Ethnic Composition: Kazakhs are one of the 55 minorities in China, predominantly residing in the northwest, between Mongolia and Tibet.
Population: Approximately 1 million Kazakhs in China.
Historical Resistance: Historically resisted domination by Chinese and Russians.
Impact of the Cultural Revolution
Collectivization: Pre-1977, Kazakhs were collectivized forcibly.
Religious Restrictions: Forbidden to practice religion.
Property: Prohibited from owning private herds.
Political Changes: Traditional political hierarchy abolished.
Post-Cultural Revolution Adaptations
Communism Adaptation: Kazakhs have adapted to communism, maintaining cultural practices within the collective framework.
Role of Elders: Respected elders, like Abdu'l-Ghayyar, balance traditional roles with communist party membership.
Kazakh Lifestyle and Traditions
Migration: Seasonal migration from winter to summer pastures is a family-based activity.
Housing: Transition from wooden homes to felt tents during migration.
Traditional Practices: Continuation of watering ceremonies and respect for elders.
Societal Structure and Changes
Communes and Collectives: Organized into collectives, brigades, and communes.
Committee System: Introduction of committees with younger members having authority.
Education: Kazakh language used in schooling, education includes communist ideologies.
Economic Ties and Activities
Main Output: Wool production as primary economic activity.
Private and Collective Wealth: Balance between private herds and collective needs.
Trade and Commerce: Wool sold to the government; trade with Han Chinese in provincial capitals.
Cultural and Religious Practices
Religion: Islam remains significant; revival of religious practices post-Cultural Revolution.
Medicinal Practices: Incorporation of traditional and modern medicine.
Social Dynamics and Challenges
Gender Roles and Family: Women assume household responsibilities, men make major decisions.
Marriage Practices: Traditions like parental discussions and symbolic meetings continue.
Youth and Modernity: Younger generation more aligned with party beliefs but maintain cultural identity.
Celebratory Practices
Kumis Party: Traditional celebration involving fermented mare's milk.
Wedding Customs: Mix of traditional and modern practices during weddings, such as symbolic meetings and celebratory feasts.
Conclusion
Cultural Retention: Despite changes, Kazakhs maintain significant aspects of their cultural identity while adapting to the new socio-political landscape.