Overview
This lecture examines the origins, symbolism, and myth-making of Rosie the Riveter as an icon of American women’s contributions to World War II, contrasting artistic depictions and exploring the real impact on women’s roles.
The Rosie the Riveter Icon
- Rosie the Riveter symbolizes female defense workers during World War II, akin to the homefront’s G.I. Joe.
- The well-known "We Can Do It" image was created by J. Howard Miller for Westinghouse in 1942.
- Norman Rockwell’s Rosie appeared on the May 29, 1943 cover of the Saturday Evening Post, boosting her fame.
Myth Development and Popular Culture
- The term "Rosie the Riveter" was popularized by a 1943 song by R. Evans and John Jacob Loeb.
- Rockwell’s Rosie includes explicit references—her lunchbox is labeled "Rosie."
- Media attention also focused on real women named Rose, such as Rose Hickey and Rose Monroe.
Artistic Analysis of Rockwell’s Rosie
- Rockwell’s Rosie is large, muscular, and depicted with dirt and overalls, blending masculine and feminine traits.
- She holds a heavy riveting gun, sits atop Mein Kampf, and is framed by the American flag.
- Feminine aspects include makeup, nail polish, and curly hair.
- Rockwell’s image references Michelangelo’s Prophet Isaiah.
Real-Life Women Workers
- Three groups entered the workforce: those switching jobs, re-entering from unemployment, and first-time workers (mainly married, white, middle-class women).
- Government and employers launched campaigns to recruit women, linking work to patriotism and victory.
- Women took many roles beyond factory work, including clerks, farmers, and telephone operators.
Postwar Effects and Legacy
- The number of working women never returned to pre-war levels after WWII.
- The experience sparked a sense of independence for many women.
- Oral histories reveal lasting personal and societal change, paving the way for future feminist movements.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Rosie the Riveter — An icon representing American women working in defense industries during World War II.
- We Can Do It — A 1942 motivational poster by J. Howard Miller, later associated with Rosie.
- Riveter — A worker using a tool to fasten metal parts together, common in aircraft and shipbuilding.
- Bucker — The assistant who smooths rivets on the opposite side of the metal.
- Saturday Evening Post — Popular American magazine where Rockwell’s Rosie appeared.
- Liberty Girl — Another Rockwell illustration featuring a multi-role working woman.
Action Items / Next Steps
- If you know a WWII woman war worker, consider interviewing her and contributing to the Library of Congress Veterans History Project.
- Visit the Veterans History Project website to listen to stories and learn how to collect oral histories.