flowering plants or angiosperms are one of the most diverse groups of plants found on our planet although there are variations in their external structure or morphology all of them are characterized by the presence of roots stem leaves flowers and fruits the portion of a flowering plant above the ground is termed as the chute system while the portion below the ground is termed as the root system the root system provides for Anchorage to the plant it helps in the synthesis of plant growth regulators and is responsible for the absorption of water and minerals from the soil to different parts of the plant from the tip upwards a route has a route gap a region of meristematic activity the region of elongation and a region of maturation along with root hairs the root cap is a sheath of cells present at the tip of the root that protects the root while entering the soil the region of meristematic activity is just above the root gap elzar very tiny and rapidly divide to produce new cells for growth the region of elongation has cells that undergo rapid enlargement and elongation that causes the root to grow in length the region of maturation has elongated cells that differentiate and mature the primary tissues and root has developed here the root hairs are fine delicate structures that emerge from the region of maturation assist in the absorption of water and minerals for the plant from the soil there are various kinds of roots in flowering plants in dicot 11 plans like mustard carrot the embryonic root or radical grows into the soil to form the primary root multiple lateral roots hold secondary roots the primary route these secondary routes further branch into tertiary routes the primary route along with its branches forms the taproot system in monocotyledonous plans like wheat and coconut the primary route is short-lived and is replaced by a network of many large and small routes originating from the base of the stem this network of roots forms the fibrous root system these fibrous roots spread laterally and do not penetrate deep into the soil unlike taproots there are some plans like monstera and grass not arise from the radical the roots emerge from various other parts of the plant like the stem or the leaf these roots are known as adventitious roots some roots also modify themselves to perform specific functions for the plant for example the adventitious root in a sweet potato swells up and stores food for the plant similarly in banyan trees the modified adventitious roots fruits help support the tree in plants like sugarcane and maize from the lower note of the stem to support the plant these roots are called stilt roots routes also modify themselves to help get oxygen for respiration such roots are old pneumatophores and are seen in plants like rhizophora that grow in swampy areas therefore the root system formed important part of a flowering plant a stem is a plant organ that develops from the plume you'll of a germinating seed it is the main axis or stalk of a plant it is usually green in color when young and slowly turns brown the stem bears branches leaves buds flowers and fruits the buds growing the stem can be either auxilary or terminal a stem usually has many nodes and Internode's [Music] node is a region from where leaves flowers branches or cones emerge while an inter node is the portion between two nodes as the stem grows many lateral buds emerge which grow into lateral branches these branches further develop other lateral shoots called twigs or branches it's let's learn about the functions of a stem the stem along with its branches hold the leaves buds flowers and fruits it transports water minerals and photosynthate between the roots and the shoots apart from these functions the stems of many plants get modified to perform functions like storing food providing support protection and aiding vegetative propagation the modified stem quite often looks different in structure from a normal stem stems of some plants like potato turmeric ginger and colocasia are modified for storing food stems modified to store food have the plant to tide over unfavorable conditions of growth in some plants like watermelon and grape slender and spirally coiled stem tendrils emerge from axillary buds the stem tendrils are modified stems that have the plant to climb sometimes the axillary buds on the stem get modified into straight woody and pointed thorns which protect the plant from posturing animals plants like bougainvillea lemon and orange are typical examples where the axillary buds get modified into thorns in plants like jasmine and mint slender lateral branches arise from the base of the main stem initially these branches grow areally later they bent to touch the ground and form a new plant therefore these modified stems help in vegetative reproduction glands like pineapple and banana also have modified stems that perform vegetative reproduction in these plants branches grow out horizontally from the underground base portion of the main stem which later emerged obliquely out of the soil in the form of leafy shoots in arid regions it is common to see plants with flattened or fleshy cylindrical stems these are modified stems that contain chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis did you know that many flattened or fleshy cylindrical stems have thorns on them that help to deflect sun rays and maintain the moisture content in some plants like grass and strawberry some stems get modified and grow underground these underground stems spread to new niches and form new plants as the old ones die certain aquatic plants like Wistia and econia also have modified stems with short internodes the nodes of these plants have clusters of leaves and small bunches of hair like roots which help the plant to stay afloat the stem therefore one of the main structural axes of a plant apart from the root in most plants the stem grows above the soil surface but in a few of them it grows underground the leaf is a plant organ that exists above the ground specialized to carry out the process of photosynthesis leaves develop at the node of a stem generally have a flat and lateral structure moreover they are arranged in an acro patrol order other words they develop in succession from the base to the apex of a stem or a branch leaves originated from shoot apical meristems and we're buds in their axial these exhilarate buttons later grow into branches the meristem found at the tip of a chute is known as shoot apical meristem has three main parts leaf base Betty on and lamina the leaf is attached to the stem by the leaf base and may bear to lateral small leaf like structures called stipules the humanist plans the base of the leaf may get swollen which is known as Malvinas the petiole helps the leaf to tilt in the direction of light if the petiole is long and slender it helps the leaf to move in the air and bring fresh air to the surface the lamina is the expanded green portion of a leaf however its shape apex surface margin and extent of incision vary from plant to plant the lamina also has many veins and vein let's running through it usually the lamina has a prominent vein running through its center called the midrib the arrangement of vanes and vane le'ts in a leaf blade or lamina is called venation the nation is of two types tickle it and parallel in reticulate venation the veins within the lamina form a network mystic that is common to dicotyledons plants in parallel venation the veins run parallel to each other mystic typical to monocotyledonous plants the primary functions of the veins are to transport water minerals and food and provide rigidity to the lamina based on the structure of the lamina leaves are classified as simple and compound the lamina of a simple leaf is usually entire however when it is incised the incisions do not touch the midrib on the other hand in compound leaves the incisions reach the midrib and break it into several leaflets both simple and compound leaves have a bud in the axle of their petiole however buds do not develop in the axle of the leaflets of a compound leaf compound leaves are further classified into prenatally and permit li compound leaves in pinnately compound leaves there are several leaflets on the common axis or the wretches Wretch's is the midrib of the leaf in permit ly compound leaves all the leaflets are attached to a common point which is the tip of the petiole sighing leaves as simple and complex they are also identified as opposite alternate hold on the basis of their pattern of arrangement on a stem or a branch as filer taxi in opposite phyla taxi there are two leaves on one node arranged opposite to each other as in gala trapeze and guava in alternate phyla taxi only one leaf arises at each node and the leaf at the next node is in the opposite direction alternate filer taxi is seen in plants like hibiscus and sunflower finally in a ward filer taxi two or more leaves appear at a node forming a whole as seen in al stoner the leaf has many functions apart from the primary function of food synthesis get modified to perform functions like storing food synthesizing food trapping and digesting food and providing support and protection for example the fleshy leaves of onion and garlic store food another plant the Australian acacia as petioles that expand turn green and synthesize food also certain insectivorous blah like the Venus flytrap and the pitcher plant have modified leaves that helped capture tiny insects which are food for these plants these insects are digested by the enzymes secreted by the modified leaves in the pea plant some leaves get modified into tendrils which help the plant to climb whereas in many cacti the leaves are modified into spines for protection leaves therefore are an important part of a plant [Music] apart from carrying out the chief to synthesis it's store food and provides protection and support in many plans a flower is the most beautiful and attractive part of a plant that contributes to the process of reproduction typically a flower has four main walls helix gorilla and regime and jainism these walls are arranged on the swollen end of a stalk called the thalamus or the receptacle the outermost wall is the calyx consisting of sepals the next inner Hall is the Corolla consisting of petals both calyx and Corolla are accessory walls or non-essential walls of a flower while the calyx protects the flower in its bud stage the Corolla helps to attract insects and birds for the purpose of pollination in some plans such as the Lilly both the calyx and the Corolla are fused to form the parent the whole inner to the Corolla is the N region consisting of stamens which are the male reproductive organs the innermost Hall is the Jainism consisting of one or more couples which are the female reproductive organs both the and regime Jainism are the reproductive organs of a flower so called the essential walls of a flower flowers can be either bisexual or unisexual a bisexual flower has both and regime and Jainism while a unisexual flower has either and regime or Jainism flowers can also be either asymmetrical or symmetrical based on the arrangement of floral parts around the thalamus and asymmetrical flower cannot be divided into two similar hubs by any vertical plane that passes through its center while a symmetrical flower can be divided into similar hubs symmetrical flowers can be subdivided into two types morphic and zygomorphic and actinomorphic flower be divided into similar hugs in any radial plane that passes through its center while a zygomorphic flower can be divided into two similar hugs only by a single vertical plane that passes through its axis flowers are also classified as trimers the tremors or pentamerous based on the number of flowering paths like sepals petals and stamens driverís flowers have flowering parts in sets of three while d'etre Maris flowers have them in sets of four and mental errors flowers in sets of five some flowers have reduced leaves at the base of the thalamus known as brats and are commonly called black teats these brats are absent in some flowers known as ebrake it's based on the position of the Jainism with respect to the calyx gorilla and and regime on the thalamus flowers are described as high poisonous religionists and a pigeon us when the Dionysian is at the highest position on the thalamus with respect to the calyx gorilla and the end regime the flower is said to be a hypo genus flower such flowers are said to have a superior ovary common examples are brinjal and mustard when the janeshia is at the center of the thalamus and all the other parts are on its rim the flower is called a pure genus flower the ovary in these flowers is said to be half inferior Rose and peach are typical examples of polygynous flowers however in some flowers the ovary is completely enclosed within the thalamus and is fused within it while all the other parts appear above the ovary such flowers are called prisoners and their ovary is said to be inferior flower and guava her a pigeon estas the arrangement of flowers on the floral axis is called inflorescence depending on whether the apex of the floral axis is converted into a flower or continues to grow two major types of inflorescences are defined rasa Mo's and Simoes in racemosa inflorescence the flowers appear laterally in Accra petal succession that is from the base to the top of the main axis therefore the main axis or stalk continues to grow at the tip however in cymose inflorescence the flowers appear in base if it'll order or grow in succession from the apex to the base of the main axis yeah the main axis ends in a flower and further development takes place by the growth of lateral branches therefore apart from being the most beautiful and attractive part of a plant tributes to the process of reproduction and helps in the perpetuation of species la is the most beautiful and attractive part of a plant that contributes to the process of reproduction typically of has 4 Vols clinics Carola and regime and Jainism the outermost wall is the calyx of sepals that are green leaf like structures that protect the flower in its bud stage the sepals can be either free or United when free the calyx is called police a palace and when united the calyx is called gamma cephalus the next inner Hall is the Corolla which consists of petals that are usually thin and soft there is a wide variety in the color and shape of the Corolla it can be in the shape of a wheel funnel or bail and is sometimes tubular the primary function of the Corolla is to attract insects and birds for pollination like the calyx the petals of the Corolla can be either United or free United the Corolla is called gamma specialist and when free it is called Polly pet Alice the arrangement of the sepals and petals also characterizes a flower arrangement of the sepals and petals with respect to other members of the same wall within a flower bud is called East evasion east evasion is of many types however the main ones are valve eight twisted imbricate and the exhilaration in valve 8 east evasion the sepals or petals within a wall touch each other at the margin with no overlapping while in twisted estivation orbital overlaps there to the next one and so on in imbricate estivation the margins of the sepals or petals overlap one another but in no particular direction and finally in the Ziller ii estivation eats Apple or petal covers the sepal or petal that is within it now let's learn about Andres iam the whole inner to the Corolla the and regime consists of stamens which are the male reproductive organs of a flower generally each stamen has a stock called the filament and an anther at the tip the answer usually has two lobes chambers which are the pollen sacks the pollen sacks contained pollen grains the stamen that is sterile is called a STEMI node moreover the filaments of a stamen can be of different lengths as in mustard and salvia the stamens can also be a attached to each other or to other parts of the flower example in the mustard flower the stamens are epic patellas or are attached to the petals while in the Livi the stamens are epiphytes or are attached to the parent stamens can also remain free or polyandrous as in Lille or United in varying degrees as in China Rose the pea plant and citrus plants in China rose the stamens are united into one bundle and are called mana Delphis in the pea flower the stamens are grouped into two bundles and are called daya Delphis and in the lemon flower the stamens are grouped into more than two bundles and are known as polio Delphis now the innermost Hall is the Jainism it consists of one or more couples which are the female reproductive organs of a flower the couples can be either fused or free for example in tomato and mustard the couples are fused and are called sink AAPIs while in rose and Lotus couples are free and are called a pocus each couple has three parts stigma style and ovary the stigma is the part of the couple that receives the pollen grains the style is the elongated tube that lies on the ovary and connects it to the stigma an ovary is the enlarged basal part and bears one or more ovules which are attached to a placenta that is soft and flat once fertilization takes place the ovules form the seeds and the ovary develops into the fruit the arrangement of ovules within an ovary is called presentation there are different types of pleasant ation rigel basil free or central and marginal in exile presentation the placenta is exile and the ovules are attached to it in a multilocular ovary as in lemon and tomato in parental presentation ovary is initially single chambered all septum later develops and divides it into two chambers the ovules develop on the peripheral or inner wall of the ovary varietal presentation is seen in plants such as cucumber and melons when the placenta develops at the base of the ovary and a single of you is attached to it the presentation is called basal presentation this is seen in marigold and sunflower in free or central presentation septa are absent and the ovules develop on the central axis has seen in Primrose and dianthus finally in marginal presentation along the ventral future of the ovary the placenta forms a ridge views are born on this Ridge in two rows as seen in the pea plant the helix gorilla and regime and Jainism are the four walls of a flower the calyx and the Corolla are the accessory holds while the and regime and the jainism are the reproductive organs the word fruit makes one think of an apple banana or a mango however in biology the term fruit has a much broader meaning it is a fertilized ovary with seeds however certain fruits are formed without fertilization of the ovary and are therefore seedless such fruits are called Martha no copic fruits such as seedless watermelon banana and orange no copy can be a natural process or maybe artificially induced once fertilization takes place in a flower the ovary ripens to form the fruit and the ovules form the seeds typically a fruit is made up of two parts the para cup and the seed the pericarp is the fruit wall and it can be thick and fleshy as in mango or dry as in hazelnut in the mango the pericarp is differentiated into three distinct layers The Epoch up which is the outermost layer appeal meso cup which is the thick pulpy middle layer and the endo cup which is the innermost layer that directly surrounds the seed fruits such as mango and peach are also called droops groups are single seeded fleshy fruits that developed from mono capillary superior ovaries apart from the pericarp the other part of a fruit is the seed based on the number of cotyledons flowering plants are classified as dicotyledons and monocotyledonous the seed with two cotyledons is called dicotyledons and with a single cotyledon is called monocotyledonous in a dicotyledons seed the outermost covering is the seed coat and is made up of two layers the outer tester and the inert Eggman the seed coat also has a scar on its surface called the hilum which helps attach the seed to the fruit above the hilum is the micropyle small poor in the outer coat of the seed it is through the micropyle that the pollen tube enters an ovule inside the seed coat lies the embryo which comprises an embryo neural axis and two cotyledons at the two ends of the embryonal axis lie the pro mule and the radical the cotyledons are often fleshy and store reserved food materials in some seeds such as castor the laughing embryo is surrounded by a nutritive tissue called the endosperm which draws food and helps the embryo grow seeds with endosperm are called and Islamic whereas in seeds like mango the endosperm is absent such seeds are called non and Islamic like dicotyledons scenes the outermost covering of monocotyledonous seeds is also known as the seed coat for example the maize seed has a membranous seed coat that is usually fused with the fruit wall moreover like dicotyledons seeds the seeds can be and Islamic as in maize or non and Islamic as in Sai Medusa the endosperm of maize is bulky and stores food while the embryo is tiny and is placed in a grove at one end of the endosperm the embryo is separated from the endosperm by a protein layer known as the a urine layer and is made up of a single large shield-shaped cotyledon called the screw tell'em the embryo also has a short axis with a plume mule and a radical the plumie all is enclosed by a sheath called the coleoptile the radical by a sheath called the Collier riser nice seeds are formed from the ovules and help in reproduction fruit is formed from the ovary and is the characteristic feature of flowering plants technical descriptions of plants are very useful in the study of floral morphology and help taxonomists in the easy identification and classification of plants description of a flowering plant must be expressed in scientific language and must be simple brief and sequential the description starts with the vegetative characters of the plant such as the type of roots stem and leaves is followed by a description of its floral characters and flowering parts such as sepals petals stamens and couples the description of vegetative and floral characters is followed by a floral formula and floral diagram which represent the floral description in condensed form formula is represented by a set of symbols and provides information about a flower such as its symmetry six Felix Carola variant and regime Jainism Brecht's breck Tio's stemi notes these two loads and the number of sepals Vettel's stamens and couples the formula also explains cohesion and adhesion with in parts of halls and in between the walls with the help of symbols boobs used to represent the different parts of a flower and the relationships between these parts are as shown understand the symbols in the floral formula of a mustard flower the mustard flour is actinomorphic and bisexual the calyx has four sepals arranged in two rows and the Corolla has four petals there are six stamens arranged in two rows and the Dionysian is by capillary and sink AAPIs with a superior ovary the floral formula of a flower is usually accompanied by its floral diagram the floral diagram is a graphical representation of a cross-section of a flower and provides information about the different parts of a flower [Music] and the relationships between these parts the outermost Paul in the floral diagram is the calyx followed by the corolla and regime and jainism the floral diagram presents information about a flower such as its sex symmetry bracts shields the number of floral walls the keylex Carola and rashim and Jainism like in the floral formula various symbols are used while drawing a floral diagram as shown thus the description of a flowering plant provides vital information about the plant the description begins with the vegetative and floral characteristics and is followed by the floral formula and the floral diagram flowering plants or angiosperms are the most diverse group of plants on earth these plants are categorized into different families based on their morphological characters let's describe a few important flowering families the fabaceae family earlier known as Papillion idea a subfamily of the leguminous II a family belonging to this family can be trees shrubs or herbs and are found all over the world the roots of these plants have root nodules stems are erect or our climbers their leaves are alternate and may be simple or pinnately compound moreover the leaf base is pollinate with stipules and the leaves have reticulate venation the flowers are arranged in racemosa inflorescence and a bisexual and zygomorphic the calyx has five sepals that are gamma syphilis with implicit or Velvet estivation has five petals and is Polly Pet Alice moreover the petals are Papillion Asia's and consists of a posterior standard to lateral wings and two anterior ones forming a key the estimation is descending imbricate of axillary in these plants the and Rishon consists of 10 stamens that are daya Delphis with a difficult a the genie see'em has a superior ovary and is mana capillary which means it has just one couple the ovary is unil ocular with many ovules and these flowers have a single style fruits of this family are legumes with one too many non endosperm exceeds formula and the floral diagram of the fabaceae family are as shown the economic importance of plants belonging to the fabaceae family are also many gram Hmong and soya bean are pulses soya bean and groundnut produce edible oil indigo fara is a dye sunhemp is a fiber cess mania and trifolium are used as fodder Lupin and sweetpea are ornamental plants and miletti is used as a medicine another important family is the Solanaceae family commonly known as the potato family Glantz belonging to this family are found in the tropics subtropics and temperate zones these plants are usually herbes shrubs and small trees their stems are herbaceous rarely woody aerial erect cylindrical branched solid or hollow and hairy of glabrous sometimes the stems grow underground has seen in potato in these plants the leaves are alternate and simple and are very rarely pine Italy compound moreover they are XTU late or without stipules and have reticular to be nation the flowers are arranged in cymose inflorescence or maybe solitary or auxilary moreover they are bisexual and actinomorphic the calyx has five sepals which are united and persistent with velvet estivation like the calyx the corona also has five petals that are united with velvet estimation in these plans the and regime has five stamens and is epi pet Alice and the jenissi 'm is by capillary and sink caboose the ovary is superior and bile ocular and the placenta is swollen with many of you ins the fruits of these plants are berries or capsules with many and Islamic seeds the floral formula and the floral diagram of the Solanaceae family are as shown many plans like tomato brinjal and potato belonging to the Solanaceae family i used as food silly is used as a spice and belladonna and ashwagandha are used as medicines tobacco has fumigator e properties and Petunia is an ornamental plant another important family is the lily ACA family or the lily family which is a characteristic representative of monocot plants this family our perennial herbs with underground bulbs rhizomes or corns and these plants are found all over the world the leaves of these plants are generally basal alternate and Linea also they are XTP late with parallel venation the inflorescence is either solitary or Simoes usually with um bullet clusters and the flowers are bisexual and actinomorphic in these plants the calyx and the corolla are fused to form the perianth which has six staples usually united into a tube also the perianth has valve eight estivation in the lily ACA family the and Rishon consists of six stamens and the janeshia is tri capillary and sink AAPIs the ovary is superior and trial ocular with many ovules arranged in axial presentation fruits belonging to this family are generally capsules and are rarely berries while the seeds are endosperm Asst formula and the floral diagram of the lily Asya family are as shown plants like tulips and gloriosa belonging to the lily ACF family are ornamental plants some like ello and colchicum autumnal are used as medicines and asparagus is used as a vegetable therefore the description of a flowering plant includes its vegetative characters floral characters floral formula and floral diagram and provides vital information about the plant [Music]