Overview
This lecture introduces political ideologies in America, focusing on the differences between liberals and conservatives and exploring how individuals develop their political views through political socialization.
Political Ideologies in America
- Political ideology refers to how individuals identify as liberal, conservative, libertarian, socialist, etc.
- Liberals are typically considered "left" and conservatives "right" on the political spectrum.
- Party identification and ideology are related but not always the same.
Core Beliefs of American Conservatives
- Conservatives favor small government, believing large government threatens individual liberty.
- Support for free markets and minimal government intervention in the economy is common.
- Defense spending is prioritized, while other discretionary spending should be reduced.
- Conservatives value traditional religious and patriotic norms.
- Social issue views among conservatives vary, but economic views are more uniform.
- Liberty is the key value, and government is often seen as a threat to it.
Core Beliefs of American Liberals
- Liberals support a larger government to solve social problems.
- Government intervention through regulations and higher taxes is promoted to aid marginalized groups.
- Environmental protection, aid for the poor, and expanded civil liberties are important.
- Prefer a progressive tax system, taxing the wealthy and corporations more.
- Generally support reducing military spending to fund social programs.
- Equality is the main political virtue, and government is seen as a means to achieve it.
Agents of Political Socialization
- Family: Primary influence, children often adopt parents' political views but may also rebel and adopt opposite views.
- Social Groups: Race, gender, religion, and ethnicity shape political leanings (e.g., African Americans and Jewish people lean liberal; white Catholics lean conservative; women are more liberal than men).
- Education: Schooling introduces civic values; higher education can correlate with liberal views on social issues and conservative views on some economic issues.
- Political Conditions: Major events (e.g., Great Depression, Reagan era) influence generational political outlooks.
Limitations and Critical Thinking
- Generalizations about ideology exist, but individuals often do not fit categories perfectly.
- Ideologies are complex and change over time, but understanding these outlines is key for political discussion.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Political Socialization — the process by which people develop their political beliefs.
- Political Ideology — a set of beliefs about the proper order of society and how it can be achieved.
- Liberal — favors government intervention for equality and social welfare.
- Conservative — favors limited government and emphasizes individual liberty.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Be prepared to discuss how your family and social group have influenced your political views.
- Review definitions and core beliefs of liberals and conservatives for upcoming assignments or discussions.