so we're getting into a lot with this one is how can you determine your latitude on earth when you're outside how do you know if you even have a map you don't know where you are on the map and there are some ways to do this the latitude one particularly stands out so we're going to talk about the North Star the North Star the real name of the North Star is Polaris okay um um now with some misconceptions people often say it's the brightest star in the sky that's not true it's not the brightest star in the sky if you go outside at night and you can see the stars the brightest star that you see is probably a planet in our solar system they look like stars but so it's it's not that I'm going to show you how to uh find Polaris in a nighttime sky but once you do the Earth's axis points directly at Polaris which if I had a globe here it would the axis points right out into space and Polaris happens to be there crazy coincidence and you can know the latitude as long as you're north of the equator which is where we live Northern Hemisphere north of the equator the angle between the Horizon and Polaris how high up in the sky it is if you were to measure it that equals your latitude degrees nor so here's here's just I'm going to do some more here I hope to throw in a video here if I can edit it in that kind of shows it um but so I took this picture this was in Long Island New York of the um of the nighttime Skies hard to get pictures of stars but this came out okay so uh the first thing you want to do is find the Big Dipper is you want to find the to find Polaris you need to find the Big Dipper the Big Dipper it looks like a pot or a ladle I guess it's like for oh you used to dip a you used to dip like a ladle in water in the olden days and drink out of it like if you're a cowboy or something I guess it's the idea of what a Dipper is um so where it here I it's kind of hard to see so I'm going to point it out this is the Big Dipper okay I put I did the stars of The Big Dipper I went over them in red dots and now I'm going to connect them here so this is the Big Dipper looks like a pot if I connected that across there which um I purposely didn't do but that's the big differ now how do I find Polaris than nor star from there these two stars here are your poter STS they're going to point out to space like that they point out and P they will point to Polaris now actually in this case Polaris is off my picture so we can't we can't find it let's use another picture from a friend of mine Mike took this picture from his yard and he sent it to me what do we got here yeah so um not sure how well this comes through on the video but let's you always want to find Polaris and once you start find it it usually stands out pretty well in the sky you can see you can't see a lot of the smaller more faint Stars or the more sorry not smaller the more faint Stars you can't see them here but you can see uh the stars in the Big dier I outlin them here in green how well do you see that you see that okay outline them in green and then these are the pointer Stars pointer stars and we actually usually say whatever this is about six times the distance about six so it's not super close but out here that right there did I Circle it that is Polaris right there so that's the North Star so therefore I know in north in situation you find it oh so North North is that way when you look up in the sky you find Polaris wherever it may be maybe it's over there okay that way that ways North if Polaris is there so it helps Orient you um so once you do that the measurement you want to do is how high up in the sky it is so we'll get that in a second some other interesting things about pois this is a state flag any idea what state of United States this might be just take a random guess look at the landscape here right I mean it's probably not New Jersey right um but that is a state flag and that is the state flag of Alaska okay not a lot of people are that familiar with state flags um that is the state flag of Alaska and because Alaska is so far north it's the northernmost state they sort of have embrace the North Star component so this they have Big Dipper uh on their flag and they have Polaris cool state flag flag I like it in it Simplicity has Polaris on it's pretty cool uh this is a flag a state flag of New York maybe not as cool it's personal taste maybe you love it there's a lot going on here um but it is personal taste but just to give you an example state flag New York excelsia our state motto ever upward actually I saw this yesterday and I mean yesterday this came up I I like Alaska Polaris thing so check this out I saw this this is the the I guess it's taku Lake Skate Park in Alaska they just finished building this they got this cool drone shot I'm like oh man that looks sick look at this flow ball that's killer and I was like what's up with the Stars and because I saw a picture of it earlier I just saw one random star but I realized this is in Alaska look at what they did here because it's the state flag they have they put a version of Polaris in there and the Northstar in the middle of that bow that's cool in my book so you have this in your notes and this you know they they they do this you look at a nighttime sky it doesn't look like this things their lines aren't drawn they're not labeled like this there's a million other stars out there uh so it's not as easy as this but just it's just I sort of teaching you how to do it so here here's the Big Dipper and then it points out in the sky it's not perfectly it's off a little bit it's and Polaris happens to be the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper some must have kids go why don't you just find a Little Dipper and this the last star in the handle of it the Little Dipper is hard to find it doesn't stand out that much the Stars aren't that noticeable while the Big Dipper is much more noticeable another version of it here you have this as well I Dr Drew in the pointer Stars it also shows that different times of the year different times of the night uh the Big Dipper sort of changes but it's always those Stars always point to Polaris Polaris is the one star in that time sky that doesn't really change where it is because of the way that the axis of Earth points towards it which gets complicated to think about but another picture showing the same thing um you don't have this in your notes but hopefully it goes it's not really about being your notes as much as is about being in here in your head okay so how are we going to use Polaris the north start to know what latitude we're standing at like this so Fred is here the horizon is sort of off in the distance is where I say where the land meets the sky see where land meets the sky if you can measure this angle measure angle like in math so in this case it's 52 de above the Horizon if you can measure it therefore his latitude he standard as 52 degrees north see that relationship there now this is a different scenario of this area where these three houses are okay if they measure this angle between the Horizon and Polaris it's 30 30° above the Horizon therefore the latitude of this of these three houses is 30° north and you have to have North on there because it could be 30° south or some kids could write 30 Dees West or 30 Dees East but it's 30 degrees north make sure the north is on there okay now we're get into um time zones which is applicable to our life so understanding this is going to start out with a picture that I took at a 6: a.m. sunrise on August 25th 2015 I took this photo sun rising over here okay now the sun with the sun rising it's right coming right above the Horizon now the thing and if you if I time-elapsed it it looks you watch the oh the sun rises the sun's going up the sun isn't really Rising the sun kind of stays there Earth is spinning it's rotating on its axis and it makes it look like the sun is actually Rising so it's not the sun RIS the sun isn't moving it is in one spot but because we're on Earth that's rotating it looks it causes the sun to rise in the sky for us so if we look at this diagram here the sun is over there now we're looking down at the North Pole so Earth rotating like this this is a weird way to look at Earth Earth is rotating this way so in this case I would be right here and you know I often call Sunrise is sort of when um Sunrise occurs and I would look off that way to see the Sun and that's what we just saw in the previous picture right I'm looking off that way I see the sun barely coming above the Horizon it's not up a high in the sky yet right so Sunrise is really what do I often say I say it's we're rotating out of the dark part of Earth into the light part so the dark part is facing away from the sun and the light part is is facing toward the Sun so we're rotating right there now if at that same time at this moment when I took this picture if I called my brother-in-law Brian in California and said hey check out this really cool Sunrise going on he'd be over here because California is over 2,000 miles it's 2600 miles away he'd be over here it would be it it's not it's 3:00 a.m. for him he's only going to experience the sunrise 3 hours later so so this is why we have time zones so it's still night time for him he's not going to experience Sunrise until he his area of Earth California has rotated to there interesting to think about and then uh at that same time when I'm experiencing the sunrise if I go on the other side of the earth you know China or maybe Australia right they're over here Earth's rotating this way they on that same moment they're experiencing sun set same time I call call on the phone I say look at this great Sunrise we're talking about Sun's setting and that is why we have to have these time zones so and we're going to into that a little bit so please copy this down and each time zone is 15 degrees longitude wide and I'm going to show why that is in a second so the United States here so as if I'm experiencing sunrise here as you go this I'm going back in time so it's 6:00 a.m. here in California where my brother-in-law is it's 3:00 a.m. I have notic with sports games when you know when um I follow the East Coast uh teams New York Knicks when I was a kid the Mets the Nets teams like that when they play on the west coast right they start after work their gam may start 7 7 30 California time when the Mets are playing you know the Oakland A's or something although they just moved out of Oakland when they're playing the the LA Dodgers let's say so it's 7:30 their time it's 10:30 our time it's really hard to watch the end of that game I had to get my beauty sleep I can't be saying up all those crazy hours another example so this is uh this is in an airport airports will often have multiple clocks showing different time zones let's zoom in so what this is showing Eastern that's where we live New York east coast um um we it's 11 it's 11 this is 11:00 a.m. 11:10 and then you go Central you going across the country Central so California is in Pacific time so it's 3 hours behind it's 810 and and the minutes don't change it's just hours and as a matter of fact it's 11:10 a.m. in in New York what time is it in Hawaii it's 510 there's 6 hours behind they're six hours behind that's really the Hawaii is super far away so let's talk more about the details of this here and how this works so please pause and copy this down and where we get the 15 degrees per hour is we rotate once it's 360 Degrees all the way around it takes us 24 hours you do that math we get 15 degrees per hour therefore each time zone is about 15° longitude wide but not totally like perfectly to the longitude two lines because we have to make it work we have to make it work for the state boundaries and Country boundaries you don't want a time zone line going right through Main Street of your town so uh on one side of the street it's 9:00 a.m. and the other street is 10 you can't have that so so they kind of fudge it as you'll see in the in this picture here right so here are the lines here don't go by the lines go by the gray areas the gray and white denote time zones use these right so so this is the Eastern Time that's where that's where we are in New York all this East Coast here central time Mountain time Pacific time and then it goes off here this it gets a little weird with Alaska and Hawaii because because they're those guess they kind of just mess with it to make it work because they're so big and there's not a lot of people live especially in Alaska so so uh and Earth rotates in this direction if you guys just remember that it rotates sort of counterclockwise if you're looking at it from above counter clockwise and that's why we are ahead of the West Coast and that's what I usually remember the sports thing really really um um gotten cemented in my mind for me from from when I was a kid so for instance I drew in like if it was nighttime so when right here I tried to draw this for us it's Sunrise we are rotated into the light part of Earth like on the previous diagram on the previous page we're experiencing Sunrise but people the rest of the country it's still dark for them so they're behind they will experience Sunrise when they rotate there hours later often times so that's why I put that in there right so what I have here is Earth rotates counterclockwise when looking down at the North Pole please copy that and then this question is what is the time difference between a and b so let's go back to uh do I have maybe here A and B time difference like how many hours right so a is here and B is here so I just count it like this a we're going one time zone away we're going back but 1 hour two hour hours it's 2 hour change so mountain time like U there just out in Colorado for instance Colorado is in mountain time so it's two hours behind crazy when you get into booking a flight never booking a a plane flight you say what time you get there like the the times look weird like I I thought it took a long flight but then they're also two hours behind so that flight often times will two hours longer than the say on the ticket so therefore that answer is two hours what's the difference between uh the time difference between B and C B is here c c is here so this is each time zone is an hour so it's one hour time gesis from the mountain time to the Pacific Time Pacific Time C is 1 hour behind B but it didn't ask that it just wants to know the uh hour so it's one hour if it's 300 p.m. at a what time is it at E A and E 3 p.m. at a I think I wrote it in if a is 3m. what time is it what did I say e e is here so 3 p.m. 2: p.m. 1 p.m. oh man sorry to do this again 3 p.m. and then 1 Hour 2 p.m. 100 p.m. noon and this is the next one over so it's that's 11 a.m. e is 11 a.m. 11:00 a.m. hopefully that makes sense if you want to try the next one you should try it now I'm going to do it if it's 500 a.m. at C what time is it at B 500 a.m. at C what time is it at B right so it's one time on over but I'm going this way so I'm I going up or down TimeWise I'm going up so 5: a.m. 6: a.m. B would be 6 a.m. okay I'm G leave us last hopefully you you pick this up I'm gonna let you finish these last two on your own do your best do your best but it was a pleasure learning with you today thanks for watching I'm Mr G