electrons between the two We will share and from here we will become one the bond between them is okay so basically understand It happens between two non-metals It occurs between two non-metals occurs in between Kovalenko forms a triple bond ma'am can share four electrons Li Ho No Sharing of Four Electrons there is no pair of electrons either There will be sharing which you call si single bond either two electrons one i don't know Why do I say some wrong things? Single I am calling you a signal bond I want to say I am single I want to say I am single I want to say signal, I don't want to say come on give it electron pair is two electron pair means overall four electrons so you can call it you say there is a double bond and six electrons that is, there are three electron pairs, so you can call it You say triple bond Kovalenko I will definitely tell you, right, you know I if you know you know see all the videos You know ma'am won't leave it, okay should I tell you, no, I will tell you for sure then Kovalenko Valent Bond is one of ours Non Polar Kovalenko should know that many times we It seems that in Kovalenko Valent Bond The formation of the molecule occurs and In electrovalent bond, iso is of I will explain it to you right now, electrovalent Bond is also not taking any tension for now, Kovalenko that two atoms are joining together if you are going then what are you doing with ss A single bond came in between which together cl2 is formed now ion is not formed here charge is not formed Why was no charge made on anyone? Because I have shared electrons If she would have given it to me then I would have got some charge and she would have got some I would have got the charge but I didn't pay The other person did not even take the electron We shared the electrons together There is no charge on the electron then molecules are formed but Kovalenko a little charge comes which one It happens that it is your polar Kovalenko bond is ok kovalenko valent The bond is a non-polar one Kovalenko id how does it bond with many Children answer, it is an ionic bond, right? They think hydrogen is a Chlorine is a positive ion and it is a negative ion If metal is nonmetal then ionic bond will be formed But actually there is hydrogen here too I am showing non-metal behaviour Hope you know about hydrogen dual nature It shows right now, well that doesn't even make sense There is no meaning in that either, I know here What is a hydrogen? This is what is assumed Let's say I got a hydrogen and a chlorine came okay the outer most shell of hydrogen has one electron it has one of its own He must be sharing the electron here Isn't it so, you must be able to see this color Isn't it so, you can see a little bit more of this Chlorine came this chlorine came of chlorine How many electrons are in the outer most shell there are seven electrons of which He is sharing one but what actually happens because chlorine is electronegativities are slightly higher then chlorine gives the electron of hydrogen I understand that it starts pulling me towards itself Both of them love each other very carefully were building a perfect bond with ok with love But chlorine turned out to be a traitor, right? Where do relationships go these days? It's the same thing This is what is happening, okay so it happened do we have hydrogen as well we also have chlorine and hydrogen which is our Hydrogen is sitting very comfortably so let's Friends share electrons one by one There was a shortage of electrons, both of them shared Li was electron deficient near hydrogen If there was an electron, it would be like helium If it had chlorine it would have become argon then both of them wondered why don't share but chlorine Ma'am this has high electronegativity what is the tendency of an atom to attract electron to itself This force would pull the electron this is what you call electronegativity OK, so what do we have here? Hydrogen This is chlorine now has the electrons of hydrogen Chlorine started shifting little by little We got to see why this happened like this It started to look like pulling why did this happen because the electronegativities of chlorine If there is more then it was seen that look if chlorine would take that electron, then it would What kind of charge would it be ma'am he took it on negative no it pulled the electron so its Negative comes near but it is partial negative okay this is the story i will tell you Actually I have told you this once before Nor did I tell you this in the periodic table The story is told in The Structure of an Atom Maybe I have told you this for the first time too I have already told you that the one which is made of S type this delta is showing what delta means A little bit of partial delta here It is partial and comes on hydrogen Partial positive charge is due to hydrogen little by little the electrons are passing to us chlorine will see a little bit of electron It will be seen coming towards him in these kovalenko ho ye polar kovalenko as if clcparivar.in Two things in between two between elements between two atoms The difference in electronegativities will come Whose difference should be electronegativities if there is a difference then it is okay, this happens then Well let's move ahead so this is our We will know more about Kovalenko Valent Bond You will also know a little, listen to it An electrovalent bond is a bond which is the difference between a metal and a nonmetal okay a metal is basically its own donates electrons and the nonmetal accepts the electron whenever If there is such a bond then you will call it ionic either bond or electrovalent bond There's only one thing right, a bond is formed by the transfer of electrons between metals and a nonmetal is a good bond which is called coordinate bond now coordinate bond neither kovalenko has another name which is Understanding the Dativ Bond Kovalenko Ordinance suppose i told you h2o h2o h2o looks something like this Isn't it wait h2o looks something like this h o h okay How did you make it ma'am now you are Louise dot If you want, you can understand the structure a little bit. You can also think of a hydrogen here. one electron near oxygen 1 2 3 4 5 6 okay six electrons are outer Hydrogen again has a red core in its uppermost shell electron is there okay hydrogen he has to be stable he will tell this brother i I should make a bond here and this is also a bond It will make oxygen into eight parts You should have counted the electrons carefully 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Oxygen octad is complete hydrogen has two electrons Duplicate complete, he also has two Duplicate complete this is kovalenko Kovalenko looks at each electron Sharing happened one pair here one pair here then oxygen has a single bond the second single bond with hydrogen Made perfect from hydrogen, yes now what is our coordinate bond now Suppose we get h+ from some acid, meaning who doesn't have a single electron right now you look at the oxygen what it has are two lone pairs of oxygen what do you have two loan pairs two loan pairs What is loan payer? Loan payer of electron is lone pair means such electrons that participate in bonds This bonding is not okay electrons these are lone pair electrons bonding means which you are participating in The Bond Formation Lone Pair Meaning that He's lonely, the poor guy is alone in bondage Not participating, sitting outside okay now hydrogen will come hydrogen no, the hydrogen ion will say h+ ion Listen friend, I don't even have a single electron I don't mean I need any metal No I don't need anybody Someone directly donates two electrons at once I mean I want to be like helium and I would give anything to be like her there isn't a single electron We can provide the lone pair of oxygen yes you will call it oxygen okay I will tell you I can donate the electron because I have extra electrons then you make a bond with me those electrons you can show it to yourself in such a way that you have those electrons then How will the bond that forms in the middle be formed one 3h one o and positive ion because h+ So this bond is a coordinate bond Bond formed between the Kovalenko valency is right in the middle of kovalenko ordinance special type of Kovalenko buying atom is an atom which is different from the rest It is a combine and it is completely the same If you are sharing electrons then do it in this way You call this bond a coordinate bond okay like h3o became nh4 positive it is ioned, if you make this as well then it Also, three beans will be formed from one nitrogen, right? Hydrogen is already present and nitrogen There remains one loan pair which he completes this way by giving h+ it will make nh4 positive okay but yes electrovalent bond your it is very important in the end Kovalenko moves forward now we don't know anything kovalenko shish do ok so h2o So I showed it to you but once again we can you make it from okay what's in it Let's first see how the structures will be made Look at hydrogen first, it gives you a You will have to choose the central atom now I will explain it all in more detail. Look, when I am walking from the beginning No, I know a lot of people think so yaar mam is not doing it in very basic way don't know why you feel that I'm right here Starting from here, I will take you here I will never go from here I am not starting from the very basics I am starting to understand slowly from now on Everything will come and by the end you will get total everything Things I I will first get a central atom chosen Who do you generally consider to be the central atom? it is in less number ok like the one whose which is in small amount which electronegativity is low okay so Don't think about that for now, but remember that The central atom which is in less amount is For example, in h2o there is hydrogen and two oxygen If there is one then what is less is oxygen also hydrogen fluorine anytime anyway central atoms are not formed okay so oxygen comes gone is our oxygen okay two hydrogen put one hydrogen second hydrogen outer Draw the electrons of the lowest shell one by one one 2 3 4 5 6 okay i have drawn it now I am telling you the very basic structure, okay now see what happens after that How will sharing happen? An electron an electron will come here an electron will come here you can also show it with a circle okay one this one this this is being shared and Oxygen has it all Oxygen has it all All of these are okay so now look carefully octet of oxygen complete of hydrogen If the duplicate is complete, one hydrogen has one made a bond with oxygen then oxygen formed a second bond with the other hydrogen It already has two loan payers left, so this our h2o molecule got it and to understand ch4 first look at the central atom Choose and you will know about carbon Hydrogen is going to come how many are four make all four How many electrons are there in nature How many hydrogens are there in one T3 carbon? There are four, I am showing them with the cross yes this is so that everything doesn't look the same There are dots and crosses, you can use anything okay carbon this is our eight electrons look at each hydrogen what did one three four become, it became cc in which four hydrogen single single bonds It seems good that no one has this confusion ma'am single bond is coming why am I thinking It must not be coming from here, it is a very basic thing If it is not coming then also understand it electrons are joining to form a single bond two electrons are getting one single bond is being formed okay so that's it ch4 became how nitrogen will become one nitrogen second nitrogen outer most shell What is the atomic number of nitrogen Five electrons in the seven outer most shell there are one and five look like this understand five There are 25 electrons, how many electrons are there needs three electrons to be stable This one also has three electrons that one also has three electron make three electrons here The remaining five electrons are one each they have extra it's ok so one nitrogen second nitrogen count okay Tell me how many rupees do you both have? Eight each Electrons are gone, now what do you say about this? that a nitrogen has three electrons If we shared then this triple bond came in between this is formed n2 okay good Many times people think that there is no four in ch4 you can say like single bond double bond is there a triple bond or a tetra bond in ch4 b has four bonds not ch4 has four single bonds bonds okay there's four single bonds there's one Carbon does not bond four times to one hydrogen making one carbon from four hydrogen is forming a single single bond then you can call this You will say CH4 molecule which is our methane the molecule basically has a carbon four forming a single bond okay four Kovalenko different things happen now you think You are saying that maam has made the structure But we did not understand it that well isn't it or did you understand but and di What will happen if the structures are built? For this you need to know Lewis structure some rules of okay let's understand the number One Select the Central Atom Which is Generally The less electronegative you get a central atom You have to select the one which is mostly less should be electronegative okay atom and highest atomic number or sometimes it is You can also see the condition of even times The atomic number is high and you should also remember this keep which is less in Number less in number, this condition is also right for you It will sit fine, whichever number is less ok yes ma'am draw the skeleton and join them using single bond then after that you What you need to do is make a rough structure I have to take it okay you got to know central What is an atom and look there are two types of atoms one the central atom that's going to come in the middle and You call the remaining atoms corners. atoms okay so considering one as the central atom rest of the corner atoms can be placed like we were making ch4 let's go and make it yes we have placed the corner atoms okay Maam now give them a rough structure This is a rough structure, meaning put a single bond This rough one put a single bond in everything there is a structure you will say ma'am just now you have This was made final as I said it was rough It is possible that this becomes the final result but for the rest Check the steps, there might be something in it If you have to make changes then it is okay for you now First you have made the rough structure, second number Now what you have to do is get the total number of Check the valence electrons of carbon What is the total number of valence electrons and the total number of valences of hydrogen A summation of how many electrons there are You have to find out how many valences overall electrons are in a molecule okay the whole molecule's okay put one pair off shared electrons between the atoms linked Buy a Single Bond: What to do now? Shows a pair of shared electrons okay single bond to two pairs double bonds to and three pairs to triple bonds the remaining electrons you call them You will ask what happened to him, you are his loan payer like we just saw in the water octad of each atom should be completed now You have to check and count every single electron that carbon has what it takes to You got as many electrons as you needed if you are here Look at what we built in carbon 5 6 7-8 electrons had arrived, that's why Our rough structure becomes the final structure. would have happened if there were no eight electrons and these If we had done everything then we would have done something in this and i can do some enhancement as well Understand, you are getting a little confused So now let's come to some formulas and slightly bigger questions So that everything becomes clear to you one by one Let's look at the Lewis dot structure of three You will have to use these three formulas You have to use the formula continuously somewhere it's okay number one total number of Calculate electrons anytime Lewis If you build structures, you will remember these things keep in mind that I will tell you the way You will not make any wrong structure, yes for sure means you are just the same thing It is a simple thing that if you are as big as me I am teaching you, read the notes as carefully as you can Keep doing it, you won't miss anything hey believe me believe me of course you need question practice this is very simple The thing is, it's a one shot, you get many Questions for extra practice I need these for you very well I know the thing, I already told you this that I As much as possible, a video on the question too I will make it, right? Yes, but one It is short, you will not understand everything at first Again the same thing happens but nothing comes out I can't sit for the question in the chapter you can not directly jump to the to ask questions right then You should know how to do things properly Understand the total number of electrons first count which you will denote by q total what is the number of electrons is this a matter is this a matter is this something to ask if it is total electrons then whatever in a molecule, as many as These are atoms, find out their total electrons okay now whether it's the central atom or whether it's If there is a corner atom then it is okay to check all You find out the total number of electrons If the number of valence electrons is the whole molecule has a charge like we just saw h3o i He said NH4 is positive right, no3 is negative is also a molecule that has a charge what is applied on top there is a charge applied on top If there is any charge levied above, then that charge look at him, he may be positive is it negative if there is positive charge then The more positive the charge, the more positive Subtract the charge as much positive charge as possible Minus that much positive charge, meaning h3o had pv so we give -1 as the answer When I take out q, it is ok and if it is negative If there is a charge then add it, did you understand? I have come and chosen a central atom, right? Rough structure made single bond applied Now we check the value of q, how can we find q The total number of electrons is seen after that the positive charge in it minus that which is the negative charge I gave it a plus, okay we'll come back again How does this happen in bond pair electrons Whatever the number of bonds is, it's a rough You made a bond, single single bond, everything Let me look at that, multiply it by two two so basically the amount in that bond the electrons will come out okay so The electrons of the bond pair have become lone pair How will the electrons of lone pair be removed? The q you used to remove the electron and the bond pair electrons I have taken them out, just minus them, okay q If you minus q, whatever If the electrons of the bond pair are You say lone pair of electrons, now look to summarize everything back to back Let's try quickly what ma'am have we chosen a central atom Corner atoms are chosen as the outer most shell have made the electrons of all single We have put a bond and even completed the work After applying the single bond, ma'am the same How did we find the value of q? Ma'am it is a simple matter about the central atom and of the corner atom which is in the valence shell there are electrons they've all been connected okay if I see the positive charge we'll see So we will minus that much negative charge You will see that we will do that much plus then I will give us the electrons of the bond pair are to be removed how will it turn out 2 * whatever number we have Bonds are installed in rough structures okay then after that we will go to loan pair It is possible that they will remove electrons You are sitting on a loan payer, how will he get out? Subtract q from the bond pair electron ma'am one sec ch4 when you There was no loan pair in this It may or may not happen, this minus may happen If the value comes out to be zero then that is a different story ok now the loan pair is out now the story The basic structure starts here It is done if the loan payer reaches zero Ofcourse the structure that you built It will be true if the lone pair has some value So you will have to apply the loan payer now. Those which come out can be seen in two ways Will be useful or they will create bonds Ofcourse either loan payer loan payer either Loan pair will be made brother, loan pair should be taken out It came as if it was in H2O and in oxygen electron put either lone pair lone You must be behaving like a loan payer It is possible that if there is no need for a loan payer then Whose loan is that loan payer on time will behave like a Bond will behave like a Bond okay what do i mean by question now also explain listen lone pair electron is either use to fill loan payer or that loan It will be useful for us only to fill the pair and it may form double or triple bonds If I have to make a bond, which one? Double or Then which triple bond would have to be formed? The compound will depend whether it is double or triple How is it ok we will come to this one now Let's understand good formal charge from the question First understand what is formal charge Ask one question first, then one question later We will ask for formal charge, okay let's get oxygen Let us look at the structure of the molecule draw oxygen molecule is o2 molecule No, let's get three things out of the way first. It happens in every question, it is here, right? The value of a q in the structure is exactly one bond pair electrons and a lone pair electron okay let's go to the oxygen molecule That means there are two oxygen atoms, we drew it How to make the rough structure now If the structure is of the central atom then it has no meaning There is no one to tell in the center we have two structures a two a we have atoms okay so oxygen What happens to oxygen in the outer most shell has six electrons in the outer most How many electrons are in a shell? Six electrons are in the outer most shell how many electrons are there six electrons Oxygen is present in the outer most shell okay now if there are six electrons look I am saved I am saved guys okay now if there are six electrons so here is one two three fur 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 isn't it first what do we do first of all we make a rough How to make a rough structure rough structure will be made means maam single put the bond okay put a single bond We don't have to think about anything in the rough structure ok already a normal skeleton Created a structure, find the value of q Think about how many there are here. If the charge is there then how much oxygen will have As we know, electrons are The outer most shell of oxygen has six if there are two electrons then oxygen Overall 6 + 12 becomes 6 * 2 directly no no how many are there overall six electrons one The second oxygen also has six electrons So it's 12, okay, its charge is 12. How many electrons are there in the bond pair now? So we have formed the same bond, right? 2 * Number of bonds 2 * How many bonds are there in one So how much did it cost to pay the loan? ma'am minus two bond pairs from q so 12 - 2 = 10 10 electrons will come by filling take 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 right, we have done this for you now As soon as I saw it, I realized that this structure is wrong How did you find out? Look here is an electron. Here an electron was not detected by this count 1 2 3 4 5 six one electron here there will be consumption of one electron here will be its octaves also If octets are not complete then the structure how can it be right but we need one thing And I knew if ma'am Octed was not completed no problem we know who the loan payer is Either they work as loan pairs Or we can use them as double ended if it's in a triple bond then we know In this, we remove these electrons and make these will give the structure of a double bond okay now this can become a molecule so this is Did you understand your O2 molecule? come back understand once ok come back understand We find the value of q for the bond pair loan Pair found out, now we know which loan pair They have come or of course they will be used As a loan payer or then what do you say You can also put double or triple bonds to it ho ok well this was my rules According to that we did this otherwise So it was a basic question so you can do it anyway you could have done this without using this Formula and all but using formula You have to walk because the loose material in you is now Structures will come on formula basis We will come ok ok here is another specialty let me tell you this of course this theory Going forward, even more theories will be a little wrong That's why you must have come, right? So, I'll tell you this Let me tell you one more thing that I remember here keep it because many times you make questions You will forget the time which is the central atom it must never donate less than eight electrons He needs eight but something like this A condition will also arise where eight of the central atom there can be more electrons than ok in stable i understood central We have to give eight electrons to the atom which has to be given to all the atoms but in this there is a In Lewis structures, this is what happens central atom can have more than eight electrons The central atom may also have eight It will work even if there are more electrons than okay okay let's move on to the formal Let us know the charge once and then What structures will formal charge There is a difference between the charge and the formal charge what is the difference between whatever number of valence electrons will be of that atom in a free state and the number of electrons assigned to that atom in a lu structure means you have read the Louis structure We have created a bond with time, right? You saw the electrons of Lewis structures. It is on time, yes ma'am, and actually too Some electrons might have come out no number of valence electrons in reality there are some and some that you have drawn then those The difference that exists between the two You say formal charge is ok then yes What about significant form formal charge There is a structure having a small formal Charge on the atoms is the most stable whichever Nickel has the lowest formal charge in the structure When it comes to that it is said to be the most stable You can build a stable structure it is helpful okay so we all You can select a stable structure OK, now you will again be asked this question. You just have to understand in which formula charge is it what will come yes how do you find out The formula for formal charge is valence Subtract as many electrons as you want minus the electrons of the lone pair The number of electrons in a bond is Divide it okay where is the formal charge Let's understand when it's going to happen, okay ok as i will explain it to you I just told you h3o + so plus on whom will it go it is completely on h3o but when you If you make a structure then where will the plus be you will apply it, right a no2 - so3 - so3 2 - now this so3 has 2 my so what is this 2 minus Who would be paying what and who would be paying minus charge If it is going then how does it happen What to put where, that is your formal charge you can figure it out and understand it okay fine let's go Next is to make a molecule of CO2 okay okay let's go around our The formula will always run while writing a q The formula is the total number of electrons We find out one bond pair is 2* whatever number of electrons in the bond okay the bond pair the electrons of the electron bond pair then we remove the lone pair of electrons and Then in the end we will also take out the formal charge can we have valence electrons minus lone pair minus bond pair electrons Divided bait bond pair not bond pair that whatever electron is there okay let this also be there Ours is gone now we are coming loose dot Structure of Carbon Dioxide Choose the central atom quickly, carbon and What will be the central atom of oxygen Carbon will be less electronegative I chose the one with carbon or less number you can also see carbon is fine oxygen There are two, so we made two corner atoms okay then after that give a single single bond I have given you two, now what do you do after that First find the value of q on the outer surface of carbon How many electrons are in the lowest shell? Oxygen has four electrons on the outer side The lowest shell has six electrons, two If there is oxygen then multiply it by two, okay The value is 6 * 2 12 12 + 4 = 16 How many electrons do we have per bond pair? So only two bonds are made ma'am, so 2 * 2 * If the number of bonds is also two then it becomes four isn't it, how much is the loan pair for four out of 16 Minus it, it comes out to be 12. Okay, it comes out to be 12. now fill 12 loan pairs one t three fur 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Lone pair is useful for two purposes Look, formal charge is required here. you won't have to because you are careful now Even if you take it out, it will come out to be zero Because look there is no charge anywhere There is no need for formal charge here it will be needed we can remove it ok give me loan payer This method will work either by applying loan payer Either we are in the business of making bonds or else we are in the business of making bonds Let us check whether our structure is correct because after this structure everything is stable We should count the carbon first Just look at the central atom, though it is 10 and 2 Three fur this is never possible The central atom has only eight electrons at least it doesn't mean it's stable aat he has to do it so this is not True this structure is wrong okay now if If this structure is wrong then we know it right We must have entered the loan payer wrongly, right? Loan payers work either as loan payers Either by removing this loan pair of the bond We will make this a bond Will we make this a bond Our work is done, let's check the carbon look 4 5 6 yes some work is going on By removing two lone pairs, if we have a and the structure made another bond to carbon Look, it has become stable now, even carbon Stable oxygen is also stable so this is it our second bond formation nh4 positive good question, pay attention See which nh4 positive central atom you would consider Hydrogen can never be a central atom nitrogen okay how many hydrogens are there four Hydrogen okay we will make single bonds with all four We brothers are in the first structure now quickly Let's apply the formula q how does the total come out number of electrons in the atomic number of nitrogen Number seven is five in the outer most shell electron plus hydrogen has a There are total four hydrogen electrons What did four positive charges mean - minus if we used to do it then it is -1 right 5 p 4 i 9 p myv i It is 8 8 right and there are many children here right? We just write down the answers and forget them It is written 'float' there so please pay attention to this It's ok to keep it then comes your bond pair how does the electron come out of this 2 in Number of Bands 2 Do these number of bands directly friend If you add four to the four written, the overall result will be A ok how many electrons are in a bond pair These have gone and come, now take out the next loan pair electrons of the electron lone pair once Let us check what is the value of q How much nitrogen is there? It is five right? Plus 41 is 4 okay it's done let's pay loan how much came 8 - 8 overall no lone pair there is zero loan pair let's see From Structure or Not one 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 yes structure is correct Look, nitrogen has eight electrons. Hydrogen has two electrons who wanted those to also become positively charged Do you give it or remember if ever you feel positive Charge If there is a positive charge then you can cut it and if there is a negative charge so you don't cut corners sorry central If the atom is positively charged then send it Central Atom if p is negative then you call it in the corner Corner Corner is ok because we get positive charge If it is visible then a positive on nitrogen Charge will be levied, negative charge becomes formal No charge and yes if you want to apply formal here also If you remove the charge, it will come on nitrogen only You can also calculate the positive but I told you directly that you can apply it ok i will calculate it otherwise I will show you everything is fine, it's positive Whenever you withdraw the charge, it should be central comes out on the atom and the negative There is charge in those corner atoms and you get confused You must be wondering how ma'am is coming now. Understanding from the question h3o + draw let's draw h3o p let's do it The central atom is oxygen, we have chosen it It can't be hydrogen put hydrogen how many three hydrogen Forest two three we have done this as well yes ma'am take out all the values this is one of the very important question okay let's talk about q if I look at the value what will come out q how to take it out how to take it out whatever the number of valence electrons right, hydrogen has one and There are three hydrogens so 13 plus oxygen How many electrons are there in the outer most six electrons in the shell okay If it is positive then make it -1 6 P 3 9 - 1 8 okay it's here okay what else do we have pass a bond pair How does the electron come out 2 * number off We have issued three bonds, six loans Remove the paired electrons, how many nickels 8-6 will come, okay two lone pair will come out came of Yessam there are one or two, I have put this ma'am How do you know that attention is being paid to this? If you look at hydrogen, then the octad is complete There was only oxygen left, now look at the oxygen two 3 4 5 6 7 8 eight electrons become Ahh it is a positive charge, who will you give the positive to? Who will you give the charge to? Give it to oxygen Give it to Central Atom and it will be done Our h3o p loan pair is either loan pair They are useful or they are useful for bonds wouldn't it make a double or triple bond yes you are from loan payer right here loan payer Will be useful only for loan payers because bonds There is no need for this here, the bond has already been formed Cannot have extra bonds to hydrogen We will give you some, not required no3 - actually i told h3o+ to tell me I thought I would have to pay a formal charge for this I don't want to take it out in this I want to take it out in this Formal charge no3 - is it there It will come out but it is not coming out Because of course loan payer is there in it You will be directly connected to oxygen here To understand here does not mean anything like that Again, I have already told you about the formal charge hmm what is the formal charge don't think about it maam said there was no need to take it out No, you should take it out and see, it will be on this It will look like this, you can check if it is okay you can check it yourself i am just saying that is a question in which I will tell you I can't explain it completely somewhere I want to see that question, so if it's okay then yes So that question will come here also, right now yes, understand this for now now see no.3 is mine Everyone must have chosen the central atom I can see some amount of nitrogen Oxygen oxygen oxygen ok yes mam now what How do we find the value of q The total number of valence electrons comes out Nitrogen has five electrons plus oxygen has six electrons There are a total of three in the outer most shell If oxygen is fitted in no3 then 63 and above Pay -1 means we do + 1 how much will go 6 * 3 18 18 + 5 19 20 21 22 23 + 1 Write 24 directly, it is 24, right, once Also check, it is a six 3 6 3 18 18 + 1 19 19 + 5 = 24 correct so this is got 24 electrons of the bond pair How to calculate 2 number of bonds How many bonds did we put in the rough structure Now we know how these three bonds looked No, put single single bond on everyone first So it's three six, now we will calculate the loan How will the pair of electrons come out of 24 Minus 6 what will be the amount 18 only does it happen yes 24 - 6 e 18 18 electrons okay let's give it to whom are forests useful Lone pair either of the lone pair or double of the lone pair end of the triple bond neither lone pair nor double and let's look at the triple bond one to two 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 18 We donated electrons from the corner atom Let us start giving to the loan payers okay why no corner in hydrogen Water supply was started here from Atom because how to give hydrogen in that will you give me loan payer Octets are pass duples, right? you will give electron to it don't go on it okay I gave it here well what about nitrogen We can look at Kovalenko Now of course it has become stable due to loan payer Otherwise, come under the second condition, double it and try to give a triple bond If the structure is right, what can we do will remove an electron from one of the oxygen that we will make a bond here now see yes nitrogen 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 yes nitrogen is now stable nitrogen is now stable Ofcourse all three are oxygen so you can could also do this work by using oxygen It is ok here for now, yes ma'am now it is your turn is the charge of -1 to whom should we give -1 If there is a minus then of course in central we will not apply it otherwise we will give it to him -1 give it to him give it give it as you are now in I + V you were doing it just like I was doing + and giving time I was putting it in central, right? I was applying it directly but if you look at the edge said I told you earlier that if you If you count then that person will come positive Charge but the same things will be applicable in minus If it's not like that then we won't do that to anyone -1 Brother, I will apply the oxygen double bond once and forming single bonds twice If yes, then there will be something different in this oxygen There might be something different in this oxygen too Let's see which one is on whom When the charge comes then you calculate for it yes same formal charge now you come for it For whom the formal charge is now formal Whose charge is whose, take it out for each one Let's assume that a b c d four formal charges Let me take it out from this question and see I am explaining all the formal charges to you so that if you have any question come to take it out or what we have done earlier If you ask the question directly, you will If you want to take it out or check it, you can do it fine What is the formula to calculate the formal charge is valence electron minus lone pair electrons of the minus bond pair Electrons divided by 2 lone pairs electrons are okay everybody has electrons the valence electron lone pair Electron End of Electron Bond Pair divided by two okay let's do this a In all the cases we put it in a first We will apply the same formula and then charge the formula We will calculate the charge for B and then the formal charge for C We will take it out and then we will charge the formal charge of d We will take it out a what have we assumed brother a Oxygen Values how many electrons are there 2 3 4 5 6 a According to the Lewis structure here is six is ma'am minus minus lone pair is its yes mam i have how many lone pairs are there 1 2 3 There are six electrons in total, three pairs, that is How many pairs in a six electron minus bond yes ma'am one one pair one divided by 2 come on check it is 6 - 6 0 6 - 6 e 0 a lone pair of electrons There are two electrons in the bond pair, sorry Sorry bond pair has two electrons 2 Divide and Divide: There is no way to bond with a mother electrons of pair do not look like bond pairs it has two electrons in the bond so Two will come, okay so here it is, one 6 - 6 I 0 -1 Overall its charge has arrived -1 Just be it ma'am Gaya answer -1 must be coming on this yes but and Also check whose formal charge is it We have taken out ka and have mistakenly written b in it Well, look at a and b, they are similar Both of them have to come, they have to come similar how do you know this will also come with -1 oh They both are forming a bond The calculations are all going to remain the same, right? same in this both have same valence electrons are going to be same bond electron is the same lone pair electron So this will be the same, let's take it out for C how many valence electrons are there two three Sorry valence in four minus lone pairs how many electrons how many valence electrons how many electrons are there in six minus lone pair How many in four minus bond pairs Electron is divided by four 2 2 * 2 4 6 - 6 how much has it come i.e. above this There is no charge, minus charge on top of it We got a minus charge on top of this. We got it, we got zero charge on it Maam now the question is a bit wrong thought carefully -1 only one had to be given and two more Bar-1 we are giving one here one here But this structure is wrong, it should be -2 but for a minute we used nitrogen I haven't removed the charge yet, let's remove it You could also remove the formal charge on nitrogen Let's have a loan for the first valence how many electrons are in nitrogen There are five okay in the minus lone pair How many electrons are there ma'am not even one but zero How many electrons are in a minus bond pair 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 how many came 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 eight electrons are divided by 2 2 48 5 - 4 is 1 plus one plus and now it is question correct plus one d I have taken out the b c charge, brother, come into it went + 1 came into it -1 and came into it too -1 means any one that is greater than this will be -1 You might be neglecting, aren't you confused? what happened what happened be careful Listen friend, I have made the rough structure till there I gave you loan pairs, we saw one Central may not be able to satisfy atom then we have put its lone pair into a bond We even converted the story we have been doing it now its turn that if If there is negative charge then what to do with positive charge ma'am explained it to me in positive also You can do it after paying the formal charge but Come on, let's understand a little bit about this The central atom has to be given in negative I am not able to understand who gets which charge So you have calculated it formally here. charge for each one ok now one -1 to you You had to place it, where to place it, that is where you are facing problem If it was happening then you took out the formal charges for everyone Once I took the formal charge, it became zero and one bar-1 came once more bar-1 came twice now When we arrived we again began to feel confused that If brother is -1 twice then it is only once If we want to put -1 then we click next We took out the charge and saw that 1 + 1 aa If it happens then the charge of both of them will be removed brother It must have happened, now it has been neglected to -1 you put it are you getting my point how did we do it so yes this is Important and yes, definitely check the calculation take it please please please if somewhere bye Mistake because four to five hours at a time is being recorded so if bye Mistake in some calculation or something like that If minor mistakes are made then correct them a little Avoid it or you can do the right thing give it to me of course like here we are Let's see quickly, okay it's a six right? Count it, you can count it, as many as you want Check if there are valence electrons electrons see what you know You can see how many electrons are there in the lone pair the lone pair of electrons is good like Sometimes mistakes happen in this, we bond in pairs like I am just starting out Look, I had kept one, remember the value, right? keep talking about everybody's electron valence electrons not in valence shell valence shell not talking valence shell electrons have to be kept, that is, one If there is a shell then keep one of the valence shell electron lone pair is no longer in pair See that ma'am one pair two pair three pair how many electrons are there in lone pair then 2 3 4 5 6 bond pair not in bond pair How many electrons are there in which the bond is formed How many electrons are there in it then the bond pair It's okay if you're a little bit confused If so, then I am a little confused. If you are confused at all, we are coming here and let's do this in the question as well so3 2e Central Atom, you must have understood it, right? We chose the number with three oxygen [music] There are three oxygen atoms, let's understand one by one yes find the value of q quickly q q what Sulfur has valence electrons how many electrons does sulfur have 2 8 six electrons or you can also use ADF You could have done it, right? Just see, when it reaches 20. If elements of come then it may look like this na six electrons are there and plus How many electrons are there in oxygen? There are three oxygen atoms in oxygen 18 is 6 * 3 and -2 so we do + 2 We will give you 26, the value has come, right, then after that What do you withdraw? Why did you withdraw the bond? Pair's electrons of an electron bond pair How to remove electrons from a bond pair will come out 2 3 4 5 6 it came directly like that You can do 2*3 of 6 loan pairs You will also see electrons, you might be getting 20 isn't it 26 - 6 20 Now let's come, what do you bring out next? Formal charges that are required now We have seen it, we will take it out now valence electrons lone pair electrons Electrons Divided Between Bond Pairs This is how it is taken out but for now it is 20 send electrons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Maam it is correct, the structure is correct The structure is correct, let's assume this structure Let's accept that what you say is correct now ok to check now check it once again formal charge a b c you know its -1 aa this must be getting -1 this must be getting -1 How do you know it is coming ma'am then you He said, what should I memorize, my friend, memorize a little Then you will gain experience while doing it We saw that when oxygen had such a There was an electronic confine, then there was a There was a minus charge coming, right? Electronic confine was a bond when If it is making oxygen then there is a minus in it It is obvious that the charge is coming When it has created a bond here also The same bond has been created so we will also will say -1 must be coming -1 must be coming and -1 He must be coming, how much do we have to pay -2 Give If it is Sulphur ma'am then something must be going wrong right? Ma'am let's check the sulphur formally Let the charge of sulfur be in the valence electron How many valence electrons are there in sulfur There are six electrons in the lone pair How many electrons are there? You can see two electrons. how many bond pairs are there in doti ch pa 6 ch electron is divided by 2 3 so 6 my 3 to ma'am sorry -3 might minus ka f ch i equal to If the minus of the minus comes then it would be fine if ma'am the plan comes It happens that minus one is coming to one Let's check it again, there were two loan payers as well The bond pair is also divided by 2 th my ma'am this was wrong if it had been a float It is possible that -2 charge would have come after being neglected But actually this structure itself is wrong This whole structure is wrong now What is wrong with this structure you are thinking Sulfur is an element which is found in more quantity sulfur can give an electron such that element which is more important in the central atom then it can hold eight electrons and then it can hold sulphur There are no coals named three Sulfur never forms triple bonds can make six bonds b three bonds so its If this does not happen then this structure itself is wrong That means there will be a place here where But sulfur must be forming a double bond actually I have sulphur here But here there is sulfur which is present here would have been made like a double bund ok, this is how sulphur will be made Double Bond Now see what happens to the double bond I still understand the double bond Now understand that the double bond is here sulfur What does this oxygen do here? remove the electron and put it here You must be thinking ma'am what has happened what happened i did not understand anything Maam told you in the beginning itself it was that this loose structure of yours is Actually you will understand this theory as you go further Even then this point was said that such a How is it brother you are talking about central atom more than can have 0 electrons but this This happens in theory, again, in this you I will tell you something in the beginning Look at chemistry I never do it She says that only in the understanding portion I don't want to remember anything I never said that yes understanding should be more 11th 12th If you look at me then brother the learning portion Very less and understanding portion is very much It increases a lot but I don't learn anything I never say this, I have to do it, there are some things there are some laws some you know exception of course you know a little bit Have to do it anyway, similar to sulfur case it is ok sulfur can form char Sulfur can form six Kovalenko valence means it can show four bonds has six bonds, sulfur has three Bond has no such meaning you can say There is no case in which sulphur has three bonds If he makes it then that case itself was wrong, right? Well for now remove this, now the sulphur has got you will you see that ma'am doti four 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 Electrons are gone but the central atom can keep it According to this theory, the central atom is can have more than eight electrons so it's true This is fine according to them, now you take it out You already understood the formal charge of two -1 was about to come out now when oxygen had formed a double bond, yet we removed it This happened when oxygen formed a double bond It was made in this condition, so we said no If the charge is not coming then yes it is zero on this The charge will be coming at that time you again Take it out friend, we still have it out here Don't look at the zero when 6 - 4 and make it 4/2. If it comes again, it will be zero only or zero once if it has come then remove the bolt okay I I I am not taking it out again, if you want you can Calculate it and come to sulphur now Why do we extract sulphur powder once? Valance will be taken out on pay formal charge How many electrons does sulfur have? How many lone pairs does sulphur have how many are there in two bond pair doti cha pa 6 sa 8 aa divided by 2 point 6 - 6 what is it it happens it is zero it has come on sulphur Overall Zero Charge Zero Charge Watch Now -1 -1 so3 2 my is done, any charge on this No, there is no charge for this, there are two formal charges. -1 -1 Did you get the las structures Are Lus Structures Clear to You? Ok, some structures are cleared by yourself. You must try it, will keep making it it's not that difficult something There were some exceptions here and there Exceptions and because of this this theory edge I said even if he fails then there is some benefit of it There are limitations, we are thinking of the octad rule that yes things are right but you should also There is confusion, actually it is because of this The limitations are becoming incomplete Octave Octave Rule Design Apply To molecule where the central atom has been found then there is no eight electron in it cant when less than eight electrons are there this is Particularly True for the Elements This Is That means when we make bcl3 it is made like this three chlorines are required Okay, this way three chlorine is applied. Let's go to BCL3 now what about here happens here if we look at boranon boronon so check this bcl3 is formed like this isn't it bcl3 is formed like this here is boranen what is boron it is uma no sorry beryllium boron 1 2 3 no three electrons are in the outer most shell Yes ma'am, we have created three electrons one two three isn't it chlorine look chlorine This is how chlorine is formed structure of bcl3 look at boranone 1 2 3 4 5 6 six electrons The central atom has six electrons which are wrong Maam it is the same thing when we are making it so we feel bcl3 is like this It will be made but it will be somewhere central if the atom has fewer electrons then Incomplete Octets So this is like something limited Some structures could not be made with this which has less than eight electrons Those structures are not getting built with this are odd electron molecules octad rule Nothing was applying to them In a molecule that has an odd number of atoms electron is like a is no2 When odd number of electrons are coming So we saw that we had to build these structures Can't find number three expanded octave As we have seen there are many such elements looking for more than eight electrons We're leaving like we did with the sulphur If you read the conditions then this is wrong right? Elements in the Periodic Table A Third Pedestrian Period and Beyond periodic table have 3d orbital that can be used for bonding this means that the the outer most shell can amete more than eight electron which is called an expanded How Octade is Expanding Octade How is it growing to have eight electrons I want it but even this thing is not happening here All these things were correct till the second period It was working but some elements We were coming and going in the same way in which we I saw that my friend expanded it Octaves rule you're talking about and octaves you are not applying any rules, right, here If there seems to be a duplicate rule then this is also one There has been an exception, not hydrogen This does not happen in helium We can tell from the shape of the molecule octets we were unable to make the molecule what is its shape okay so this Relative Stability Octave Rule went wrong He was not even telling us that the molecule what is relative to each other There is stability but we are not even stable be able to calculate ionic end properly Kovalenko rule was not being applied to them in a molecule, whether it is ionic or Kovalenko was not applying because no The bond is completely ionic and completely We understood a little about Kovalenko valent bond I understood the ionic bond but maybe you didn't address which we will further know that any bond It is neither completely ionic nor If you know about Kovalenko then don't do that right now come on let's move ahead the next slide is Electrovalent Bond and Ionic Bond What is in the formation of ionic bond What happens when an ionic bond is When a metal combines with a non-metal You call it ionic bond, it's very The wound has dried up, wait for a minute, drink water will have to Perfect either electrovalent or ionic What is the bond between metal and nonmetal The bond between that is electrovalent When will the ionic bond be forming? Yes electrovalent ionic bond look when a an atom looses one electron more than one one might even loose an electron it's the atom that's losing the electron And there is a positive charge coming into it You must know that any atom electron If we remove it, a positive charge appears on it is so one atom looses electron to form there will be an atom x suppose it has a did you loose any electron or how many I loosed the electrons and it came on that the positive charge is okay and the second atom will come y suppose it gained the same electron If you have done it then you will get a negative result The charge is then formed into a cut and an ana ion will be formed Who will form a Cata N? there will be formation and a Enayat and Enayum by a strong force of attraction which you call this is the electrostatic force of attraction x negative and y positive sorry y positive and y negative and x the positives that combine together to form x y There must be a floor between these two Isn't it what we call bond? Actually there is a force of attraction, right? This is a very strong material ionic bond or electrovalent bond which would There seems to be a lot of force of attraction in it it is a very strong one which is electrostatic force of attraction is correct Now look Katay and Anayat are loose and gain off electrons from it generally have Electron Confinement of Nearest Inert Gas I will try but it is not necessary that in all you know condition for ionic Noble gas containing inert gas of formation The electronic configuration starts coming This doesn't happen but yes it happens mostly will look like iron two positive now Look, what is it? Is it iron to positive or not? Nickel Two Positive Nickel To Positive Key Everyone has an electronic confine Electronic confine is written here many eyes have inert gas confine now What is this maam what are you explaining simple This is so because if sodium loses one electron If you give it to someone then it will become Sodium Plus Sodium Plus Electronic Confinement Case It must be something like this, where did the sodium go here? if it is not made of sodium then it is not made of sodium it has happened, I will make it sodium positive there is no sodium what will happen Positive 1 s2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 6 7 8 9 10 11 One electron had to go here, isn't there one The electron was supposed to go here but we are saying sodium is positive so that one electron If you remove this then what will happen, this is the nearest Nine's electron became a noble gas confine this has happened isn't it the nearest Electronic confine of noble gases will arrive It is ok after losing or gaining electrons So in this way just use the electronics of ice confine you can write now lattice What is enthalpy? Look and understand it carefully. Two to three things are necessary for an ionic bond Which ionic bonds are formed? either an electron would be loose for Either one electron will be gained There is no gain, electrons are loose Have you read the electron periodic table? what did you think if the electron was getting loose If it is there then there must be some energy being gained There must be some energy somewhere, right? The energy must be coming out and getting absorbed somewhere What must be teaching ma'am about ionization Talking about energy and electron affinity ma'am both of them understand what these things are If there is an atom in which I have an I what did i do i took an atom If I remove this then you understand and do this Let me remove this, I'll take an atom I took one atom I took one atom okay yes ma'am come on now accept it from me There are no electrons in this atom, nor are there any s now I need to take this electron out. If I were to take this electron out so I have to give it some energy As we speak, the cutting The formation is done, now how will the cut be made electrons pulled out electrons pulled out How could it have come out? It is not like that this atom He was sitting and said, brother I am very tired Today the 11th class kids have gone If you want to study chemistry, let's remove the electrons Let us give you a glimpse of something like this that would not have happened, right? some energy will be provided it could be in the form of heat in the form of Electricity, any energy we if it is provided then it will provide electrons sufficient amount of energy must have come out which Whatever is required will be required If we took out the electron, then We gave them some energy in short so that Whatever amount of energy required energy is required by this atom is required so that we can transfer its electron You can remove it, you call it ionization energy what is ionization energy amount of energy required to remove an Where does the electron come from? From the outer most shell of an isolated gaseous atom then a The energy we used to extract it from the atom di is the ionization energy then First one for electrovalent bond We need ionization energy Otherwise this would have become our Katyay now Anayat yes ma'am when the electron gets accepted Now again accept some electrons like this It might have happened that some energy will come out if It accepted the electron The atom must have released some energy from it then think again when the electron came out So we gave energy, look we gave energy the electrons are coming out okay look here we are giving energy the electron is coming out now if we saying that the electron is coming in then Do you understand that the energy will come out? electrons are okay this is energy we We gave energy We gave energy the electron came out now we're talking Electron is coming in and energy is going out If it is coming out then there will be electron affinity okay so this is electron affinity The amount of energy released when an atom in a gaseous state except an electron Bar electron accept all this you I've read it a bit from back, anyway I told you, but yes, you have read it yourself. okay so we also need electron affinity There was a need which has been our favor, right? So we need these two energies here. It's done, now here you get another energy which is our lattice enthalpy or which you can call lattice energy okay what is this lattice enthalpy of n Ionic solid is defined as the energy Required to completely separate one mole of A solid, you did everything, sodium Ofcourse the electrons got loose suppose Let's talk about sodium chloride Sodium lost its electron due to chlorine gained electrons okay this is the whole story Now whatever energy is required All this formation has happened, now whatever energy It will be required to complete separate 1 mole of a solid compound into its gaseous ices means you Conceits ion meaning chlorine is in gaseous state we have it fine na0 cl2 only There were two times, we dissociated, simple yes you have been reading Sodium + If cl2 is cl2 then it will be gaseous it gives out it's na2 now cl2 has little use sodium moved to cl8 now sodium has loose electron chlorine must be gaining electrons It must be happening maam how do you know brother do it the thing is metal is the same thing So you have come back after studying in 9-10 again, right? Metal looses electron to get positive charge Nonmetal gain electron to gate negative there is charge right so it's the same story so sodium What to do to make sodium positive sodium would have to lose its electron What do we have to do to remove an electron? if we are removing electrons then we You must be giving energy, which energy are you giving What energy is given by ionisation? If we give energy then we will give it here Think of I Energy Chlorine Chlorine The electron is coming, what was energy before I electron came out now the electron is coming If there is chlorine then which energy will be released Energy is released Electron Affinity So the electron affinity in this When you take both of them in ionic form If you come and connect these two then this is what energy this is lattice energy or or then when you break it and put it back in this If you bring it into the state, then that energy is yours Lattice Energy Back to What is Lattice Energy Define as much energy as is required to Look at the complete separation when the lattice energy is told If you are buying then you can directly buy one Exact definition of compound by taking one mole make it ok it is required completely Separate 1 mole of solid compound One mole of solid whatever the compound is, call it that Gaseous Constituents of Particles Back in from the break in gassy Constituents break back into ice for which you gave energy that is basically r You denote this by the lattice energy y ok and leave from Bon Haber bicycle so yes electrovalent bond or ionic Understand how a bond is formed very strong force of Atoms come very close together due to attraction You can't break them, right? Example of mgcl2 is also there in your NCERT we take what is given to us then you If you can solve it, I will show you how to make it Given a normal apple of cl2 there's magnesium and there's chlorine okay now Magnesium and chlorine are not just like that What will I get if I give magnesium will loose electron and form m P2 Chlorine gains the same two electrons will make cl2 not negative two times off s negative okay so here p two chlorine here comes two chlorines okay so this s becomes negative so m has two electrons given m p 2 became two s a both took one electron each or overall two electrons taken two times of S became negative okay so near an edge There are two electrons in the outer most shell chlorine has t 3 4 5 6 Infact lowers both chlorine and age make mg1 2 electrons chlorine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 second chlorine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ok it donated an electron to this one here electron given to it what became 1mg two why chlorine because the plot came on m chlorine gives up two electrons to give charge Aya two chlorine aya -1 charge one each After accepting electrons it becomes MgCl2 what happened mgcl2 what happened will happen what happened will be faster than the electron how is it going energy is coming the electron might have gone, we might have done something in it ionization energy must have been given, right? the electron is coming in the electron If it is coming in then your energy will come out which Energy is released that is electron There must have been some affinity here electron affinity of this mgcl2 solid If we don't value what we have built in the state What energy will we give if we break the lattice If the energy is fine then it is produced in this way Your ionic bond is clear Ionic Compound I form I lets I plus electron affinity This point will be greater than the ionization energy Always remember if you look at lattice energy What is it that requires the energy to break it? is it connecting two gaseous states Say anything for both will be the same thing is it not plus what is electron affinity the amount of energy that is released when Electrons are being accepted when these You find a sum between the two and that will always be true. What do you mean by greater ionization energy? You should get more value than the energy you are giving requires a lattice energy and at the same time electron affinity, that is, the energy When he released A you said that Ionic It comes in compound form, okay, what are the conditions is the ionization enthalpy of the atom forming Katay should be small na as we saw that the ionization energy should be less, we have less energy has to be given to him less energy but when he is releasing the energy then he Electrons are extracting more energy affinity is the higher value okay and the value of lattice enthalpy is If it is more, then these three conditions are met By forming a good, stable ionic compound it comes okay it comes to us now we Bond Parameters Pay Bond You will understand different things in different parameters You will understand the bond length and you will understand the bond angle So let's understand one by one first What is the bond length we have? Bond length is defined as a bond Length is defined as the equilibrium distance between the nuclear eye of two Bonded atoms in a molecule not included Let's understand what bond length means Do you understand the length of the bond? So give it to me there are atoms there are two atoms there are two atoms Understand it like this, this is one atom and this is another It's an atom, okay, we have these two atoms. okay this bond a bond between them now Bond, ma'am you are saying something would have happened It is not there but the force of attraction does exist not from the nucleus to the other atoms The distance to the nucleus Some force might be applied so you can measure that length You say the bond length is correct between two atoms What is the distance of the center of the middle its bond length is Defined as the equilibrium distance equals Distance means between two nuclei between the nuclei of two bonded atoms if it is a molecule then you call it Bond Length Kovalenko Radius Metallic Radius Wonder La Radius These are some different types radius is in bond length have we I have read them, of course I have read them You already have two of these in the periodic table If sharing happens between two bonds then Kovalenko means one metal and one nonmetal If it is metal then the ionic radius becomes It seems as if there is some this thing in the middle of the metal Many of them are made of metal, so the The distance is the metallic radius wonderwall When does Radius Wonderwall become Radius Do you remember the hypothetical ones? Do you remember the two Nobels? There are gases, there are two noble gases, right? if it is not attached properly then it is attached like this You tell me what radius is this wonder wall radius is now because I'm going to tell you this thing I have read it, so comment this thing to you You have to tell them an order in the section You have to write what I have made you do of course Do you remember, you will also know the periodic table did you read it or not in the comment section I want to comment brother, you want to comment this which radius is the largest which radius is the largest tell the order of which is the smallest I mean, what do you have to tell it? You have to tell the order in which sequence these are The one with the correct answer will like the comment ma'am I will do it okay so yes look at this one here The relation has been given, what can we do yes a relation is given but you have to do the whole I have to tell what, I have to tell everyone's relation but one You should know the relation, we call it radius The region is always smaller than the wonderwall I already told you, there is Wonder Wall What is Wonder Wall that you can buy from me It is happening in gases, isn't it, it is far away Noble gases could have brought them as close as possible We measured the distance by coming as close as possible That is the largest radius from the nucleus if it happens then that is wonderwall radius okay So there is no such structure in your NCERT This structure is given here, isn't it? it keeps telling you that Kovalenko these are two atoms between which you You can find out the distance between them find a distance by taking out some radius Now if you divide these atoms in such a way Put it like this, put it far away now You said that you were able to get as close as you could, ma'am You brought me as close as you can, now you have measured the distance When you measured the distance, it turned out to be a bit more It will come, then you say it is yours Wonder Wall Radius Kovalenko came close Kovalenko valent radius is like this This is being shared Kovalenko Valent Radius Kovalenko brought it as close as he could get If you install it then you call it wonderwall radius only then it is large because Atoms are far apart at this time, wonder They are far away in the wall Find the Kovalenko valent radius then it It will come out normal, it will come out small But instead of that you can use atoms from far away Keep the atoms apart as you would If you are talking about radius then the radius which comes out Ofcourse its value will be a little higher comparative is ok or its next one is ours Pass bond angle to offcourse What is the meaning of bond angle between two bonds Some angle in the middle, he must be talking about something here it is so yes so what is the bond angle It is similar to what you explained to atoms what is the distance in between is it a good distance Our bond length is complete, now look at the matter Understand, suppose I am telling you something simple I have taken the example of H2O, now I will ask you should I ask you what shape will h2o have, how will it look So if you have something like this in your mind then If you think about it, you can imagine that a hydrogen one oxygen second hydrogen one linear ma'am it must be a geometric shape of this type Isn't it something you can think of but actually I see you see it something like this It seems there is some angle in it as well If yes, then what is this bond angle you define the angle between the Orbital Containing Bonding Electrons Now of course the angle between the pairs is Because we have no bond, no There is no line like we were from the beginning We have been reading this is a force of attraction It happens, then between whom are you talking? is the angle between the orbitals in which the presence of electrons The angle with highest probability is containing bonding electron pairs where The bonding electron pairs are About the Central Atom of a Molecule we are talking okay so central atom and the elements that are bonded to it are atoms between them between their orbital whatever angle is that is basically your bond angle okay helps to determine the shape of the You can tell as I said it is a molecule by determining the shape of something what is it okay so this is bond angle this Bons all these parameters you will get in lattice It will also be useful for extracting energy, right? This is bond parameter number two number three Bond Enthalpy What is bond energy or kind of I am able to understand something from this, isn't it that there is energy which will be required to break one mole of a bond of a particular type Between two atoms in a gaseous state mam what is lattice energy no no no If bond enthalpy is there then it is about the bond There's talk of breaking the bond Let's talk about the energy that is happening so basically what is that energy which that it will be rewired so that you can use it You will be able to break a mole of bond off a particular type between two atoms in a gaseous state then you call it bond Many people take enthalpy as an example it feels like h2o it looks like this So we assume that by breaking down this hydrogen Some energy would have been given and that much energy is If we have to break hydrogen then both It is hydrogen but actually it is It is wrong if you have more of one You are feeling less energy in one First of all you are feeling energy You must have broken water, you broke H2O If done then h2o breaks down into two things one h and one o both are fine in gaseous state so when we broke the bond with the first h So as you can see 502 kyo on buy us We had to give energy, then we took this to Bond Now we are breaking this O bond Now we're breaking down some of our energy back the 427 something energy looks ok If it is so then this is how energy is used now in these Polyatomic Molecule The Term Mean Average Bond enthalpy is used what does it mean Yes ma'am we have understood it, look at the bond enthalpy Meaning whatever energy is required to break the bond that is our bond enthalpy but again same thing same energy You are not feeling it, right? Yes, if we say that suppose o2 molecule has just bonded us If enthalpy is to be given then yes it will be the same because Both are same right but here there is oxygen If hydrogen were two separate atoms, then It is a polyatomic molecule, meaning it is made up of more than one containers with higher atom content if they are molecules then I ask you now, Son, which of these two is it? You will say that bond enthalpy can be 502 also is 427 then anytime a poly atomic molecule comes If you go then you should not get confused like this We find out their meaning in time or Then find the mean or average of these two. Then whatever value comes, you will get that bond For enthalpy you will use the next bond The parameter is bond order What is the bond order it is given by the number of bonds between the two atoms in a molecule two one two or more atoms of a molecule that Whatever bonds are being formed between them Whatever number of bonds there will be You call them bond order Lewis If we talk about the description of Kovalenko If this is ok then what is the number of bonds like oxygen like hydrogen hydrogen The bond order in hydrogen is one single The bond is forming in oxygen, a double bond A triple bond is formed in nitrogen so what is all this theirs, all this theirs What is the bond order? What is the bond order? well this is a very important thing in this the thing is that if ever there is an isoelectronic there are species, do you know which ones Species having same number of electrons like A positive and neon A The positive also has 10 electrons, right? After removing one electron only 10 remain If 10 electrons were added then there would be 10 electrons in neon also f negative also has 10 electrons are isoelectronic species are isoelectronic molecules means those in which the same number of Electron yes same number of I have told you the basics of Chemistry was taught for 10-15-20 minutes I have read something in the video, I have read it after watching it It means it is uploaded, please check it out Okay, so you remember this basic thing. will do ok have id tomorrow bond orders to same number of if electrons The electrons of the outer most shell are the same as us You know that's what makes the bond, if the outer If most shell has same electrons then number of bonds would also be made the same then For this reason, for isoelectronic species such as The bond orders have the same value it comes out ok the next one will come well listen to one more thing in this that Now we have studied the bond length, add this thing to it Remember one more thing about bond length Keep in mind that the greater the bond length, the The more the length the more bonds we open The greater the length of the bond, the How can I reduce the strength of that bond ma'am Should I ask you to break this marker and bring it to me? I can break it down, let me make it smaller So small, if this is the size of marker and then it had to be broken it takes more energy okay so anyone The bigger the bond, the bigger the The greater the distance, the larger is the bond length the lower is the strength of that bond and The shorter the bond length, the more bonds If there is strength then both of them are close to each other are inversely proportional to ok Firstly remember this point and at the same time stay single The length of the bond which is the first bond There will be more double bonds and smaller length would be a triple bond and of smaller length then you can also add two points in the bond length okay remember that let's come to the next resonant qucture resonant qucture little by little So, you have heard it a little bit, right? You guys must have heard it, let's understand About Resonate Structures According to the concept of resonance When ever a single luggage structure cannot describe a molecule accurately Accurate a number of structures with Similar Energy Positions of Nuclear I bonding and non bonding pairs of Electrons are taken as canonical structures of the hybrid which describes the Molecularly accurately ma'am you were saying that Read the slides before reading, explain then will you read it okay so remove the reading Let's understand what happens many times It happens that we are not thinking that Friend, we have made the structure, that is correct but As a now when we looked at the Lewis structure or We are looking at the charge we put on an atom But it hit an atom or something light others like you i am a normal person For example, we just discussed Lewis structures Did you read it just now, so we saw it Suppose there is some negative charge, it is an oxygen I am going on this one, not on the other two. But when we saw his entire character etc. Have you seen what is the percentage of character? So we saw what the charge is A little charge is shown on other oxygen as well is happening now what does this mean because Actually the charge is sitting at one place It doesn't happen, it's okay, it happens somewhere It is moving and creating a resonant texture it happens ok so you tell him Resonant culture is so simple sometimes it happens like this that whenever we have a single loose structure made it but we feel that it I am not even describing any if the molecule is arranged exactly the right way We have many structures with similar energy keeping the positions of nuclei same in it isn't there some bond non bonding pairs which I have kept them the same as many pairs of electrons are placed there so we can You can make some more structures on this basis are what you call canonical structures okay canonical structures you tell them it's ok a of the hybrids that allow you to separate a molecule About Describing Accurately Well, if you still don't understand, I'll tell you If I came, I would explain it with an example Let's take the example of ozone, O3 molecule okay now what happens in ozone is a oxygen second oxygen third oxygen suppose There is a single bond and here there is a double bond Now we have said it, but this also happens You can put this double bond here, right? So you said okay ma'am there could be one So this one is bonded and one here Double bond happened but yes you said it ma'am Yes, it is possible, so we can say that this It is equivalent to this structure, right? Its equivalent is that yes there is a double bond here and that side single bond and both of these What are these two combined together? canonical forms are its canonical Forms are precisely canonical structures. Actually the canonical structure is formed What is a hybrid structure? this is the hybrid structure this is made is the hybrid structure theek hai hybrid What does the structure say that what you have done Structures are made as it is single bond Or whatever bond you put is fine but you can double it You are giving bonds sometimes on this side and sometimes on that side na show it with a dotted line on both sides do it show with dotted lines on both sides This is its canonical structure, let's say Let us understand an example of CO3 2 mi Once we take an example of this, we Let's make the structure and see, okay now co3 2 minus one carbon oh oh my god so many oh so three oxygen okay made it 2 minus charges now ofcourse what happened here is a carbon There are three oxygen atoms with one double bond ok so first we created this structure First we made this structure, then How did we create its resonant structure? It could also be that this carbon and this oxygen here has a double bond yes there is single bond here There is a single bond, right? Along with this, this too Maybe this is carbon double here There is a bond, right? Let a single bond come here. So we can say co3 any of these It could be CO3 2 - right now you see Somewhere, a little re-experience comes I did not understand what the experience is So you must have arrived by now while you were studying Lighter single bonds have -1 -1 The formal charge was doubled I was getting zero charge, so I bought a bar double bond applied -1 -1 then -2 charge then We have already prepared the balance the structure is okay so yes so some of these It could be true, but this is the canonical form what will be the hybrid structure that brother this Carbon this is oxygen and somewhere in every oxygen Neither do I see even a little double bond anywhere If it happens then it will become its hybrid structure and the entire pay will be charged at -2 ok if you want then put -2 in it Keep applying it, but right now I have only shown in the hybrid structure This is our final structure, okay, so this is it We are basically hybrid structure resonate structures okay so These are the resonating structures next The bond parameter is called bond polarity. We have read and understood a little A little bit about it, isn't it polarity? If polar character charges are to come then Bond's Polarity as I Said in Reality There is neither a complete ionic bond nor That would be a complete Kovale Bond, right? As we just read, No Bond a compound which is complete electrovalent and completely ionic it would be It is not there anywhere, it is okay just a little bit A little bit in Kovalenko Valent in Ionic There is also ionic character, right? So the meaning It is just possible that any one bond There is more character, isn't it, both of them But there is one place that sometimes feels more like a It seems one less, only this is visible And on the basis of that we ionic and Kovalenko moment is a measurement dapor you are taking out every moment, are you okay You must have read this in Physics also, Dapor what is moment whatever is a charge Overall a is the distance between the two charges Multiply it and it will come out to be yours dapor moment is ok so dapor moment is A measurement of separation of positive end two negative electrical charges one positive And from how far is a negative charge It is separate, you call it its Dapor moment within a system is a vector There is quantity because its direction also happens and its Magnitia And at the same time it has a direction as well okay its unit is d b you can write it with y capital d okay and what is vadi ba 0.13 okay this is this is 0.1 43 w k or then 3.33 564 * 10 to the power -31 cm ok so this is its one deb unit okay come on now what would be a dapor moment is the charge into distance of separation charge into distance of separation okay this is Dip moment as you can see this this is hydrogen this is delta positive There is chlorine, I saw something delta negative on it I felt like I saw this example, yes ma'am I saw it It felt like I have seen it a lot I have understood it right, ok dip it in Whenever you show a moment, you are like this Do you show with an arrow which way the arrow is pointing? which is more electronegative There is an arrow on the side, it is a vector quantity So you put a dash in front of it like this OK now you need to explain it to me again More chlorine is not needed pulling the electronegative electron If it is from your side then it will be a little negative The charge came a little closer to hydrogen Positive charge came, we just read this there was an exception to this There is an exception which I have mentioned here if it is kept directly made then you Understand it directly, if we look at nh3 and The structure of nf3 would have looked like this okay now of course you dapor movement If you make it then you will see that friend look at this the result is good one more thing one more thing here Write it down and remember if there are same atoms So their net dapor movement comes out to be zero it comes, right, if electronegativity There is no such thing as a Dapor movement, it will be zero Isn't it like if I give you an example, CO2 double bond o double bond o is there any oxygen is more If it is electronegative then Dapor will become something like this There is a movement, something like this will happen now see The more dip movement there is, the more dip movement there is both sides are opposite right so one their net will cancel out others who Dapor moment arrived That will be zero na net dapor moment Whatever comes of this will be zero, okay so In this way, you can see some examples. yes and at the same time this is an exception You have to understand this, now look here Now we have made a structure Nitrogen is placed in the center nh3 and nf3 you Dapor, are you looking which way you are going? Diep As if we are showing the vector sum of the moment If yes then how are you showing it with hydrogen There is a side arrow on the top, it is there every time, and there There is a side arrow below nitrogen ma'am this is it it's not an exception no it's not an exception This is how you draw normally no why do you do it like this because The hydrogen less electron is fluorine peacock is electronegative and we arrow towards the side which is more electronegative If you show me then make the structure like this was more towards fluorine and hydrogen on the other hand the exception here is that we have I would have thought that if brother Fluorine If electronegativity is higher then its The value of Dapor moment is also expected to be higher How are you carrying out the Dapor movement? q * whatever the distance is, it is q Nat Whatever the distance, the value of r is So we said that if its charge is If electronegativity is higher then its There should be more dapor movement but when We calculated its value, so its value It is very less and its value is very high Now what is the reason for this brother, we I had expected the Dapor moment nf3 should be more than dapor moment of nh3 but in Reality in reality we saw that Joe Dapor moment is of a a or f write nf3 is less then sorry is less the second less than a dapper moment of whatever nh3 is its ok is it less than that what is it If it would have happened then this would have been the reason behind it because florin is pretty much number one How is fluorine electronegative? It's very electronegative okay Now understand the reason behind this, what is this fluorine is ours this is our fluorine this On your side you see that if fluorine is Look at that side, we can show dip movement Doing aero with more hydrogen is going towards nitrogen so once the Dapor is a movement, its value goes to one side is going to one side so when you The value of the multiplication you take out More will come on the other hand when we play nf3 looking in the opposite direction what is coming out opposite opposite Dapor moment is coming out in direction So in this condition you will say that its Dapor movement when we find out the net dip moment or whom you are resultant dapor Moments are you talking about different directions because of going in his net dapor The moment is coming it is coming less okay so Here we go away from the loan payer showing electrons and here its we're showing the electrons as we go toward Isn't it so or should I say of course you are showing the charge aren't you, you are showing a little attraction ok so its value is less because of this it keeps on coming because its dip moment moment when we are calculating or when we are seeing that look brother we are vector He is showing the opposite direction every time is going in the opposite direction, then its Because of this the value it fetches is somewhat less. and its value is a little higher it goes okay let's move ahead next is What does the Fajans Rule say? What does the Fajans Rule say? you have just read it and not anyone kovalenko would not have been valent so all the kovalenko valentine character now if someone katay This chapter will help you approach Ana ion Many people must be thinking that hey ma'am theory What is the theory actually in this chapter There is a theory in it, as you all know what to read brother what are you reading Lewis Bund Lewis Cajal Lewis Theory is not Balance Bond theory vs ACPR theory than that Later you will study molecular orbital theory So yes there is theory in this chapter Questions from this also come on theory basis Let me tell you this too, if you are wondering no no remove the theory let's do it like this I try to calculate the numerical but it is of no use No, because this also raises the question to theory Basis on theory basis means if You have to take out any suppose dapor movement If it is a Dapor moment then give it to someone The question must have been from the formula but its The theory behind it is working It will happen in that way on theory basis questions come here okay so you can do this If you know any numerical from the chapter Even if you type any question, it will go away If it is connected to any theory then this The theory in the chapter is very very very important so you have to focus on it so ya Well let's come to Fajans rule so Fajans rule He says the same simple thing that brother, anyone Complete Ionic or Complete Kovalenko in Kovalenko and Kovalenko electron cloud is Anayata turns towards the Katay and his The structure is slightly distorted If you don't understand it then look at this Look here, when a Katay Enayat goes then it will be Enayat Let us first assume that it is of spherical shape In the beginning now move towards the cut what is it that has positive charge then it is He must be pulling me, so suppose This is ours, this is ours, this is a cut I am telling him kindly, a cut there is an Anaito going to it like this now it's headed towards this So its structure becomes something like this from here ok are you getting my point here like this There was a structure, now it has become something like this So basically I got attracted towards her If there is attraction towards Anayat then this is its A little bit about the structure of the ana ion got spoilt got distorted we can It got a little distorted so hey it gets distorted this is what you get You say this is called polarization Look at polarization, polar means charge Polar means poles and poles mean charge ok so this is what you call ana ion Polarization has to happen or one has to become polarized It may get a little charge, it is partial It's okay to be attracted to the other side now two terms and you have to understand one The polarizing power is one Polarizability polarizing power means that power cut which he is requesting What is polarizing power of ana ion who is polarizing and who is applying power yes that is polarizing power isn't it and p What is polarizability? If one is being drawn towards grace then there is a tendency to be that graceful that is polarize a sorry that is polarizability i Let me explain two or three things about polarization what does it mean Enayat came, okay now Katay Enayat is leaving so it is getting distorted a lot If it seems to be moving towards Anayata then you should take it You are talking about polarization as much power as possible The amount of power that is being cut Anayirangal and by the grace power or in the manner in which the cutting is done it is shifting towards that side you call it that If it is Anayat then these are your three terms which Now you have to use some fusibility rule I told you my you know theory again terms The smaller the number one cut, the more There is no doubt about its polarizing power You guys can't even doubt it no it is a very simple thing brother if we We have our little atom, right? So it has Nucleus look brother if I am talking An atom is this we have used periodic system many times I have also read in the table that this is an atom, isn't it? Now you say that the more positive it is The character can polarize this much If there is power to polarize then it is huge If the atom is big then what is there in it electron electron electron shell There are cells and there are atoms in the middle, so a little bit The distance from the center has increased, right? The distance from the positive charge has increased if it is from the person to whom he is going If I make this atom so big then its The positive charge will be able to apply slightly less force Will you be able to use less power then as much as you can the smaller the cut from it the greater its Polarizing power will be as much as number two The more ana ion there is, the more it There is a possibility of it getting polarized, right? why ma'am why not son with positive Negative has to be pulled positive to negative If you want to pull something then the bigger the atom the more So he only wants that positive things The distance should be very far so that He could pull it if he passed positive If this too becomes a small atom then what will happen at that time Brother, if repulsion starts then this is the reason than okay then larger is the nine greater is the Polarizability Now Larger Than the Charge On The higher the deduction, the higher the charge Suppose positive two is positive 3 is the charge Even though it is increasing, it is polarizing quickly. It will do it, right, the more the positive charge increases the more it will polarize and the more The more grace there will be, the easier it will be It will get polarized, right? If -2 comes, then -2 There is charge, it will pull quickly -3 has arrived and It will pull in more negative charge faster So yes its same size and charge is cut from his side then one with electronic configuration of Transition metal is more polarizing than its Understand what transition elements mean Do you know it has poor shield effect? is it not so in comparison between s and p in s has the best shield effect then p in d then in f then in d useless In a way, we can call it Shield Effect It is of the same size as the charging case Suppose brother we are not able to figure it out now what will happen then at that time one with Electronic confine of transition metal is more polarizing that is more polarizing hoga ok dan one with the noble gas alkali alkaline earth metal and cutay so if brother a It's a simple thing, his shield effect is useless Now the shield effect is useless so polarize It will be much better, won't it The electrons are not able to shield at all when Its electrons won't be able to shield it So the positive charge is sitting in the middle and If polarization happens soon then this will be its next Now we come to the valence bond Theory Pe VBT VBT Is What It Is What is valence bond theory Valence bond theory basically tells you A small point about overlapping Note what the valence bond theory is about I will tell you, write it by putting an arrow, it tells About overlapping valence bonds The theory was proposed by Hitler and London Isn't it the one who also gave London Force to explain the formation of You can read more about Kovalenko Valent Bond here You will tell it, you call it valence bond Theory letter on linus pauling improved this Theory Basically four people gave this theory I told you you can say Hitler London and Lines Falling improved this theory by Introduce the concept of hybridised Hybridised Theory: Some limitations will come later. wali hai you can understand vbt ajyu I think all bonds are localized bonds forming between two atoms by the donation of one electron from each other I can understand you don't like it slide read We will do it normally and move ahead in a simple way The thing is this is about overlapping She tells me that from here onwards you will know that you are single bond sigma bond pi bond about it Well in great detail in the valence bond The theory describes Kovalenko now you You will study valence bond theory, right, which I VS S PR M was speaking for so long OT all the theories will come then all these Kovalenko went on to say somewhere okay so valence bond theory Describing Kovalenko as Well as as well as its electronic structure How will this be in the molecule, you will also know this This theory will tell you that the one who What atomic orbital are electrons? you can go to atomic orbital and put it in electrons sit in atomic orbitals go and sit where the electrons are that has the highest tendency Call it orbital or call it orbital Ofcourse it is more then individual Where does an atom sit in a molecule Now understand the meaning of these atoms and molecules one atom and another atom by combining its electrons We are talking about making molecules so individually an atom which you know a jis in what way it might have formed a bond with other atoms You know about it in VBT Now why am I highlighting this because later on you will see the orbital of the molecule but here atomic We are talking about orbital only, this tells you remember okay and that's the electron they are in one atom they are getting attracted about the nucleus of another atom I will tell you VBT Kovalenko form it happens just highlight it by overlapping This is its main term that here Two half feeds are shown overlapping Now if there is a full field of balance then it Now the two noble gases will not overlap orbital in the electronic configuration of They will overlap a little bit, so they are in the same orbital will overlap with the one that is lacking electrons that's okay valence atomic orbital of two Know the different atoms Now First Point is Clear Electron In The Overlapping Orbital Gate Paired End Confirmed and Confirmed Between the Nuclei of two atoms happening between two atoms This will be equal to the electron density more if the electron density is two The distance between bonded atoms increases if the electron density between two atoms increases because of overlapping then you say be that the stability that that molecule has Will she also increase a little bit? ma'am said electron density between the Two bonded atoms increase due to two Overlapping is when two atoms overlap So their electron density increases due to this So you say that this guarantees stability to the molecule right now brother dew obviously see That's right, I said this overlapping happened okay now I said no no this is overlapping If it happens then which one is stronger? electron density is increasing so this one The overlapping will be stronger okay now Look at the greater extent of overlapping This is what I told you about such a bond and getting such an overlapping So which overlapping is correct, this one The greater the extent of overlapping The higher the bond, the stronger it is This is a very important point, you can note it it's down okay the direction of the Kovalenko valent bond is directional i.e. that here also you Kovalenko ho will there be direction ma'am jit Whichever means suppose this side is overlapping it's okay this is an atom it has Overlapping do it like this overlapping this side with this side Have you taken it or you can use it in terms of orbital I can understand, right? It was these two. overlapping ok it got overlapping so this in that way you can kovalenko direction how along the region of Overlapping The region in which it is overlapping You can also find out its direction from that yes okay now there are three types of overlapping there is one positive overlapping one is negative overlapping and one is zero Overlapping well I just wrote a point I don't know where this quantum mechanic is it was written in quantum mechanics You are working on the basis of theory VBT I mean now you can think of the electron as a wave are you watching right so if you get two crusts now of course we have read When the electron works as a wave it will work like this crust and troughs are formed, aren't they atomic I had read in structure that if there are two crusts If you are getting one or two troughs then you At that time you are saying that you are positive there's overlapping okay basically two Overlapping occurs only in case of similar charges Note this, it is positive anywhere overlaps negative negative overlap does it right opposites don't overlap okay so look here it looks something like this These p orbitals are overlapping Overlapping is visible, isn't it? The overlapping of p orbital is shown the overlapping of is shown isn't it the positive is adjacent to its negative This is your NCERT diagram, right? Are you seeing it or not? You must be seeing it, right? So this is positive overlapping positive meaning Same charges like positive positive negative It is negative, right, and this is the overlapping that happens positive positive negative negative There is overlapping of similar charges Negative overlapping means when Are you getting opposite charges and zero? Overlapping means there is no overlapping This means the direction itself is wrong they are overlapping so that there is an overlap I am not able to do that right now you must be thinking this What is it like this? Why is it dumbbell shaped? Why is it spherical shaped? It is ready, let me explain it to him, if it is okay then it is zero Overlapping is what you get when The direction of overlapping is wrong, it's ok So that is zero overlapping now let me understand Overlapping of two types of types Two types of bonds will be formed with Kovalenko One is a sigma bond and the other is a pi bond. bond sigma bond pi bond now you can see How were some structures built Let's understand what was formed by Sigma Bond singlet of sigma sigma of sigma bond It happens, okay, like being very famous It is exactly like sigma male and sigma female This whole genre is becoming very famous these days The language is yours right, Sigma Male Sigma Bond Basically what Sigma means What is strong isn't it, sigma means here pe is strong ok sigma bond which you denote in this manner a Kovalenko he should always say orbital to him don't correct it, don't go into pronunciation always forms a sigma bond okay so What is a Sigma Bond? Sigma Bond means basically in simple terms If I say single bond is sigma Bond is fine but there will be overlapping There will be overlapping, how are we overlapping now we'll understand that so yes sigma bond pi What is a bond? This is also a Kovalenko two things you read one you read Linear Overlapping Linear Straight Overlapping One You read Parallel Overlapping So what is happening with the sigma bond being linear What's in the overlapping and your pi bonds is parallel overlapping okay so this This is a sigma bond, see linear sigma You call the bond head on overlapping here on This is where head on overlapping happens I wrote overlapping like this yes Overlapping head on overlapping happens here side wise overlapping okay one happens to be head on overlapping One has side wise overlapping One has head on overlapping in one If there is side wise overlapping then these two Overlapping of types happens head on so you would say sigma bond and if the side When it becomes wise then you call it pie band okay let's do a question in which we We have to calculate sigma and pi blets Let's calculate it out. Let's find out sigma b. I Now ma'am has taken out the thing and let's go to benzene what did you say what is sigma bond Sigma, before this you should read that too yes but now they will also understand that for now you are normal Understand that sigma bond is basically single bund ok and pie bund is basically double Or triple bond so you can remember it like this The first bond is sigma bond as many as the remaining All those bonds will become Pi bonds first bonds mean each atom is the same as carbon If you are looking for hydrogen then carbon The first bond in hydrogen is sigma Now if the second bond comes, which is hydrogen It won't come anyway, but if you accept it If any other element is there then that pi bond okay so there's a question so Don't be confused, I will explain it to you I will give you a normal example because right now I am going to give you enough I'm going to explain something about it For now, suppose you count Sigma Bont I told you son there is sigma bond in this count it okay now first of all you Make the structure correctly so that hydrogen is used You must be here, that's why you are here right now Hybridised if so, you would count one sigma, right? bonds these are hydrogens that I've Green ones do not form bonds with hydrogen It is assumed that second sigma and third sigma Fourth Sigma Fifth Sigma 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 so every single carbon that you can figure out the sigma bond anyway You are hybridized If you count sigma bonds, you will find every such You can count the sigma bonds of one more Understand good examples, this is very easy An example has been given with benzene, understand with benzene Understand it okay, just like in the question also we It has been said that benzene so what is benzene Would If I have its bond line structure if I make it then this is benzene right this is benzene but we know when we get sigma and They are counting the pi of benzene Actually many questions were asked in the exam The teacher thinks that this is not a child He will be able to tell and many times the child tells wrong They come, do you know what they tell you? I will tell you what answer you get yes immediately first ma'am this carbon is There is carbon everywhere Neither 1 Sigma 2 Sigma 3 Sigma 4 Sigma 5 mam six sigma si sigma six sigma there is a bond ma'am there is one and ma'am 1 2 3 ma'am it's three pi bond okay and it's always It is also given in the option if the option holders If a question comes, but this answer is wrong You haven't seen all the sigmas here What is benzene if you are saying this If it is benzene then what is the meaning of this benzene This is carbon with hydrogen attached to it It is carbon with hydrogen attached to it It is carbon to which hydrogen is attached Hydrogen is also attached to carbon, right? c6 h6 in benzene and well yes yes another thing this reminded me of one more thing another mistake if you had not written this down then you would have if people think c6 h6 then you people think Yes, there is a straight si sigma bond, just Pi No, that is also wrong, okay, this is carbon It has hydrogen attached to it, this is carbon Hydrogen is attached to it, then here Triple bonds are attached, now count them first sigma second sigma third sigma fourth sigma fifth and sixth six so Sigma bond Each carbon has one hydrogen Then each carbon made one from itself Bonds formed are 3, 4, 5, 6, so total is 12 sigma Bonds are done here, now count the pies. So the same is 1 2 3 so there are total three pi bonds so the first bond which is the first bond or which All of them are single bonds, sigma bonds and the remaining bonds are there are pi bonds okay one more question this is ethanoic acid do this you comment it Let me tell you, there are two questions today. K again and let me tell you one more thing I am searching and liking the answers For Your Everybody Kind I will give you information if you ask me Do you think that ma'am is not seeing this also I keep searching, meaning I am still first The second and third chapters that I have uploaded I am also checking the comments of those who the one who answered make sure that I am his should I like the comment ok so make sure that you and the comment you of course for a like You are not commenting because of that too that you've got the question you have got the answer and you have to mention it that yes brother I have got it, its ok so or else if Of course you are helping others too If nobody understood this case because of that so he will get it so yes so ethnic asset do I have to tell you the numbers of si and pi bond ok this you have to comment below So that's your two questions for today and I Guess this part is also clear to you what is a sigma bond and what is pi What is a bond? Okay, now a little more. Now let's understand overlapping one by one We will understand how sigma and pi are sigma Let's see what you can get in Sigma Let us understand if we talk about sigma bond if you do this then of the Kovalenko atomic orbital as we have Know that in VBT only atomic orbital The orbital of one atom is overlapping the other Now we will tell you again about the orbital of the atom. I have already read about orbital in chapter two This does not mean that actually inside the atom Such boxes are made, we can make it from A V Can When we make it in a copy or in a book If you study then denote it like this to make it easier let's do it okay so who is this between Kovalenko When there is overlapping of atoms When this overlapping of orbitals happens correctly is in the inter nucleus axis then you can call it You call it Sigma Bond, you call it that Sigma bond is okay it's a strong bond it happens I keep saying Sigma again and again bond is a strong bond pi bond is a Weak bond and these stitches are symmetrical what does symmetrical mean ma'am there is symmetry between s and a like if it is there then the symmetry is the same same symmetry It is the same as the whole symmetry, isn't it? it is not any other shape, it is spherical If yes then it depends which type it is Orbital is getting it maybe s a get you might be getting a might be getting a yes you are getting peep but peep will come here no but still i am telling you Different orbitals can be found No, it may be possible that you may be getting AS. Peep you might be getting a So how will Peep come here, what will happen PP will come in every way, no Let me explain now what this means Maybe a sigma s s bond is forming means between one s and another s i.e. any Let me look, nothing is difficult here no don't go for that just listen to simple things What is Bond doing? Have you read it from Kovalenko? Now I actually got it in Sigma A A A bond has been formed, that's all, that's it what is it we study hydrogen We study the hydrogen bond it's hydrogen okay this is hydrogen we Sorry after reading this thing make it like this or else Make it like this, it is a hydrogen bond Now I am telling you on the basis of orbital BBT's hydrogen has 1s and no So this is the second hydrogen also has 1s and Would so now you know its overlapping its overlapping now you can see this in a sphere what happens s what happens have you read the shapes right. A is spherical P is dumbbell D There is a double dumbbell, then there is F which is If the complexion is of shape then that is it it's like that friend okay let's get one s and another s If it had happened then they would have become like this among themselves I would have made overlapping like this it is happening just remember this that I have Don't you think that it is the same thing Ma'am we can't study from very basic No, if we start this video from the very basics You have to study, you can study very basic I have been teaching since I am telling you What I am telling you is what I am telling you one by one I am taking you from here, okay directly We are not going here, don't worry, we are from here You are going, don't worry, just a little Calming the mind in an easy way I am telling you, listen to that, okay now one more s When one s and two s meet then sigma s A is formed. It is so simple, think of it, two s are found, s a and both of them formed single bond so sigma If it is written then this is the bond of sigma A A simple ok what does sigma p p mean When the two P's would have come together now ma'am I have told you one thing, look, AS comes only to meet you There is only one way to do this, as I have never found I could have made a bond, why didn't I? ma'am it is the same thing between A A How will pie bund be made, they are both spheres there is no direction between them Isn't it a completely similar non It has become directional, right? Or you should understand it simply. Look at the same cemetery, now just head on only head on will do overlapping in this There might be overlapping why ma'am head on why would it happen in this we are in it side wise what is the side, there is a side in this not only a circle is a head now it's on the side what will you do, even if you turn it here it will be a the circle will remain, if you turn it there then it will not There is no direct symmetry, the other four It's five, six or seven, so it turns head on That's why I was always talking about Sigma ASUS sigma is the one forming the bond okay here look at the p in the middle now the meaning of sigma a Sorry I will explain the meaning of Sigma Pup but Understand the meaning of sigma a pup if p orbital p what is it dumbbell shaped p There can also be head on overlapping in the head on means sigma bond and side wise in p There can also be overlapping, that is, these pies We can also create a bond now because If we are talking about sigma bond then we can only We will talk about that only, head on talk So we'll go head on in the middle of the peep will see the overlapping first okay so if p orbital and the other p orbital Let them overlap. Let them both overlap. right they should have the same charges p x P will overlap with one only Pwa Pwa will overlap root to root Do this XY thing, don't get confused are you not confused with xva j are you this is an orbital it's not p Our orbital is x, y, z, this is it Write it here px1 it may be okay so here it is also It is possible but what you are reading right now Ofcourse as I said if you are reading Sigma then Know the sigma of p orbital and p orbital. together form the sigma p overlapping okay now let's come to the next page which is sigma a can I get one s and one p yes mam can get s so it always makes sigma ma'am has already told me this thing We saw how its head-on overlapping It so happened that we took any such structure Take any atom that has a electron is going in and that from whose electron is combining in p The last one is going now if overlapping If it happens then it will be head on overlapping, okay So between an s and a p, the s is always Sigma makes it so what I said is true Never forget it's ok we're in pie bond Let's see how Pi Bond will be made Kovalenko the electron density is Present or Below the Internuclear axis right now when you electron If you show it, you will either show it above or below This is how you will show the electron It's okay to show it is relatively weaker Bond as I said look you must be saying ma'am I am not reading the slides, even one I am not reading the slide, I have told you everything I told you these things first I told you what will happen here in one week bond is pi bond sigma bond is A strong bond Pi bond is a weak one Bond, now you are thinking something ma'am If there are examples then it is understandable So let's understand this through one example each You went with this one, it only has PP in it do not bring s in it, bring s in pi bond The side wise position of p is not coming in the pi bond just remember that there's overlapping Let's look at some illustrations first. let's look at the h2 molecule now you If you do the electronic configuration, then every The 1s end of hydrogen comes, right? hydrogen to another hydrogen now both s that is, they will be spherical There will be overlap of opposite spins They do this, don't they? there will be overlapping between them There will be overlapping h Suppose hydrogen in bonding okay so yes 1s which is Orbital that of course you understood it well There is no confusion right Kovalenko had bonding, it's simple Isn't it that it was missing one electron? it was missing one electron, just you This time you are changing the method of making it. ok in bt its simple same way Yours which you have read earlier kovalenko well like we're another oxygen The molecules now take in oxygen what is oxygen 1s 2 2s 2 2p how much is 6 right 1 s2 2s 2 2 p6 6 a sorry sorry sorry it will be four only it will be four only right 1 s2 2s 2 2p 4 now p has four electrons it is gone i.e. one oxygen is like this 1 2 3 4 right take the second oxygen 1 s2 2s 2 2p 4 this will also happen, how will it be made 1 2 3 4 now it is there We have made this, yes ma'am, now look carefully Between whom is the overlapping taking place ma'am it needs overlapping you see I already made the opposite spin The spins will get together a little bit, right, and then If you want an overlap in the middle then what is this 2p y And remember 2pz 2py and 2pz son whenever If you talk about 2pz then there is linear in it You show the overlapping, okay, small You will have to remember a few points remaining half feed 2 pj which is orbital It will overlap laterally what I told you that laterally overlap the z orbital okay so what happened once this Overlapping has happened once, right? Overlapping happened once, this overlapping It's done, right? And once again this overlapping has happened. yes So there is side wise overlapping in it as well We showed it and also showed head on overlapping Di so one sigma bond one pi bond means that means maam did not understand at all I did not understand, I will explain it to you now, oxygen Oxygen has a double bond as the first bond is sigma the second bond is pi Now understand that first is sigma and second is pi, that is why The first one is sigma and the second one is pi, that is why happens because a double bond is coming up a sigma bond is coming okay so one so We have head on overlapping and one more we have side by side now side by side overlapping you because of course because the head It was already shown on at a distance so I picked it up Both the atoms of the two orbitals together If you can't show me then how did you dot the lines? Look brother, I have made this, an electron, this one These people are sharing and this one is ok so that's why which one is overlapping There is an overlapping of one sigma, that is Head on and sidewise simultaneously overlapping happened okay so these two The orbitals were overlapping head-on in one If there is side wise overlapping in one then this the way you study VBT now VBT There were some limitations, right? Yes, now you are free. Hybridised Eection is a Very Important concepts are now hybridized If you want the carbon to be organic then It has to be taken out, right? To understand hybridised egestion, I I have a very good method, I will tell you right now First Hybridized Remembered overlapping hybridized what is ejection, intermixing happens have two or more pure atoms Their orbital is here as well Intermixing On Intermixing Off An atom with almost the same energy to give the same Number of Identified Call and Degenerated New type of orbital you call it Hybridised No, I'll tell you, I made a mistake Let me tell you a common thing about VBT hmm have you heard ch4 yes mam why not I have heard that it is a methane molecule, right? If I were to VBT structure of methane molecule If I make it then you will say ma'am one carbon is four hydrogen charged it would be hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen Hydrogen: Now check the carbon once what is carbon 1 s2 2s 2 2 p2 This is what happens, right, and check for hydrogen do it maam what is this you want to check 1 s1 four Hydrogen is there, write all four of them, it is 1 s1, right? hydrogen re 1 s1 and again Hydrogen is 1 s1 meaning one s orbital Is y and one electron is going into it it will be ok you look here what is here is 22 and 22 means or if you want to draw opposite spin then opposite Do it, it is not there and one more in which there are two it has the electron okay now listen If you pay attention to what I say then how would the bond be formed Bond ma'am it must look something like this doti cha pa 6 carbon has atomic number six correct So Ma'am Bond we see something like this It would have been possible that a bond would have been formed with this, ma'am No, it means there is a bond between s and p ma'am Sigma A is the bond isn't it a ma'am again sigma a is the bond okay another sigma This will be a ma'am being made here well an electron in an excited state If it also comes then add this as well Add it ma'am another sigma s is being formed but which one is becoming sigma s and s look at this one in between these two I will make one, at least one will be made of Sigma S and S Are we not getting confused in between, friend? hope you are not sleeping, I hope someone is You must not be getting confused, just look a little If you are moving ahead understanding the basics then understand only that Don't you understand what happened, the one with Sigma Orbital must have been found in AA, then one gettin a a a butt in a s the electrons are basically overlapping are you doing electronic confine of orbital If you overlap the written orbitals then you Look friend, I got three A A A and one SS Got us now ma'am a second A and AS someone Would it not make any difference? Would it make any difference? There must be a bond energy difference There would be a difference if the bond length is different There might be a bond angle difference but we have When the scientist checked the thing he saw that when We looked at all their bonds Neither all the bond parameters are the same There is energy but how is this possible? It is possible that I came and then I was born Hybridised so the bean is carbon hydrogen but a The bond between carbon and hydrogen is such that that's the difference their bond length difference Its bond energy difference should be It should have happened, but that too was coming out as a bean So from there it says hybridized emission It basically talks about intermixing two or more than two pure atomic orbitals okay with almost the same energy means that Now let me explain it to you in this, okay gives same number of id and de generate and then Create a new type of hybrid orbital gives a new orbital which forms an edge I said you call it a hybrid orbital ok hybridized those who have different characteristics They get mixed up, I don't understand If it comes, you should first understand this from him, okay Now I don't know how it would be at your place So in our Lucknow when the water batashas are are there batasha or golgappas at your place which also you say it is ok then our four or eight waters are mixed in it, it's ok So suppose there are four waters, okay now sour water there is a sweet water, there is a bitter water and You guys are looking at the greed in my mouth A little bit of sleep had come, there is some other water so when we what used to happen to me whenever we mean Now we get four waters packed and take them home He doesn't pack in four different places, does he? It picks up all the water in one go It mixes it up and you must be wondering what this is but actually its test also It feels good to keep the fresh water separate yes but we will still accept that all four brothers will water I mixed it okay now when all the four waters are mixed When he mixed them, a different water was formed has it come now suppose it was sour water ok is this sweet water it was this spicy water okay and this ginger let's say we had four There are four types of water, we have mixed them Now this which has come to us in the form of water It will have a sour taste and will be a little sweet Slightly spicy and a little gingery taste Now suppose I put a glass of it in it I had mixed only four glasses of water here The water will run out somewhere and fly away If we add four then it will become less or It's too much if you pour it in without spilling it So only four glasses of water will come out of it No, what are you saying, this is hybridized If I have this celebration then I will have different atoms Pick up orbitals and intermix them If I give it to you, it will be of the same energy A new orbital with the same size and everything will be formed and the same orbital which will be formed Hybrid orbital R U gating occurs I understood my point hybrid orbital What is this different thing that we have? We had water and mixed it to make one water now This water has its own taste, now you Tell me, of course there is no point in this that There will be no taste of ginger in it There will be a little taste of ginger in it neither in this way atomic orbital They intermix each other and have the same energy that forms an orbital of an atom okay So this is what has happened here as well, actually But what happened, is this the way of VBT? do you understand if we hybridize you made it, make it the same, it's ok Make the opposite spin so that these two spin together I said that when you take hydrogen If you took it near you, it won't go away like this I was thinking that once I went to a bar and drank a I drank it several times, I drank it once, it didn't go away like that I drank, I didn't drink anything, okay, it just went like this no it's not clear how these get intermixed He went and started a new hybrid plant orbital is formed a two f now in it there is an s and If three p's are found then sp3 is one s and in it also I have got three p's in this also one s and three p's and in this also 1s and 3p have been found So all of these are of the same energy, that's why When you're taking all of this stuff out, Bond The length etc. is coming out the same, it is fine was not different that's why all her The things that came, they also came out as they were, okay Now let's understand some features of Number of Hybrid orbitals are equal what are the number of atomic orbitals two as i said two glasses of water mix then two You will see water in that glass right? So if we made two atomic orbitals, then we would have two only A hybrid might be forming like the one you saw And three p-orbitals were mixed together and four orbitals were mixed together, so Ma'am made it like this, she made only four If she was here, she would be similar, that's fine The Hybridised Orbitals are always equivalent in energy And shape as I said is their energy shape All hybrid orbitals will be equal These forming stables will be more effective There is a bond, right? That means it was the orbital of the atom. different when he will be more stable than that when he if it will combine and intermix then that It will become more stable with time These hybrid orbitals are directed there is space in some preferred Direction to have minimum repulsion means this these hybrid orbitals that we call ourselves is what we're making out of boxes in this way she keeps it in s in this way holds that there is least repulsion in these only then So we are saying that there is stability in them then there should be minimum repulsion between electrons In pairs and then a stable arrangement is formed okay there's four which type of hybridises the geometry of a Molecule Hybridized also gets to know ok so yes i hope so This point will be clear here now You have some types of hybridized This is what happens when s and p interact meet one happens when a one s and two p meet what happens when an s and a tee p meet So there is an sp3, an s 3p and a d If we get sp3d then one becomes 1s 3p and two d Let me get all this, what is this, this is orbital, let me get it it is happening, it is intermixing with each other So this type of hybridized will it become orbital, did ma'am say an s Was there was a p these got together s and p one s and There is a p right, so you will say a here Hybridised eijation has happened ok a almost degenerated to give up to identify tomorrow and degenerate Hybrid orbital is called a given Hybrid orbitals are arranged in linear As we said, geometry is also known in this If it moves then it looks linear to each other At a 180° angle, that means it is always at such an angle I will make you One such angle is fine, like for example Hydrogen, hydrogen has been added, right? have you applied bcl2 or not, have you applied chlorine? Have you put carbon dioxide around? so what does s and p mean s and p example don't go now example don't go because you will say that ma'am there is Pi Bond in it is also coming, don't go as an example but exactly understand what is coming here here one is the linear shape coming into being? It is taking the form of a linear shape, it's ok So here the arrangement is something like this This will form a linear shape, one s and one p Here, if there is one s and one p, then Ofcourse how much character do I have? What percentage is A, what percentage is S So it becomes 50 and % becomes the character of P, meaning means sour water and sweet water mixed together So % sour water tastes % sweet The water test is coming out normal, isn't it? You mixed the energy and got equal energy If you want to mix it then test it on 5050 if it is coming then similarly one S and one P If you take out their character then even 50% of it will be gone The character will come, it's ok, what is the geometry The geometry of Linear A would be linear We are talking about sp2, that is, an s And two P's are meeting each other, one is s, two P's now what will happen to each other if one s and two p we are meeting each other with equal energy At this time a degenerated hybrid will be formed and It will be called sp2, now what kind of symmetry is this It will be at an angle of 120 degrees, okay The trugle planer will be at an angle of 120 degrees you will have to note it down brother it will be a trian planner isn't it a trig planner okay you know this how the dr are doing a big lapse you show me a small loop you show me a small loop So you can see how the p orbital is a dumbbell It is like a dumbbell that is overlapping do you show it with a small loop or a small Even if you don't show it as omission, you can do it like this can make yes it is okay to do it like this, meaning whatever is there I am not able to get the structure right Or you can do the show anyway right now is this trigonal pyramidal formation sorry triangle is becoming planar isn't it there is a triangle there is a plane there is a plane on which a triangle is being formed so its Geometry is planar, remember the triangle go along for A linear for A Trigam for linear sp2 Triangular planar is fine for 120° angles But now listen, an S2P has come, this is what happened How much 100% if character will be 100% test if you mix three waters then each water how much will the test be 33.33% 33.33% 33.33% Okay so here you go, I'm here now I will also teach you how to remove hybridised what does eejsion mean hey friend it's the same 1s And I am not getting any p this time like just now You saw a s If you are Mir from 3p then what will you become, we have just seen had made what will be made s and 3p s and 3p s and it is 3p right, sp3 sp3 sp3 becomes four yes, I just read about carbon methane if I am here then what will happen here sp3 will form ok now the geometry is Very important, if it is sp3 then it will be tetrahedral If we say sp3 then tetrahedral will be something like this it looks like s s one is fine like this one There is a triangle like thing on the plane and a Lok who it's sticking out, it's a tetra hadron what do you call this tetrahedral like this do a show this is how tetra hadel tetra hadel something like this looks ok tetra handle how much s what is the character what is the character come on Let's assume there are four things, 3s and one p, so What will happen is just one water test 25 Everyone has a character here, okay? Let's talk about sp3d, one is s, 3 is p, one is d you must have understood by yourself what an s is there are three p's there is dodi there is one d sorry okay sp3d sp3d Shape a Sorry Geometry is Very Important No Shape No Shape Shape and Geometry R Geometry is a two different thing are these sp3d hybridised We have combined the generated hybrids together what will be the shape a geometry in what will be the geometry trigam by What would be the pyramidal geometry triangle bi pyramidal how to see this one It is triangle type ok this is one A triangle is formed and two are above and below it There is a pyramid, look carefully, look like this Pyramids are made just like that Pyramids are built so trigum by pyramidal trigum two There are pyramids here and Trigam Its geometry is bipyramidal If you talk about character then it is 20s character 60 p character and 20 d character in your There is no more question than this sps30 A lot of questions come up, okay, it's good in this what might have happened it's the same story in this too sp3 d2 1s 3p 2d must have matched with each other, it's okay You must have understood the rest If you want to remember geometry then its If you talk about geometry, what would this be? it is like a square plane is it in a square plane remaining to r oriented above and below this perpendicular It has two perpendicular ones above and below it okay so yes this is its orb structure The hybridised structure is sp3 d2 sp3 d3 is done sp3 d3 what is done Brother, 1s, 3p and 3d will match together fine what is its structure what does it consist of is pentagonal by pyramidal pentagonal by Pyramidal pentagon type structure and has two lobes at the top and bottom so what you can call bi pyramidal Well you don't need to know that much in detail. You should know that you are okay if the reason of Calculate the value of z for the electron What is z, whatever the number of sigma There is a bond or lone pair between the central atom and the Basically you calculate as much as you can The number of sigma bonds and lone pairs is You calculate it in the central atom okay so if two comes the value of z comes two comes If the value of z is given then what will be the arrangement What kind of arrangement will be linear if z How did you calculate sigma Whatever the bond is and whatever number it is, basically For carbon you can just use the number of look at the sigma bond whatever number of If there is a sigma bond then its Hybridised if we said two is two is the value of z then what will happen to his linear at that time There will be an arrangement, isn't it the geometry which we I am saying that there are two linear things around like this It must have looked okay after that Hybridised How will the hybridized EE be? Jason is there, you made two loops like this If we say okay then we will approach at an angle of 180° If it is three then the value of z is three. Triangular Pyramid Diagonal Saw Planar Trugle Planar and What Hybridized If four is coming then it is a tetrahedron You call it sp3 hybridised you say you say sp3d Hybridised you call it sp3d 2 okay sp3d 2 it's ok a just a second sp3 d2 is octa hadron na yes so it is octa head write it down octa heddle ok this is octa heddle ok is arranged in a square plane and octa A hadron is not a square like this Look at the plane, why is it written square plane? do you know a square is being formed like this If there are two losses in this, then You can also know it as This is Octa Headle yes you are ok so this is the way you do it You say it's okay, I've already told you that pentagonal bi is pyramidal or not pentagonal bi Pyramidal sp3 d3 is formed in which sp3 is getting formed into d3, it is fine and If you look at the triangle by pyramidal then it will become Now let's do a question in sp3d let's ask a question because I feel You might have got a bit confused Let us understand this with a little question maam asked the question okay let's count it Hybridised The Hybridised How to calculate EEG for any number of si this is how i write direct sigma bond plus lone pair of electrons okay let's look at the sigma bond count How many three sigma bonds are there? And plus one sigma bond, that's a total of four. sigma bond if there are four sigma bonds So you say hybridized If you come anytime, tell me after meeting 1s and 2p would be formed if two sigma bonds come then you to say it is made up of one s and one p This is very important for carbon So here there are overall four sigma bonds. Are you talking about four sigma bonds? ho sp3 value is this see this is four sigma For the bond you say it is sp3 value For four you say sp3 value is now If I ask you to tell me geometry, what will you do? will you say tetra addle mam it's ok This means that one carbon would be attached like this: tetra Hadrons are like this, hydrogen must be present like this calculate this around a sigma two and one sigma here four sigma Look here, there are four sigma in each one. The bond is formed by sp3 hybridization Let me put a double bond here. Now you tell me of course this one will be and this will be two okay now you can tell me Hybridised Isn't it true that the other one would be made from this hydrogen? The sigma bond is the third bond formed by this carbon what happened is we got three sigma bonds and this what is this so this is pi bond right next so If it is a pi bond then there are only three sigma is the hybridised bond for which ee jesion got my point sp2 hybridised Were here and there check two sigma bonds There is a sigma bond with hydrogen here Here also there are three sigma bonds to Pi, so You don't count sigma bonds, only You see, hybridised has no meaning If it happens, okay, then this is your Sigma. If the bond is fine then this is how you can withdraw it you can take any example Take the example of benzene, any example You take the number of sigma bonds in it count you hybridized you will have to do it okay well one more of this the formula is what happens if Whenever there is positive and negative charge You need to find out z = 1/2 the number of valence electrons In which case will the central atom have valence How many electrons are there in the central atom exactly? is plus if there is any negative charge minus if there is any positive charge it is ok okay and as well as what as well as Plus all the mono valent atoms monovalent atoms means like Halogens are gone, hydrogen is gone, right? fluorine chlorine bromine iodine hydrogen If these are installed, single valency ones are fine Basically, monovalent atoms are inert atoms. You can also find it out like this, otherwise simple You can also count Sigma Bund lone pairs ok so i think this is for everyone I understand it is a good question let's ask the question quickly let's do it one question we have ch4 given We need to find the value of z and Hybridised What will be the atom? Here there will be carbon. Hydrogen does not exist at all, it never exists How many valence electrons does carbon have? there are 4 plus is there anyone here is there no negative charge here also has a positive charge otherwise we will keep it not only this it is monovalent yes mam four times it is four times right, means it will come Directly 8/2 watch is equal to 4 right You could have taken it out like this also, how else could you take it out one carbon could form four single bonds he doesn't have any loan payer Direct Four Sigma Bonds So your value of z became four directly You can get it out somehow, it is hybridized, isn't it? eigen cation sp3 hybridised isomerism sp3 hybridised tetra for tetra hadron sp3 For sp3 hadron, tetra hadron is fine This is done, we can write our tetrahedron. yes if you ask about geometry then it's ok tetra If hadron had asked for geometry then we would have also written could have come to nh3 now one second right Right, it was a four, I hit a four there I thought I wrote three by mistake That's okay, that's done, now we are here Let's come to nh3 and check z how to find the value 1/2 1/2 or you You can also do it directly, again I am saying You must have thought that nitrogen will make three Hydrogen is used and a lone pair is also used remember that too or you can do it here Let's say how many are there in the central atom and the outer atom The lowest shell will have five electrons plus We have three monovalent atoms, so this too it will come four right or how do we do it We also have three sigma bonds and a lone pair. If it is then the total value of 4J will come in any case Ours was fine, hybridized ofcourse geometry is sp3 ok a water Check how much water will come out the value of 1/2 is okay what is the central atom How much oxygen will be there this time? There are six outer most shells has an electron plus two monovalent atoms So how much will this cost 8/2 which is again Equ 4 you are thinking maam you did this Why did you take this as an example? Why have you taken only the example and not the one in which You are getting all these things the same for everyone, explain it to me. hmm first you must have known how to take this out how do you take it out, right, how do you take it out Are they hybridized? They are the same example Now let's understand that these four are the same, right? Pe Hybridised I have understood the injection and now I have also learned how to remove it Understand the limitations, all four are same but Look at its bond angle in green color when People searched for it in green colour The bond angle is out now again the same thing if Hybridised everything is same so what happened now this How is the bond angle different between these three? If someone different comes then birth takes place here v SE PR Theory Okay now you move forward If you will study VS ER theory then something like this means hybridized can you say The limitation was seen that many It is correct till the extension but here when we We are looking at the shape again, we are finding the shape we saw the shape, we saw the shape of all three These are different and hybridized So I told you but I didn't tell you the shape so here Hybridised Now we come to VSP Theory V What is the full name of SPR theory Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion the theory is okay the shape of a molecule this shape will tell you basically okay this is again You keep writing small words, right? Hybridised will tell about okay so this tells Shape depends upon the number of valence shell electron pairs that are bonded or non-bonded bonded around a central atom How many bonds around the central atom How many bonded electrons are there electron is a non bonded electron On that basis he keeps in mind the issues whatever you say, whatever you say, looking at it the shape is coming out that is what we will be understanding in we SCPR theory is ok pairs of Electrons in the valence shell ripple one another Ripple will not do it ofcourse if Electron If you are a pair then you will ripple to each other since their electron clouds are negatively charged yes ma'am now this pair of The electrons will organize themselves in such a way Position yourself in such a space We will ensure that there is minimum repulsion, i.e. Place yourself at the maximum distance We keep as much as we can so that yes a stable structure has been formed okay The valence shell is taken as a sphere with the Electron pairs localizing on the Spherical surface at maximum distance from one another to the maximum Distance Pay Now a Multiple Bond is treated as it is a single bond this is a v Brother, there is one thing about SCPR which you should accept right now. look but okay again as i said now They too will have their limitations, right? Here But remember this is a very big thing I said that no matter what is double bond Showing you all the triple bond Consider single bonds, which means if any two There is also a double bond between the atoms, right? Consider this: Consider it as a single bond according to VS CPR Multiple Bond Is Treated Edge If it is a single bond pair then it is called the same the way we will work and the two and the three electron pair of a multiple bond r treated as a single bond sub single pair like this we want to see much more Resonance structures can represent The molecule the V ACPR model is Applicable to any such structure I was eligible, this was a big deal, okay Now there is a lot of V SCPR The main important point to remember is what He said that only then you will be able to understand the shape I will now tell you the difference between shape and geometry I will give it to you ok but he said I have found out everything about geometry Hybridised So it's start my anytime Ron pair and The repulsion between loan pairs is the most will be more then after that loan pair and bond pair then bond pair then bond pair now understand it like this what is loan pair There are people who are lonely now, right? Now if someone assumes that the two are friends Work means not you, don't take this example then you guys will say how did you say it Because this would have happened to us so let's consider it like this give me some free People are sitting now what is there in a free person There is no need to argue or fight, there is no need to blame each other No fight to brag, no beating to beat The tendency is there that it can increase, right? There are people who work in two places, they do their work If you are paying attention to this then take loan payer Repulsion Among Those Who Are Lonely This trick helps you remember this thing more always keep it because it is one of the very Important point of ASPR theory is correct then the loan payers will be the loan payers The question will definitely come, I will explain it to you now How will the loan payer come? There will be loan payers There will be more repulsion in it, then after that If the loan pair is from a bond pair then it is from will show repulsion then finally bond pair bond pair because the bond pair is that of its it is already bonded isn't it so if two are empty If a person sits down, there is maximum repulsion we will ignore each other more We will do two, one is free and one has some work Even if the person doing it sits down, a little There are two more chances if you say you will work What will happen at that time if the person sits down There will be the least repulsion or the least fight There will be chances, okay so that's all you have to remember Repulsion of lone pair maximum is greater than lone pair bond pair and then bond pair bond pair if loan If the loan is not paired then it is not paired So whatever geometry you have derived whatever you have seen in the particular molecule The geometry that has been derived becomes its shape The shape becomes equal to the geometry Shape and geometry are not two different things Things are such, what is the difference, I will explain it to you now but If there is no loan pair then both are equal it could be okay okay let's understand now What is the difference if we talk about shape do whatever the structure of the molecule We will be telling you the structure in which the loan Just remove the pair okay central atoms the lone pair of the central atom If the pair is engaged, then neglect it what you get is the shape and if If you include the loan payer then What you get is geometry what is geometry three dimension These are the arrangements of an atom to form a molecule of the chemical bond in which you show Includes loan payer if loan payer If you remove it then you are talking about shape If you are telling by adding loan pair then you You are talking about geometry at that time okay what are the steps geometry To predict, first of all you need a You have to remove the central atom, after that you form an electron dot structure Nor the same rough structure which is your contribution After that you arrange the electrons Those who are bonded to the pair, they are bonded Connect it to the loan payer, the loan amount should be given make a pair, then you can do geometry If you calculate it depending on the pairs then You have already studied geometry Now if you want to study shape also then read about shape also know that if the central atom has two electrons pairs are placed there are two electrons pairs in the valence shell to molecular How will the geometry be linear? Read Ma'am, we have taken it exactly as it is written there is just an example here because I didn't tell you there so here's one This is an example, okay, like let me look at B2 now. There is a 180 degree angle between them How will the geometry become linear Geometry will come linear any loan There is no loan pair, if there was a loan pair then the story would have changed it goes and the shape changes ok tug When it is planar, when there are three electrons molecular pairs get connected to each other what will be the geometry here triangle It will happen that the triangle is attached to the plane I remembered I remembered something, I remembered a triangle planar null planar diagonal planar so these so we had read it okay so from my Khal If no one has any doubt in this then this Here is an example given in this way of molecular geometry now because If you want to know about the shape then you Come directly to this chart, I hope so it is clear if its not there then i am in this I am writing little by little, don't worry Ok let's do this let's use it hey hey hey Correct come on let's understand this suppose Now you don't know some things very well You will have to understand, look, we have total control now have you taken out the domus ok or you can say z's I found the value of z, okay, the value of z We have calculated the value, okay? Say we have calculated the value of z, okay? if the value of z is coming out to be one then the generic formula picture bonded atoms lone pair Molecular Shape Electron Geometry example hybridised angle everything is like this I have written everything for you in this you have to understand give me a second let me see you can you see it, right? yes it is visible it is it is it is perfect let's see so if We said that we not only have one you You can understand this also if we tell you First understand the number of bonds and then come on it in this case because its very small If you have written this, then I feel that this should not happen to you I should not see or understand it brother, there is no problem No, suppose there are two bond pairs, then what can be there in it, condition number one is any There are not even two electors who are loan pair Two means bond, both of them is bonded which two our z value is The value of z is two i in which both the electron that is bonded is the first Condition is fine, which means there is not a single loan pair yes ma'am if there was a loan pair then he would condition is not possible if the value of z is two if it is coming then it simply means an x The element is connected with two y's, it means this isn't it there's an x in it it's made up there is a y attached no if there are two bonds So the simple thing is that both are bonded at that time okay so give it here the molecular value has arrived now at this time How will the geometry come out linear? Geometry comes, how will geometry come Think about what the linear shape would be if If the geometry is linear and there is no lone pair then J shape means lone pair so Whatever the geometry is, that is what becomes the shape of this At the time its value came, so here Both the shape and geometry of the It has become linear, this is what it means okay let's come now if we have the number I have put three off bonds, what should be the conditions now? could mean three number of bonds or So all three are bonded even if there is a lone pair If it is not there then either make all three bonds one Also don't keep lone pair or make two bonds It is not like this that hydrogen is water Like create two bonds and keep a lone pair Create two bonds and keep a lone pair So these two conditions come, right? Condition number what is one listen carefully condition number one All three bonds became a single loan If there is no pair then what will be the geometry Trugle planar geometry is the same shape isn't it at this time because the loan payer is No, if I had said instead that No, he made two bonds and he made a lone pair Now Shape has nothing to do with the loan pair Hiding the lone pair for shape is not possible If it is studied then what will be the diagonal geometry If it is planar then the geometric shape will remain the same What will be its shape? The shape of the bank will change Let's go back to shape, let me tell you, let's say three First of all three bonds were made Now ma'am doesn't have a single loan payer for this taught that if there is not a single lone pair then the shape is equal to geometry condition number two be Two bonds can be formed and one lone pair can be placed yes he has to, if this ever happens then the loan If we don't care about the pair then it's left is this upside down v left v shape or bent shape you can say this so change its shape Gaya bend geometry will be same [music] there is no condition from triglynase that mam Give me the loan payer, there is no condition for all this okay whatever conditions are possible It is written okay, there are four bonds, the condition Number one was used in all four bonds condition number two and three are not paid for the loan Created a bond but kept a loan pair on condition Number three, make two bonds, keep a lone pair The shape will change in all conditions The geometry will remain the same again, if it is okay then the number One four of four which means this is an x element There was 1 doti four like this we read tetra If there is handle geometry then its The geometry of the tetrahedron remains the same Now accept that I have said that I don't have a pair This is a loan pair This is a loan pair So loan pair Let us remove the shape and see the shape Remove the loan pair if you have written a loan If the pair is removed, then a triangle is formed make one on a plane look one on a plane It is becoming a triangle type thing, isn't it? Is this not becoming triangle type? You might be seeing a triangle, right? So this is a If it is made on a plane then you will say try it pyramidal what would you say trugal pyramidal ok if instead of this there were two numbers of bands There are only two number of bonds which are two loans Used in pairs and formed two bonds Two lone pairs are used in two bond pairs Now let's see what will happen after making two bond pairs I have used two loan pairs which means x he was basically here you can understand that he was an x He or let's understand there is no problem anywhere no the tooth was like this ok we told you this too he is a loan payer this is also a loan payer now this Hide it, hide it, then only these two will remain How did the structure become bent like this from back then tie type structure is done right v or The bent which you call angular is also its name If it happens then the bent structure comes back I understand now next if five What are the conditions of the bond or Make all five bonds and there should not be a single loan pair either four bonds forming a lone pair or So forming three bonds, there are two lone pairs or Make two bonds and have three lone pairs okay And there will be no other condition, okay so yes In the first condition we have five bonds If there is zero lone pair then the geometry we have I read that the same shape came out i.e. tragus by pyramidal okay if four he number off One loan pair holds one of the bonds I have kept the pair, look carefully at the structure What is a loan payer? Now what is a loan payer? If you remove g then what does the remaining structure look like it looks like a c 100 swing No, it looks like a sea swing, look at this This happens to you whenever you form five bonds are diagonal by pyramidal okay now I've He said now I said that no, there is no this in it If there is a lone pair, if there is a lone pair, then this is a sis look carefully a structure has been formed It has become sis right, so you will call it sis Shape Shape Geometry is Trigam by Pyramidal yet the geometry is trigram Bi pyramidal is same in all geometry is fine in this geometry all It is the same, only the shape is changing It's okay if the pair comes, this one When the shape is complete then you will see two loans here If you remove the two lone pairs, that is, these also removed the loan payer, this also removed the loan payer if you give it a T then what will be formed here will become a t something like this you Okay, see, that means you have paired this loan and made this lone pair so it becomes a t what will it become it will become a t It is clear if you gave two here Number of bonds and three loans paired to three Loan payer means only one such line is left So this is linear, from that the T shape is correct Make sure to correct the T shape That is a T shape, make a T shape like this Make one as well, one here, one here bond and one here is the bond so t shape If the type of thing is becoming clear then this is your Shaped up you have to take the screenshot for this yes this is very very very important Okay, so there are six of them, so the conditions are different These conditions may occur, these conditions may occur six ones you are not asked but if six so what would you say octa handle Geometry is as we have studied Now it will depend on it, it will be the same The names of the structures will remain the same, right? It depends on what it is, let's say six if you removed one of them you removed one of them What has become of Square by Pyramidal just now? I read that a square and a pyramid are being built What is Square Pyramidal Formation square is becoming pyramidal okay five And our one is now square, isn't it? It has become pyramidal now four and two means above remove the loan pair what is formed below Square planner only one square left plane left yes mam there can be other conditions There can definitely be three bonds and all the three of them are loan payers Now what does three loan pairs mean? Meaning if you remove this one then these will become like this and so on Is there anything left like this or something like this come on brother comment Fourth question: Which shape is this? It will take shape, I have just explained it which shape will it take you have to answer this is ok which shape will it take then do it in this way structures are made right here also written ok now again to you because Where is exactly sulphur and where is oxygen Carbon is present in exactly one of them, so you remember cannot make molecules of 118 elements what is it for you then by doing a b cd you can You can write that if a and x are together doing ok a and x straightly getting So that means a bond has zero loan pair If yes then you will say that it will be getting linear like in h2 it is linear isn't it an a and if it is 2x then even then look at 1° Loan payers will not be there, I just told you Even if there is such a condition, the loan is not paid will remain linear as in co2 There is a c bond and there is also a double bond If it is 120° then the angle that is coming is 180° There is the same story there as well It's the same, okay, so any loan pair in this If it is not there and the loan is not paid then Look, both geometry and shape are equal Brother, linear will remain linear The geometry and shape will remain the same if we He said ax2 came and in it came an ax3 sorry ax3 has arrived, groups are installed in it like this okay so the condition has come we can have it There should be three bonds and there should not be any lone pair Could the two bonds be a lone pair? If there are three bonds and no lone pair So geometry is equal to shape diagonal is planar if there are two and one lone pair If you go then see how it is made, it is made like this right? 1 2 3 What will you do now? Will you remove the loan? When the pair arrived, what happened to the remaining ones? Bent Shape Dogleg Planer geometry will remain the same geometry will remain the same It will remain there if you see the second part of this The geometry will remain the same but your shape will change If it happens then just write it here in this manner It has happened and I have given you some examples as well. Are you there? Where are the examples? if so you can definitely make a structure You can make individual structures out of them Keep the chart in your mind, memorize it Meaning it is very important, you have to learn this chart you have to learn this chart chart In the sense again you don't have to memorize it yourself You should remember as I said this thing don't say that friend, bye pyramidal bye No friend, when you don't want to see the loan pair then remove it Remove the loan pair and keep watching, what shape has formed keep calculating the value of z given by u can calculate it by yourself but intentionally You need to remember to write these things down. it will be okay i am saying this you have to Learn few of the things in chemistry like If you think that no, as I said, I told you to find the value of z, okay You can count the number of loan pairs and bonds Count the pairs and you will know it yourself What will happen, but you will know it instantly should happen if the value is coming four then brother this will be the answer you have to learn this also okay so yes let's do a We have a lot of things to take out Brother, what do we have to take out from the loan payer Hybridized How does it come out brother if z comes then our a What does the number of loan pairs say? How does hybridization come out 1/2 right 1/2 the number of valence electrons How many sulfur atoms are in the central six electrons plus plus a minus and plus There is no charge, so I don't have to do that okay if it would have happened then you would have minus the positive Monovalent atoms also turn negative into plus If it's not here then this won't happen either There are no monovalent atoms, there are 6 dividers will be equal to 3 ti okay three value aa is there even a single loan payer here we remember the structure how so3 is made so3 does it form a structure like this There is no loan payer here other wise You can also calculate whatever value of z comes Subtract from it whatever amount you have Surrounding Atoms okay all three oxygen took all three places You must have taken the value of z, whatever number came of bonds he could make it would take that many atoms If it did happen then he must have made that many, right? If it is there then you can take it out like this, you can get it directly If you want to apply for a loan then you will get it from here You get the loan value of loan payer Pair loan pair how many have come zero now even one There is no loan payer There is not a single loan payer Hybridized for Good Three eigenfunction has come for sp2 3 right z If the value is three then it is hybridised So what is geometry, our trigram what is planar geometry trigram what is planar geometry Triagum Is it planar or not? Is it a geometric shape? yes it will be equal because here loan pair If there is zero, then there is geometry and shape If both are equal then this is geometry and this is shape also both became equal I understood, let's see another question so2 ok now look at the structure in your mind You should come too but you can take it out too z how will the value of come out to be 1/2 ok in this There are six electrons in the Term Mo shell There is no monovalent atom z so th aa It's ours now, Z3 has arrived Hybrids have come out, now the question arises Will geometry and shape be equal first? count the lone pairs two oxygen three sulfur could form bonds and only two If there is oxygen then it means there is a lone pair here one loan pair i there if loan pair shape is not equal to geometry is Type P shape and geometry will not be the same what will come in geometry trigam It is planar right? Triagum It will come in planar shape but what is its shape think think this is oxygen Oxygen this loan payer has come to the loan payer so we don't calculate in shape so if we If we remove the loan pair then this is what it looks like inverted v that same bent shape so its shape What will come bent shape or you can also write it as v shape okay no3 mine is this Brother, please tell me your homework in the comments All today's comments become questions when you If you support me then I will like it too I will give you such a big chapter, so We will not have reached this far, when will we you must have left the video so it's okay this you have to comment ok its answer tell me let's move forward i hope so Everything became clear, taking out the shape Hybridized Removal of Geometry What are the limitations of ASPR theory? The theory continued throughout life, meaning it continued So of course that's why you are reading this but like Yes it had some limitations like this could not predict Shape of isoelectronic species Isoelectronic means when the same number of Species which have the same number of electrons What shape will the electrons have? I was not able to tell, okay and at the same time Transition metal compounds also do not have any shape I was able to tell you that it is based on quantum theory which is one of the very you can say It was useless in that it was based on quantum theory There was no base so these were round atoms I was just looking at the structure, this model does not Take relative size of the substitutes Exactly what is the relative size of each one He doesn't tell either and at the same time can't even explain and atomic the overlapping of orbitals BSPR does not talk about it either Moving Forward Next is Molecular Orbital theory okay so let's start with the introduction Let's start with molecular orbital Theory: Now this is a very interesting theory. Because here you can learn about molecules. You would know what it means that the atoms are combining so okay okay atom atomic orbital Together they also formed a molecular orbital and the same molecule and orbital are there for you Kahin Nana Kahin About Bonding I will tell you that it is okay according to them here You will get to know many things Who gave this theory about Robert S. Milken told us that it's okay bonding is explained between atoms and All the complications that we were getting Friend, how is this happening? We are somewhere We got to know the shape but we still had some The problem is that there is no structure in it If it doesn't come right then it will tell you about the molecules I will tell you on a basis how you are doing. Helps you to predict How is the distribution of electrons correct? and at the same time it also tells the shape Magnetic behavior tells about the bond The order tells us that a single bond is We have been studying double bond, triple bond Half the bond is being made 3/2 times off If a bond is being formed then the terms of the fraction I also told Bond that it was okay here So let's talk about the principles There will be two parts, here is one The bonding molecular orbital is one anti bonding molecular orbital is ok these molecule atomic orbitals among themselves Let's combine the orbitals of atoms will create as many orbitals of the molecule as The number of orbital combinations of atoms will be the same These will also come in the form of orbitals of molecules you have to remember okay let's go next molecular molecular bonds have lower potential energy then its separate atomic orbital means separate atomic look at the orbital and look at the molecule If you look at the molecular orbital in it it will have less energy lower potential Energy will be fine the electron prefers to stay in a molecular bond where there is less the energy tries to keep the electrons there will try to stay in very high energy will not form equal number of orbitals There are as many energies as the atomic orbitals are related to each other I will get the same number of molecular orbitals it is made here, okay this poly also follows the exclusion principle At the same time he also follows the Hans Rule now here you have 1 s2 2s 2 2p 6 this one Eliminate electronic configuration On the sigma and pi basis of the molecule You will read the electronic configuration. The upper orbitals that you will create you will call them You will call it anti-molecule antibonding the molecular orbitals that would be below You will call it bonding molecular orbital Ok the one above will have more energy But who will be stable, sorry, in the upper one What will happen to the stability in the upper one there will be more, okay there is one, there is antai bonding is one what is bonding above What about entai bonding entai bonding The energy of anti-bonding is higher there is less stability and Understand the bonding that will be forming below Actually he did the whole short danger which There was an equation on its basis, their basis means He introduced the electron into wave behaviour I have already told you this in wave behaviour itself that if I go, you will be so happy I don't need to remember equations etc. but yes if One S and another S, what is this between them? is atomic orbital if these meet then these will form a molecular orbital okay one If you look at the crust and the trough If you find the trough then you say Constructive interference is happening, okay? Constructive Interference is Happening More The bonding molecular orbital will be stable You say if here both of them are minus do it, subtract it, add it, you have done it He said that a constructive action was taken here If interference is subtract then what happens here It will be destructive here Interference Di Destructive Interference What constitutes anti-bonding? ok the one you show from the sigma and the star above Do you do it or just remember to be a star If you go then you are showing anti bonding okay It is less stable and its energy it happens too much, okay it's a simple thing If s and one s are joined together then one s and one s of one sigma s one sigma a second s sigma The molecular orbital of the star is formed means atomic orbital is formed by Molecular orbital is correct if addition has occurred So constructive interference difference happened So destructive interference is this much for you Well it won't work but you will get this antibonding and bonding is to remember okay so yes up you You show the anti-bonding that we have discussed above orbital has been created and the one below is ours It will show the bonding, okay moving forward Are Now look at it this way, if two lobes are joined together If you are getting added then there is an interaction as well It is possible that a bonding can also be formed, right? The plane in between the anta bonding what is this if distance has come somewhere The least chance of having an electron is If you have the highest chance, what do you say? Orbital and if there is least chance then what do you say yes nodal plane what do you say nodal plane where the electron will sorry where there is most chance of presence of electron There are less chances, what will you tell him? You will basically say nodal plane, nodal plane that There is a place where the electron density there is least chance of this happening okay give me some symmetrical about the axis of course one the others are symmetrical okay anti bonding sigma bond star Showing you is always there and bonding is always there It is ok to show with normal bond sigma The molecular orbital is in the angle plane it is made in and the one with the pie is You have read side wise, this is also a good one thing this was going on with vbt only ok Molecular Orbital Theory is the same as VBT Let us tell you further about this You have to remember the electronic confine What is Electronic Confine Two Case take if less than 14 electrons then what is the electronic configuration hogi sama 1s sigma star 1s sama 2s s s 2s these 1s 2s stars I understand everything Understanding the 1s orbital of the molecule And if it is found in 1s then what is Sigma 1s and sigma star 1s 1s and 1s combined then sigma s 1s sigma star 1s what is this sigma Sigma Sigma what is this molecular What is the orbital of this molecule? orbital is the orbital of the atom now we need to know it If the orbital of the molecule arrives, we have to forget it what will be the gradation 1s 1s so how was the situation 1s Sig Star 1s then Sagma 2s Si s 2s then pa 2px = pa 2py then after that border 2pz then space 2px = space 2py then will come sima 2pz maam what is all this hey like 1 s2 2s 2 2p 6 goes into electrons will now go into this electron I understood it like two electrons in s two electrons will go two electron two electron two by two When the electrons go, they will now be here we will go okay so this is case one If there are more than 14 electrons then some no i don't need to do it just make a small difference it will be done keep these 2pz there and this this is the bracket bring it here just like this interchange these two interchange these two two bus will be for you it means if Any element above nitrogen has arrived in which even nitrogen molecules The work will be done right above 14 if I If I want to keep N2 then ours is in the 14 one the work will be done, do the filling, do the filling If you say so, then let's accept that I have filled N2 I want to do electronic confine of n2 If I want to do it then what will I say Sima 1 s2 sigma star 1 s2 sama 2 s2 sigma star 2s 2 How many are there 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 14 We have to send 14 electrons right 2 3 4 5 6 we have sent 7 8 eight what will happen now pa 2px = pa 2py 2 2 electrons went here too then after that pa sigma 2pz then after that sigma star 2pz two electrons each then count two electrons here 2 4 4 * 2 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Ma'am This is exactly 20 electrons. Just remember that you have to fill up till So this is the electronic configuration for That's right, if there are more electrons than that You will not install this electronic confine what is in n14 not more than one Nitrogen has seven electrons in the second Nitrogen has seven electrons so 14 electrons are 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 this is our 14 electrons If the filling is clear then do it this way we've filled 14 electrons well if has more than 14 electrons like we have Saw the condition of 20 or more electron then you will see the bottom how to apply electronic configuration It will be 1s, it is simple, not difficult look simple way < 1s < 2s i am sorry < 1s < s 1s < 2s < s 2s ok pa 2px = pa 2py < 2pz pas 2px = pas 2py and then ours will come 2p s 2pz ok once Let's understand case two, look back and remember a try to memorize what will happen above So everything is the same, just a little difference what will happen is 1s s s 1 s < 2s s s 2s ok you should remember one more thing this you say draw it like this Meaning, you would feel so complete if someone like this There are molecules again and again brother, this is the feel in it This is already happening, two four here and four here So it's going so the k's and the k's dashes are like this Write it down, it means you can already fill it right it that way also okay good down Let's see what will happen in case two s 1s s s 1s s 2s s 2s pa 2px = pa 2py which you were coming here instead of him what is here will happen < 2pz what will happen < 2p where where did it go it will become 2p z by interchange Dena has not been interchanged, isn't it it will happen brother it will not happen it will not happen It is okay to interchange 1s < s 1s < 2s < s 2s pa 2pz then after that gi 2 sorry pa 2px = pa 2py pa s 2px pa s 2py then after that will come iss 2pz so just this much Interchange has to be done, do it again 1s < 2s < s 2s is talking about the one above am less than 14 electrons less than or equal to okay then what happens after that Pa 2px Pa 2py < 2pz Pa 2px = Pa s 2py s 2pz ok let's talk about it < 1s s 1s < 2s < s 2x ok < 1s < s 1s < 2s s 2x bracket will be removed will come down and what will take its place i.e. the 2pz one 2pz one then what will come after that pa 2px = pa 2py pa s 2px = pa s 2py then after must ar 2p z then this is your case Two conditions are fine, fill nitrogen You need to fill oxygen once How many eight electrons are there in oxygen a sorry one oxygen in one oxygen means what does o2 mean in an oxygen at In second oxygen, how many should be the overall 16 electrons have to be filled 16 how will be 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 is here right so this way 16 When the electrons are filled then this is what you do Its electronic confession now this It also explains the magnetic behaviour so that The question is bound to come that particular meaning So, I have written nitrogen here. This nitrogen molecule will ask you How is paramagnetic diamagnetic Understand this, there are two types of magnetic nature there is one which is paramagnetic is diamagnetic para means unpaired electrons will be unpaired electrons will be there and dia means paired electrons present here ho paired electrons this way you You can find out the param magnetic behavior and the diamagnetic behavior is okay if I Let me talk about it here, if I were to take this nitrogen Should I talk about this param magnetic or it is diamagnetic think think what is here Any of these unpaired electrons visible we don't have all the electrons paired there is no place somewhere two by two by two All electrons are electron paired If it is paired then what would you call it? You will say this is it, this is Diya Magnetic diya is magnetic because all the all of these are paired electrons What would we call params if they were unpaired? Magnetic says ok next comes Bond Order Just now we discussed the bond order I had read what is number of bonds How will all the bonding go away? electrons and as many anti-bonding I am here ma'am what are these star guys Entai is doing bonding shows with and without If stars are doing a bonding show then as many Whatever the number of electrons in bonding The electrons in bonding are minus two With all the antae that are in bonding divide it by two okay let's do one Let's ask the question directly from n2 If you have taken it then let us understand n2 only, right? so n2's i told you son bond take out the order what will you say number off the electrons that are in the bonding and antibonding Divide by two in bonding Look how many there are in bonding, four four A how many are there eight this is good this is These will cancel out amongst themselves too So many more will cancel out amongst themselves So many have been neutralized, it is equal, isn't it? count how many there are 2 3 4 5 6 this is cut If these got cancelled then they will talk to each other isn't it equal because the bond Well why are they cut ma'am I am not asking that Ho look how many are in bonding four Entai How many are there in bonding? So this is 4 minus ch directly became row na it is not If you count, it will work if you count. Even then the answer would be correct, I would get both done hmm don't worry right now if we remove this See how many doti 4 5 are there in bonding 6 Look at all the ones without stars If it is about bonding then the stars have become six what is in it is nothing then 0 divide Ba 2 so how many are there three so number off how many bonds are there to nitrogen nitrogen three in between is this true yes A triple bond is formed in nitrogen if You could have done that instead of this that maam we We couldn't cancel it anyway so you should come I want it but even if it doesn't come then also understand that what will you do bonding guys look 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 so six and four become 10 and how many here two antibonding two antibonding Four is equal to 10 - 4, how much is six? If it had come then 6/2 would also have been of three value ok so this is how you can make magnetic You can remove the behavior as well Bond order of anyone, these two things from you You can ask him what he asked You will be introduced to molecular orbital theory Make structures and look at this for nitrogen we do it all with one question we can understand things here in n2 we have I saw what happened, look what happened If we talk about n2, then how much where did the electrons go look at a 2n Are you talking naa 2 n are meeting each other isn't it, two n are meeting each other, how will they meet There must have been two electrons in the first 1s right, it had two electrons in its 1s, right? The first molecule and a sigma found together s what will one sign s make together sorry 1s 1s What will Sigma 1s and Sigma create together? If the star is 1s then Sigma must have become 1s 1s must have been made, right? What was 1s? Electronic configuration S 1s S S 1s isn't it s 2s s s 2x 2s isn't it pa 2px = pa 2py sigma star sorry sigma 2pz this was it This is our electronic confine, wasn't it? Check out our electronic confine border - Sig Star - 2s 2s Pa 2px Pa 2py and Sima 2pz this was it yes ma'am now look here it is gone After that how many forests went into it, there are two We have felt that the electrons are gone Brother, I have felt it 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 electrons so our Our 14 have gone just like that, right? The electrons have gone just like that, so this is it It's done, now look, a 2s 2s are getting one s two electrons in one s two electrons in another s If we meet then what will become of the molecular orbital it is 2s, it is also going into anti molecular look it is going into antibonding as well two electrons are going in s2s also I have sent it, now look at 2px, look at 2px more 2py has two electrons 2px 2py i 2px sigg sorry this is 2p look at this 2px 2py 2pz it is available like this there also same so 2px 2py 2pz One electron is lost in all three, look x y z all three have lost one electron each Okay, so each of the three lost one electron here we have our electrons In neither of the three did the electron go here we got the electrons sorry sorry sorry hey brother go back yes you are here Well, we have electrons, right? They are connected with each other. If you find it, it comes to us in 2px electrons went to pa 2py electrons and which one did you go to or 2pz came to us If the electrons are there and they go away then this way this is how you create a structure from you make a structure, okay 1s 1s together 1s < 2s 2s 2s Meet 2s < Star 2s OK then how can we get these pa 2px pa 2 2py Pa 2pz how will we get these 2px 2px together 2px can make pa one and 2py can make pa one can z and z together make 2pz And if you want to go higher in anti bonding then then there are more than 14 electrons if you go then you can go there also okay so this the way you structure it so These structures are also very important are direct and magnetic in you BehaviorParams MagneticBehavior and To find out the number of bonds in this it will come to you ok at the most so yes so entai bonding and bonding i guess you Now you must have understood, now let's come to the last topic pay which is hydrogen bonding a little bit So you understood hydrogen from the name itself bonding is hydrogen bonding but every Bar Hydrogen Where There's Hydrogen There will be bonding, this is also not true okay okay hydrogen bonding what There is a weak bond if you put it will you compare ionic bond and electrovalent bond i.e. Kovalenko from Valent so how would it be a little It is a bit weak, but not that weak If Wonder Walls Make Wonder Weak Butt is stronger than walls Ionic and Kovalenko When you bond a highly electro negative to electronegative means one who has the tendency to electron you can pull him towards you if you attached such as nitrogen oxygen Learn the three examples of fluorine forever do it, you will be asked many times, ok If you attach it to me then the bonding that develops electrons are paired they will become and you Will you tell me who that particular bond is? this bond is our hydrogen bond The bonding electron cloud is formed in some way will look highly electronegative The one is pulling it towards himself so this is eight no remember del del positive and del negative Isn't it just what ma'am told you in the beginning It has been explained just the way it is, it is fine Hydrogen has no inner shell electron end is very small in size so which is positive he has a lot of charge It has a small atom like fluorine also has it happens we all know naa same as hydro This means that fluorine has a negative charge. is not positive hydrogen a very small This is an atom that has no inner electrons there are no inner electrons means this Anybody can pull you closer very quickly because it has a nucleus it only has there is a nucleus and an electron sitting Is there any electron saver inside? There is no nucleus so this is the reason can quickly pull an electronegative nucleus of the element is fine Hydrogen atom is exposed to attraction Buy Nearby Electron Cloud Loan Pair electron on the electronegative atom which yes they can also pull it and take it away If it is there then don't put partials everywhere it's okay to apply it like you see fluorine this is fluorine right now this hydrogen from fluorine hydrogen is installed so these sorry it's fluorine it has this electron This is a cloud, there is hydrogen present here isn't it, this hydrogen will start catching it Now neither hydrogen nor fluorine is being captured Actually fluorine must be pulling the butt Hydrogen might be attracted to it So the bond between them is the same Hydrogen bonding is fine. electrostatic attraction occurs Between Hydrogen Bonding Atoms Bonded Two Small Strong Electronegative Atoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine and the lone pairs which are electronegative atoms I make the same thing here only hydrogen bond okay so hydrogen basically hydrogen basically what here will be with an electronegative element Guess which electronegative element it is remember phone ao fun fluorine oxygen When nitrogen is applied with these then here This is okay, there are some requirements is number one for hydrogen bonds hydrogen atoms must be directly Bonded to a highly electronegative atom Many times you feel that you have not Have you seen any example where hydrogen is present? There is another question, is there any other is electronegative means basically like this Questions that contain hydrogen are fine. Like I will give you an example, carbon Fluorine is attached like this and here it is connected to carbon hydrogen this is no longer a hydrogen bond Carbon Hydrogen Directly Flow Fluorine if it is not installed here then when directly Only when it occurs do you say hydrogen bond Other wise we don't speak and unbonded pair off electron lone pair electron Those whom you speak to should be present In electronegative elements it has Loan payers should also be there if they are already It is fulfilled, there is no loan payer already If there are bonded electrons then they attract hydrogen is fine as in You can see the example here hydrogen fluoride okay so this is fluorine this is hydrogen okay af hf k A lot of molecules have arrived, what is it now? Partial partial charge is coming and The attraction pulls fluorine from every direction It is like hydrogen, it is like water Look at an example of oxygen in water look here hydrogen hydrogen and Oxygen forms a bond with hydrogen oxygen is electronegative is pulling the hydrogen away isn't it, like You can see here, this is an example Here is an example of ammonia, any you can see the example okay good one and move on what's next yes Special Notes Remember two things, two types hydrogen bonding occurs is intermolecular one is intra Meaning of Molecular Intermolecular Intermolecular means a different something that gets in between molecules okay it's because of the interaction between different molecules hydrogen bond intra means of bean inside means there is a molecule inside it If hydrogen bonding is taking place then you can call it You say intra molecular intermolecular means hydrogen bond formed between two molecules as you This example that you have seen is an inter An example of molecular is intermolecular one hydrogen fluoride the other hydrogen fluoride is joining to one aa f another is connecting with the h of aa then he hf deluxe in the same molecule in the same molecule Like this is an example given to you I said okay now what is in this example Look, there is oxygen, hydrogen in it and this oxygen which is one and the same molecule oxygen in the hydrogen side oxygen in the hydrogen side has started pulling hydrogen towards itself No partial charge starts developing If you go then you will call it intra It is molecular and intra molecular Hydrogen bonds are strong But it is as compared to Wonder Wall Force okay from wonder wall force ofcourse as i If the seid is a little less then intermolecular hydrogen bond is stronger than wonder wall forces so yes this is it all about hydrogen bonds so yes and with At the same time, you have to do one more thing Take the question and I will tell you at the end So yes finally such a big chapter of ours is over I have to eat without drinking water since morning our chapter is over so yes I'll get each one of those molecules done By combining molecules, there are many such Try this method to make molecules It is same in all and hence there is only one example I took it all in my stride we are going to remain the same so yes this is yours It's ok to try this once as your homework hey so yes that's so much everybody we'll meet again with the Next chapter and yes now only a few of us There are few chapters left, they will end very soon thank you so much and let me know in the How did you like this video in the comment section? You can watch videos on any particular topic If it is needed then you can tell me No, all our chapters are going to happen all the best thank you so much take care keep studying finished tata bye bye then I will meet you keep studying