huh let's eat Grandma why would you eat your grandma is this a Horror Story oh wait there's a comma let's eat grandma oh all right let's continue I like cooking my family and my pets what what kind of a person Cooks his own family and pets oh wait oh there's a comma I like cooking my family and my pets all right he's talking about what he likes Punctuation is important right hello my name is Maddie from POC English and in this lesson we're going to talk about punctuation what is punctuation punctuation is the use of full stop or period question mark exclamation mark Colin semicolon comma and quotation mark before we start learning about when to use each of these look at this sentence the thief said the judge needs to be punished does this sentence make sense how can the thief say that the judge needs to be punished it should be the other way around the judge should say that the thief needs to be punished right but now let's try to get the meaning out of this sentence by using punctuation how can we do that let's try something let's use quotation mark before and after the thief next we have said the judge let's use a comma before and after this so the thief said the judge now again let's use quotation mark for the rest of the sentence the thief said the judge needs to be punished and this way the sentence means that the judge has said that the thief needs to be punished and it makes perfect sense so as you can see by using punctuation in the right way we can change and affect the meaning of a sentence and now let's begin talking about punctuation first let's talk about period question mark and exclamation mark when do we use these we use these three to finish the sentence and the sentence which begins after these would start with a capital letter look at these sentences for example I open my notebook it was empty as you can see the period has finished one sentence and the second sentence starts with a capital letter why are you always late what's wrong with you why are you always late what's wrong with you so you see question mark is used here to Mark the end of a question the second part of the sentence which is again another question begins with a capital letter or look at this one I need juice people need juice I need juice people need juice as you can see exclamation mark is used to Mark the end of a sentence and the second sentence begins with a capital letter we all know that we use period or full stop to end a sentence right but there are also other uses of the full stop we normally use full stop after abbreviations which are short forms for example Mr which stands for master Mrs standing for misses and Ms which stands for Ms other titles include doctor Dr or Professor p r o f if you are talking about many things at the end of the sentence you can use ATC which means Etc this is an abbreviation so we use a full stop or period also for academic degrees such as ba which is the bachelor's degree ma which stands for the master's degree and PhD which is Doctor of philosophy you're also familiar with AM and PM right 5 AM 6 pm and when you are writing someone's full name and you don't want to write their complete middle name and you want to write the first letter only we usually use period for example Chandler M Bing so these are the different uses of full stop now let's talk about another punctuation mark Colin a Colin is basically a full stop on top of another full stop but when do we use a column one of the users of Colin is to give explanation or extra information or extra detail about something for example there was only one reason for his back temper being extremely exhausted what was the reason for his bad temper being extremely exhausted this is extra information this is explanation so we use Colin or look at this one there was a problem with the car it was leaking petrol now you see what was the problem of the car I want to provide more explanation so I use Colin there was a problem with the car Colin it was leaking petrol another use of Colin is when we are providing a list for example look at this these are what we need to do Colin number one comma number two comma number three comma well look at this example make sure you buy these apples oranges and tomatoes so we use Colin to indicate that we are going to provide a list and another use of Colin is when we are quoting other people for example the boy said I need to leave as soon as possible the boy said Colin quotation mark I need to leave as soon as possible end quote so when we are quoting something when we're saying what other people told us we use quotation mark but before that we use Colin to indicate that we are going to talk about the quotation okay that was with the column but there is something very similar to Colin and that's semicolon which basically is a comma and a full stop on top of that but when do we use it we use semicolon instead of Full Stop pay attention we use it instead of full stop but when when the sentences are independent right but when the sentences are independent we use full stop wait a second when the sentences are independent but the meanings are closely related so there is a very strong connection in terms of meaning for example Some people prefer to work in the mornings semicolon others do better in the evenings as you can see both sentences are independent if you read them separately they have a meaning however the meanings of the two sentences are closely related to each other we're talking about what time of the day people find easiest to work so Some people prefer to work in the mornings semicolon instead of Full Stop others do better in the evenings oh look at this one that is a great idea semicolon we will start working on it as soon as possible so again as you can see the two sentences are independent they don't need each other but the meanings are closely related to each other now pay great attention to what I am going to say now can I can I substitute semicolon you know what again can I substitute till semicolon with full stop yes I can do that it's better to go with semicolon but if I substitute it with a full stop that's okay can I substitute this with a comma no these two sentences are independent meaning that we cannot put them one after the other without a full sub or without a semicolon so no comma only full stop or semicolon but what about commas let's talk about Kamas as it is the most confusing one first of all think about a very simple sentence a sentence with a subject a verb an object possibly an adverb for example this electric cars are rapidly replacing petrol Vehicles now in this sentence the subject is electric cars right the verb is are replacing and the object is petrol Vehicles there is also an adverb rapidly this is a simple sentence this is a basic sentence we want to consider now lesson closely we never use comma to separate different parts of a simple sentence there is no need to use a comma to separate the subject from its verb or the object from the verb or the adverb from the verb so rule number one we never use commas in a basic sentence now forget about commas let's talk about something else adverbial Clauses what what's an adverbial clause well we all know that an adverb describes a verb and it can have many different forms like adverbs of place describing the place where an action happened adverbs of time talking about when an action happened adverb of manner how an action happened and lots of other adverbs such as adverbs of opinion adverbs of degree now those are adverbs what is an adverbial clause an adverbial clause is a clause or a sentence that acts as an adverb describing a verb so it's very simple instead of one word as an adverb we have one sentence as an adverb that sentence is an adverbial clause very important an adverbial clause is a dependent clause what does that mean it means you can never use it alone when you read it alone it doesn't have a meaning it needs to go with a basic sentence adverbial Clauses can describe time place manner reason purpose lots of other things in a sentence for example this is an adverbial clause of Reason due to the rise of environmental awareness or this other one is an adverbial clause of place in our world full of environmental issues or this other one is an adverbial clause of time in this era a fast technological advancements now as you can see in all three sentences these sentences are incomplete which means they are dependent they need another simple sentence to be completed and each one of these sentences is talking about something different the first one talking about the reason of an action the second one talking about where an action takes place and the third one talking about when an action takes place so here's a question why did we start talking about that verbal Clauses we were talking about punctuation right here's the point we should use adverbial Clauses with basic sentences but where before the basic sentence or after the basic sentence in fact both of them are okay but if you use adverbial Clauses before the simple sentence you need to use a comma after the adverbial clause for example due to the rise of environmental awareness electric cars are rapidly replacing petrol vehicles so you see there is a comma in between the two sentences or look at this one in our world full of environmental issues electric cars are rapidly replacing petrol Vehicles again there is a comma in between or an adverbial clause of time look at this one in this era a fast technological advancements electric cars are rapidly replacing petrol Vehicles again there's a comma so the point is if we use adverbial Clauses before a basic sentence we need to use comma after the adverbial clause what if we put the adverbial clause at the end of the sentence after the sentence do we need a comma no look at these sentences electric cars are rapidly replacing petrol Vehicles due to the rise of environmental awareness in this case as you can see we do not need a comma is that all no what if we use the adverbial clause in the middle of the sentence wow look at this electric cars due to the rise of environmental awareness a rapidly replacing petrol Vehicles as you can see the adverbial clause is now in the middle of the sentence and in this case we use a comma before the adverbial clause and another comma after the adverbial clause let me give you another example electric cars in this era of fast technological advancements are rapidly replacing petrol vehicles again because these variable Clauses in the middle of the sentence we use a comma before and a comma after so to sum up if we have a basic sentence we never use comma to separate its parts however if there is an adverbial clause depending on the location of the adverbial clause we use commas if the adverbial clause is before the main sentence we use comma after the adverbial clause if it is at the end of the sentence we do not use a comma if it is in the middle of the sentence we use a comma before and the comma after all right enough with the adverbial Clauses another use of the comma is with non-defining relative clauses it's getting complicated right don't worry let me explain a relative Clause is a clause that provides extra information about a noun in your sentence we have two types of relative clauses defining relative clauses and non-defining relative clauses an undefining relative Clause is a clause that you can remove from a sentence and without it the sentence we have a meaning for example look at this the house which was built in 1994 has just been renovated now the house has just been renovated this is the complete sentence this is the main sentence the middle part the part after which is a relative Clause now does the sentence have a meaning without the relative clause in this case well let's see that house has just been renovated yes it makes sense hey look that house has just been renovated so in this case the relative Clause Is providing extra information which is not necessary so this is a non-defining relative Plus and when we have a non-defining relative Clause we need to use a comma before and a comma after the Clause so as you can see in this example there is a comma before which and there is a comma after 1994. another use of commas is when we have conjunctions in a sentence but what are conjunctions a conjunction is anything that connects two sentences to each other anything that connects two sentences is a conjunction now I'm going to talk about two different sets of conjunctions the first set are these words for and nor but or yet so now reading only the first letters of each one of these you will have the word Fanboys that's a good way to remember all of these conjunctions whenever you have Fanboys in the middle of your long sentences you need to use a comma before the Fanboys for example I've been meaning to tell you about this and all the other things that happened as you can see this is a long sentence in the middle of this long sentence we have and which is one of the Fanboys so before the Fanboy we use comma or look at this one we have tried everything we could but nothing worked again in this sentence we have but so before but we use a comma another set of conjunctions is what I call wabbits but what does wobbits stand for w stands for when where while a stands for after b stands for before and because I stands for if T stands for though which also includes although and even though and S stands for since these are wabbits as I said these are conjunctions which means they connect two different sentences to each other now a big difference between wabbits and Fanboys is that we can use wabbits in the beginning of sentences but we don't usually start a sentence with fanboys now here's the point whenever we use one of the wabbits in the beginning of a sentence we need to use a comma in the middle of it what does it mean look at this example when she arrived we were all tired as you can see the first sentence begins with when which is one of the Wombats and there is a comma in the middle of the sentence or look at this one if you see her tell her I'm sorry if you see her comma tell her I'm sorry we have if in the beginning so we use a comma in the middle or look at this one although I was tired I went out anyway although I was tired comma I went out anyway and last but not least we use commas when we are talking about a list of things but remember if the list is more than three the last one should not have comma but it should have and so it would be something like this one comma two comma three and four for example don't forget to buy apples oranges and bananas and that's it if you want to have the summary of this lesson which was quite a long lesson with lots of information in a single PDF file in your email address you simply have to give me your email address but how click on the link above my head go to my website enter your email address and hit subscribe I will send you the PDF file as soon as possible bye thank you