Overview
This lecture covers encryption, the use of cryptographic keys, and the roles of Trusted Platform Modules (TPMs) and Hardware Security Modules (HSMs) in securing digital information.
Encryption and Keys
- Encryption is used to keep information secret during storage and transmission.
- Most encryption and decryption processes use open, standardized algorithms.
- Access to encrypted data requires possession of a unique digital key.
- Protecting the encryption key itself is crucial for maintaining security.
Trusted Platform Module (TPM)
- A TPM is a dedicated hardware component used for encryption on a single system.
- TPMs can generate random numbers, create and store cryptographic keys, and contain manufacturer "burned-in" keys.
- The TPM is password-protected and has several security features to prevent unauthorized access.
- Each TPM contains a unique key specific to its system, providing a "root of trust."
- TPMs are used for functions like full disk encryption (e.g., BitLocker), tying encrypted data to specific hardware.
- You can enable, disable, and clear TPM data via the BIOS under "security" settings.
- The Trusted Computing Group (TCG) sets TPM standards.
Hardware Security Module (HSM)
- HSMs are hardware devices designed for managing cryptographic keys across multiple systems, often in data centers.
- HSMs centralize the backup and management of keys, such as web server keys.
- Personal or lightweight HSMs can store keys for individuals and may be portable.
- High-end HSMs can accelerate cryptographic operations and offload processing from servers.
- HSMs are used for protecting critical infrastructure keys, including those for certificate authorities.
Comparing TPM and HSM
- TPMs secure data on a single local device; usually integrated into laptops, desktops, or mobile devices.
- HSMs manage security and keys for many systems; typically found in enterprise and data center environments.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Encryption — The process of converting information into a code to prevent unauthorized access.
- Cryptographic Key — A unique digital value used to encrypt and decrypt data.
- Trusted Platform Module (TPM) — Hardware for secure cryptographic operations on a single device.
- Root of Trust — A set of functions in the TPM that uniquely identifies trustworthy hardware.
- Hardware Security Module (HSM) — Hardware that centralizes and manages cryptographic keys across multiple systems.
- Trusted Computing Group (TCG) — Organization that defines TPM standards.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review BIOS settings related to TPM on your computer.
- Read about BitLocker or other full disk encryption technologies.
- Explore differences between TPM and HSM for system security.