Anatomy and Physiology I: Practice Lab Exam Overview

Introduction

• Focus on introductory A&P lab topics:
  • Anatomical terminology
  • Body regions and specific anatomical terms
  • Abdominal pelvic regions and quadrants
  • Body cavities
• Also covers cells, organelles, tissues
• Tissues are a significant part of the exam

Abdominal Pelvic Regions

1. Right Hypochondriac Region
   • Under cartilage of rib cage
2. Epigastric Region
   • Above the stomach
3. Umbilical Region
   • Around the belly button
4. Left Lumbar/Flank Region
   • Side of the lower back
5. Right Inguinal/Iliac Region
   • Near the crease of leg and pelvis
6. Hypogastric/Pubic Region
   • Below the stomach, near bladder and reproductive organs

Abdominal Pelvic Quadrants

• Four quadrants: Right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower
• Important organs in quadrants:
  • Right Upper Quadrant: Liver
  • Right Lower Quadrant: Appendix (appendicitis concerns)
  • Left Upper Quadrant: Spleen, stomach, pancreas

Anatomical Terminology

• Inflammation suffix: -itis
  • Example: Hepatitis (liver inflammation)
• Body Cavities:
  • Pleural Cavity: Houses the lungs
  • Pericardial Cavity: Houses the heart
  • Retroperitoneal Space: Behind the peritoneal cavity (contains kidneys)
• Anatomical terms for regions:
  • Nasal (Nose), Brachial (Arm), Frontal (Forehead), Cervical (Neck), Lumbar (Lower back)
• Directional terms:
  • Distal, Proximal, Anterior, Posterior, Superior, Inferior

Cell Organelles

• Nucleus: Contains DNA
  • Nuclear Envelope: Membrane of nucleus
  • Nucleolus: Inside the nucleus
• Mitochondria: Powerhouse, ATP production
• Golgi Complex/Apparatus: Modifies, packages proteins
• Endoplasmic Reticulum:
  • Smooth ER: No ribosomes
  • Rough ER: Has ribosomes for protein synthesis

Tissues

• Mix study order to remember better
• Adipose Tissue: Fat cells, no central nucleus visible
• Fibrocartilage: Strong, found in intervertebral discs
• Elastic Cartilage: Dark, elastic fibers visible
• Hyaline Cartilage: Glossy, no visible fibers
• Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue:
  • Keratinized: Found in skin
  • Non-Keratinized: Found in mouth, vagina
• Reticular Connective Tissue: Found in lymph nodes
• Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar: Found in respiratory tract
• Simple Columnar Epithelial Tissue: Single layer, rectangular cells
• Dense Irregular Connective Tissue: Messy collagen fibers
• Dense Regular Connective Tissue: Organized collagen, found in ligaments
• Blood: Red and white blood cells
• Skeletal Muscle: Striated, multiple nuclei
• Cardiac Muscle: Striated, with intercalated discs
• Smooth Muscle: Non-striated, spindly cells
• Nervous Tissue: Neurons and neuroglia, found in brain/spinal cord

Organ Systems

• Muscular System: Muscles
• Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord
• Respiratory System: Lungs
• Cardiovascular System: Heart, blood vessels

Study Tips

• Review lab manual and slides
• Understand and memorize terms for directional, anatomical, and organ systems
• Practice identifying tissues and organelles
• Familiarize with tissue functions and locations

This overview provides a comprehensive guide to the topics covered in the first anatomy and physiology lab exam, emphasizing key concepts and terminology.