chapter 1 an introduction to the human body so we're gonna start talking about just what the basics are of anatomy and physiology anatomy is the study of structure physiology is going to be the study of function both of these are very closely related as structure will help us determine function and function can tell us what the characteristics are of a tissue or a cell as we can see here soup it's not necessarily meant to be eaten by forks so would we say that these structures and functions are very closely related probably not so the structure of a tissue a cell in the body is really gonna help us understand how that component functions so before we move into A&P we're gonna talk a little bit about general biology that you should have had from your previous courses so what we're looking at is just a typical animal cell that can that has all the material that could be in any possible cell present not every animal cell will have everything that we see here and all of this stuff that you learned in Gen bio is really important because it's going to be the foundation of what we learn here in a and P so what we're going to do is just go over some of the major components of animal cells that we will be seeing throughout this semester so what we see in the middle is we see right here the nucleus okay why is the nucleus important if you said because it contains DNA you're perfectly correct now also in the nucleus we're gonna have the nucleolus the nucleolus is really important because it's what the ribosomal RNA is going to be compact which leads us to our next structure ribosomes ribosomes are going to be made within the nucleolus and they're actually composed of two subunits a small and a large but the most important thing about ribosomes is their ability to make what can you think of something that you eat that you learned that ribosomes made if you said proteins you're exactly right and what we're going to learn is that your cells produce tons of proteins not only for communication but to stay healthy to compose fibers in your body makes up your muscles so ribosomes are very important next structure is the Golgi apparatus also known as the Golgi bodies as we can see these are just a series of curved sacs membranous sacs stacked on each other but what's really important is that they had a nickname that you may have learned in Gen bio we called them the packaging house basically what happens is material from the rough ER these vesicles right here are gonna enter the Golgi apparatus as these materials move through the Golgi apparatus they're gonna be repackaged into one or two things so here they're exiting they can exit as a vesicle that is going to actually be released to the outside of the cell or they can exit as lysosomes lysosomes are going to be small molecules are small vesicles that package digestive molecules in them so a lot of times people refer to the lysosomes as the garbage can of the cell and what lysosomes do is they're gonna fuse with debris in the cell old organelles they're actually going to fuse with it and break down that material for trash okay next is gonna be your friendly little mitochondria most people will remember the mitochondria as the powerhouse of the cell but what does that basically mean well what the powerhouse mean is that this is the organelle that's producing most of your body's energy do you remember what the energy of the body is you got it ATP adenosine triphosphate so the mitochondria are the main organelle that produce ATP for us they're gonna produce ATP through cellular aerobic respiration okay what this means aerobic what does that mean it means with oxygen so for us to produce the most amount of ATP that can be generated from an organelle it will be through cellular aerobic respiration so we need oxygen present but do y'all remember which biomolecule we also need present so the mitochondria can make ATP think about what you need when or what you eat when you need quick energy if you said sugar you're right specifically it is glucose this is the most common used molecule to make ATP now the last component that we're going to talk about is going to be the cell membrane as you can see in this picture the cell membrane is made out of two layers one two and we call this the phospho by lip phospholipid bilayer membrane the outside of the membrane and the inside of the membrane I made up with phosphate heads these phosphate heads are going to be water loving so they're considered polar they do like charges and we're also known as hydrophilic okay but then we have the inside the inside is going to be made up of fatty acid tails what do you all know about fat and water they don't mix you're correct so basically what happens is the fatty acid tails the middle of the membrane are nonpolar they do not like charges and they are hydro phobic okay but the problem is that on the outside we have all these ions and what these ions carry are charges so ions are basically just atoms with charges so here are atoms on the outside of the cell and then here are some atoms on the inside of the cell or ions now anything with charges is not going to be able to move through this membrane so if it has a plus or minus what's going to happen is it can get through the phosphate heads but then it's going to be turned around once it hits the fatty acid tails same thing is gonna happen on the inside they're gonna try to go through the phospholipids and they're gonna get turned right back around once they hit those fatty acid tails and that's because those fatty acid tails don't like charges but we need to be able to move ions into and out of the cell so how we do that is by using protein channels our protein gates so what we see right here is a protein channel and this protein channel has an opening in the middle and this opening is going to allow ions to move in and out so anytime we need to move ions we have to rely on protein channels or protein gates most gates are going to be very specific for what they allow in so some might allow chloride in what others might allow potassium out so remember anytime that you might struggle with some of the basics from gen bio your textbook the chapters two and three are going to give you a overview of gen bio concepts so what we're going to do now is we're going to talk about the organization of the human body since this is human anatomy AP that's what we are both focused on and again this is some repetition from gen bio so hierarchical organization basically means we go from small to large the first level of hierarchical organization that we're going to see is going to be on the chemical level meaning there's no life like it sticks and these are gonna be Adams the smallest unit as you can see your body is made up of some common atoms c h o NP snopp do you know what the C stands for the h2o the end in the P carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and phosphorus okay now when these atoms lose or gain electrons what happens is they become ions and these are the guys that cannot move through the membranes on themselves ions are gonna care either positive or a negative charge when we start adding atoms together we're gonna get the next level of organization which is still considered the chemical level and this is the molecules okay now molecules are just atoms combined together and in your body we have what we consider four biomolecules our star also known as macromolecules these are the very large molecules these four molecules as you can see one is DNA so DNA is a type of nucleic acid what's the other type RNA okay so that's one of your body's biomolecules what do we eat to build muscles protein you got it that is another biomolecule okay what about to get quick energy you got it carbs and then the last one is what you try to avoid high high in you don't want lots of grease you don't want lots of oil so the last one is lipids a these four biomolecules will combine to make the next level of organization which is the cellular level the cellular level is the first level that we see lifelike characteristics there are tons of different types of cells in your body but all the cells are going to have those organelles that we just refer to and they're all going to be made out of your biomolecules when we add the same cells together we're gonna make the next level of organization which is tissues in humans we have four adult tissues meaning that these are the four main tissues that do the functions these four adult tissues are gonna be epithelial tissue connective tissue muscular tissue and nervous tissue okay these four tissues are going to be the topic for chapter four now when we add tissues two or more different tissues together the next level of organization is the organ level organs are going to be made out of two or more different tissues so we have the stomach the heart lungs brain liver skin bones all of these are organs made up of multiple different tissues when organs start to communicate with each other it's going to make up the next level which is the system level you have eleven different systems in your body the one shown here is digestive but you also have respiratory cardiovascular nervous endocrine lymphatic immune so lots of different tissues I mean lots of different organ systems in your body when all of these organ systems communicate together and work for the main purpose which is homeostasis this is going to be the organismal level and for us it's humans so what are some other characteristics that are gonna be useful to understand in a and P basically a lot of the stuff we talk about is going to be in the cellular level so what goes on in the cells so the first thing we're going to talk about for how the cells help contribute to homeostasis is going to be talking about metabolism we've all heard about metabolism I have a fast metabolism have a slow metabolism well basically what that means is metabolism is just the sum of all of the chemical reactions in your body so all the chemical reactions at the cellular level tissue level organ level organ system level all of these combined makes up the metabolism so metabolism can be broken down into two different categories we can build material in your body or we can break down material in your body so back in Gen bio what you learned was that you have small units in your body called monomers so this would be a single monomer this would be a monomer so monomers of just small units or small subunits okay then you have larger units called polymers polymers are basically lots of monomers linked together so this right here would be considered a polymer this would be considered a polymer so the two types of metabolism is going to be building up and breaking down so we're gonna take monomers and we're gonna make polymers and we're gonna take polymers and break them down to monomers so the first one that we're gonna go over is going to be catabolism catabolism is taking large molecules and breaking them into smaller molecules so we're taking a polymer and then we're gonna break that polymer into monomers so think about when you put proteins in your body so you're eating a hamburger or you're eating chicken you're breaking that protein down into its smaller units which are amino acids so you can imagine that this right here would be the protein and after it goes through a series of reactions we get our amino acids so catabolism is breaking down well sometimes we actually need to build things in our body if we want to build muscle we're gonna take the smaller units the monomers and we're going to link them together to make up polymers okay this is called anabolism anabolism is building up okay so what we have is we're gonna take these amino acids that are all right here so here's all these amino acids they're all single units and we're gonna link them together to make our protein which is the big e unit the polymer so anabolism is building up catabolism is breaking down now when we break down and we build up this all has to do with energy in our body so what we're looking here is we have all of these bonds occurring between each monomer when these bonds are broken what we're releasing is your body's energy so when we need energy we're actually breaking bonds in your body but sometimes we need to store energy for later use so again when we take these smaller units and we put them into bigger units through animalism we create bonds when we create bonds what we're doing is restoring energy remember your body's energy is ATP but all the energy that we're storing is going to be in the form of electrons so catabolism is gonna be breaking down large units and the smaller units and that and when we do this we release energy and anabolism is gonna be building up taking smaller units and making them into large units and in this case we're gonna be storing energy now the last thing we're gonna go over that's a unique characteristics to animals or in this case is we're talking about humans is if we're gonna talk about growth and reproduction it's one of the really important things for humans is growth in reproduction so basically your life cycle is gonna made up of two major parts mitosis and meiosis okay you go through an entire life cycle once you hit puberty you don't necessarily have to produce offspring to have completed a life cycle so what happens is females produce eggs and males produce sperm we produce these gametes which are just the sex cells through meiosis when that sperm fertilizes the egg we produce what we call a zygote and zygote is a fertilized egg and then through development in the womb the zygote is going to develop into a baby now how do we grow and make new cells well this process is going to be through mitosis so growth of a human being occurs through mitosis and as that human being grows we hit a certain age once we have a certain age we can start producing our gametes eggs and firms through meiosis so we're growing through mitosis we're able to produce eggs and sperm through meiosis the sperm fertilizes the egg that fertilized egg known as the zygote is going to grow through the process of mitosis and then as that human grows it will either develop to a male or female and produce eggs and sperms to go through another cycle okay so growth and reproduction is really important to help increase the population as well as genetic diversity now what we're going to do is we're going to finish this part of chapter one and there will be another lecture on chapter one focusing on homeostasis and terminology